Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Thomas Shelby
ID: 2063269060
Roll: 29
Introduction
FIRE HAZARDS
MECHANICAL HAZARDS
ELECTRICAL HAZARDS
CHEMICAL HAZARDS
PHARMACEUTICAL HAZARDS
Fire Hazards
Fire is an exothermic chemical reaction between oxygen and
fuel also known as combustion. Combustion can be classified in
three types: Slow, Rapid and Spontaneous combustion. For
example; cotton waste burning is a slow combustion process