Nushvat Jabaus Page No.

b
odul Ho Anso Rate 1

Civil 5TSemester
FLUID MeHANICS

rnpexties o Plid
Aus hese are he Jluuo propeied.
(Densit Mass pex i t yoluwme o auudas
Called oleusiky Deushed by e h o ) S . I
wut is Kql
o femperatun
Deusiys Cousasut _wita reipect

Dousty(e)zMAM
Völune

M L
Dimeu0n-M

dapoudPpmuure ), (Temperoukum) uaE

Deu
Aocakion

P ep

Speiic Grauiy(S) Dejiue as he rohio o

the
weizht dausity (or dousiky) s
slaindard
d to h e weht dousiky o a

S>Waigak Deusi d
Weignk duiy o waer

E i duausion&aulity
JEtwe uid howe cpeuue gravity souue i
MeausThay mSauARSubgkaunCe
 Page No. 0L
Date:

Spetiic useiht wleight Dauiy)i hlaisht

cleuiiby s Luid s he aio
bewceshe ueilat o oluid fo its vslunse
w aleight a uid mx 9
Valume luid

vSpauilic Valuue Delaued au ihe vahuwe s

Jud oc.cpied by a t mass or a
MaluAepar u t naaus sa luud

spetiic Valume Volune o luid

SpeciticVelune e

i s expreSied aswkq CoiAMADIuLy applied

(oViscasit i popexly s ,id

,
uohic
SPposeThe Atiols iquo
Ox

mpexy id ohich exs nsislauce o

he veueut o sue layex otlauid u
annther aolacew laye G the lud

JE is deuehed by- (Tan)T

 Page No. 03
Date: I

T
oly
T du

aL iA he coustauut st pm patiaauty aud

& Kuboaolhe Coeuut odlpaaic
VIsteSity-
aly viscosi y ols yeprcieuut fhe yete oN
shae shrain or Yae sshear deoxwaka
O Velocuy qmodliaut

S L u i t o4 viscosityz NS
in CGs i s allo Called loise uolich is qual
o Dyae Ser
Cm

Kiuauaic Viscngiy (YJ-JE is deined as the

ohio Vneoou he dyuaic Vistil
aud olausiky e uc
1 Viscosib
DeusiH
ST wuit st kuauaic viscaSity se
kueuaic viscosi s also Kinown as 'slake
Viseosibeiqclecraase ( ita incuae
Tenlt)
 Page No. 6
Date

isLaSiy qases icreaie (1 aith i

Taup(

Ouaic Viscosi laiolute VisLasiy)

i& he weaure lanet e uud
Juherinal esistauce to louo skile Kiuemakic
viscosi ers tothe mho dtuabna
vistesity to douityJE iA dlouched (n)|
ST wrt Nsw OR Pakcal Secad
Oimeaoa M T
poise= lNls

Suraceleusinun Dene as iae paouomeAnu ia

uuhich lhe Surate o uud ia u
Coubat with amatiherplaje

SI wit N.
CGS ULt dyu Cun

SurateTenuo iuquid acop

P-4
Surac leuion ia a Holloua Rubble
Pa2
 Page No. 05

Date: J

Surate leusieu ou a Lilauid Jt

P2

Capilanyisolejned o u the phaAGhMOnDya

mse or Jall a laud SurJacelao
Small ulbe velhe to the adlcc.cut queal
evel e Lqud wheu the ube is hold vexical
in theLquid
he ise o aud surace 1,3 Kuouoy a
Cop Ulary s e okile the Jall 6 h e gud
a s CopiUnryolepoiion
Surate i Kubotn

JE is expressed lu term u OR wM

Rise (Adhesive Frce)

Copilary<
Fall Coohosiveorce)

2 ypes o PLuid

a deal Fludl -Aud which is lucoprsible

ouso ihaniug iAn vascosity la Rinouay a
an idleallui. Jdeal luud is auly aun imagiuan
luid as_all Hhe uids okich exist bowe sowi
lscosi
Victsui meau-hichon les
intopnisible ueauk iu elakic-

(oReal FAusls wkdh possees yiscas

 Page No. os
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L& kuouo as Teal ud: A fhe

lud in ackaal
pralhce ae roal-luid

(C Neto uiau Fludk A mal ud

a dhich lae
eheor sess isdiretty prupatioual
4 the Yote cs ghear 9tmiu (o valouky qmcliat)
i kuaLOn as Nauokoniau uid

(e deal Plaslic Elud Aidiu okich glheax

ge ik wasre than yelld valu
shear stmas LA pmporioual 4the ae
heaY Shaa lor volouhy mmdiaut ia
KADon ai plasic uid.
Slaal s N
i d p l a a t iP I

n e o l A i a u w d

eloal fluld dulduvalocidy

radiau

3.

Monomeker Mouemelex am-delined as

fhe olewices used o r me0UMng
The pekSLuY at a point n a l u d ly4
balanei9the calun s4 ud bye
 Page No. D7
Date

Souue oY auother comin Hhe-uuo.

hey ae clasiied a

laSlnple wlonomehex b) Dyareuhial Monome

Smpla MaukomeherA siuple wtoweher Causit

oolailubeaving one o ih
eud CoAneted o apoiut uohee presSure
18 to be meosued old otaer oud mmaiu
opou to a n sphee
CowAbu pes o SiuLp.le wionamelex ae..
Pieomeker
2-0-tuube Mouometer ad
Siugle Column NouDehex

Piezomekexi}t iA the siumplast jx

P PiezoMeTeR
wMGuDWMehey useol o meaAMng9auge
pressure ace eld o -ws monoete iA
CoMnecked o i e poiut Lohere pxeSSueis to
oe measued and ether eld is opeu to the
aaospherrhe ise o liquid qive the
pressum head at he poiut. Jy a ta paint A,
He heinht qud say uaex is hin
piegomeer uubeHhoun pmssue_o A

xxh Nlm

U. Tuloe Moinoneher tconisto qlass e beud

 Page No.b8
Date:
u Slhape Cue eluel eLwhid is
Conecked
+o a poiut at waida pressue ia be
weoitam
aLsoother end TADLASopen ohe atuDsple
he ube 9aneally coakaus waer urY
DY C
Thex lugud ahase specilic lsqmaker than h
Speucgrawity othe liquid Lohote pressure to be
waeasuRd:

h
E
A ---A

Caoauga nisune LFor Vocun hossure

For Gauge Peascurek|st 8 u the paiut at uhith
preiSum is oloe measuned, ohase
vauei phe dakum liue is A-A

h Heigkat a iglat auid above the da.kuudine

oaHeigut op HeaMy uqud abaue odakuma ine
SzSpeuic qrauiky a iqud (Lgut quid)
PDausity s izat Liquid =lo.coxS
S2=peuiic gowiy e a y guo
= Dousiky o heawuauiol laan XS2

As the preasum he Seaear ihe hangonkal

abeehe honabaa
Surace Heucepmisun
eoluan au
datiua Line A -A n h e l e t
 Page No. 09
Date

he sst Coluusm U-tube iauDmee

shoule be Sawue
Pro Ssue above A-A u he lest caluuun-Ptr
u Rilat E 2 X9xh

heuce equahug lae tuoo Pessue

P(P2gha-ixgxhi)
(b o r VacuwM rusure essun above A -A In

Jet colusan - tgh2 t i9hit P

Pressure heool iu he nut calumu abov A-A=o
2hatghi 4P-o
P-(h2 tfigh)
Sigle Cownn Mouameter 4S.a ioduied mo
a U-uoe wMbuometer in Lohich a

2 Servoi hawiu_a Aarge Cros-secHonal an(alaou

Loo Tes) as Couupammddo he area o Hhe uloe is
Couuecked to oue oheiubs ohe monoher.
Due to Jarge mssseuHonal aea s the eieruo
yor a VataHous iu presiu he hauge lu The
Lisue deuel iu the mier Voir iM be vory a
wich MAay benaleched aud euce tae pm3su
liwe
iA givebyhe heiyht q liquid iu the rther
The other Liwb moy be vertical or nclined
sSgle ealuunn moluenaee
h e a e w0 Yp
 Page No. Io
Date

extical Siugle caluun Mouomerer

2 laclined Sile Coluan Mauounehex

Verhica Siugle Mouauehex LetX-X be the daku

ue in he xeserveix iu the
mut Lmb oq the wouawmeher, ohen it is nab
CoAered tao pipeWlhen he monamehex is
Couneted to the pipe due to higa praiSura
otA Ahe heawy Liquid iu he mesex voi uwil
be Puhed douou usbrd & wil nse iu the

a Kiie
hesuy iquid in iyht ula
h =Heisat cq Couba opipe albere X-X
Ahz all o heaNyquuid a mservai
PA =rossure _a Aouch js to be wMeaured
A -Cnss-Seuhoal Ara e tae eiervelr
a-(oss-Sethiolaal Arca e tlae isht liudh
SE Speiie qrauiky olquid in pipe.
S2a Spe tiac qauity
o heoMY inuJaM yeser
Vair hgut iuwb
li Donciky onuud in pipe
P 2 Douslty Ligud u YeLervoic

Ah
Keservoc PA a hf
 Page No. 11
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lndlined 8inqle Columu Monaelex Ts WAoinn

Melex is WAb SensitiveDue
t
iuciuahio the dislaute moed oy the hea

iquid iu the iaut liewil be More

egth a heauy iqudWcves in nsat i

-ncnajiou a mut uub uoifh hen3eulal

nVexital iseot lhaaa iqud inyut us
ro XX Lx sin
r o Jost e the pmssu at A
PA haa-hif9
PA Sin e XPq-hifi9
bitteruiat Mareree

incdined siugle celuun Msuometex

Diteretial MoLo Maeher -ae the olevice ulel
meaung pressue be-uoee
LoD paiuhs in a Pipor n tuo diorout
pipe A d e H o l Mouoaer cousist sD
 Page No.2
Date:

be Cukaiuiga laeay eud. uha4e eds

CA Couue ed o thePoiLutuohase -fuoo eudll
a CoAueeted to thepoiut Wlhose oitaani
pms ure iA to be measturc2o
Most Coaouly pes o diexuut naaunuehex

- u b e dilruial ahoaeker aid

2.LAwexed Uube dilhernuial aauaweker..

D-Tube_diarautial uauomeher

() D
eve
pipelat dillaeu
X
U
(6) lso pipes aE he same Jevel
lweatredD-Lhe dliareuhal MausmelerJt

Coucist a u iwwerked 0-twbe taukaiui

la Jiglat liquid. he tao eud a Hhe tube
Cahueckedo the paiati whosa daoale
Pm sur 13b be measured
i s uled or Aaasum
 Page No. 13
Date:

PessuY

h Height o Liquwd iu let liub beloua he daku

JGine
Heiatut oJ liquiol iu Kiyt Bub
h-Dilaeute s Light iqid
atA
= Deutiy Liquid
aB
Ps Deusity a Liu iqud
PA Pessue at A
LPR Pressue_at B

PA-PR hghi- P2gh Psg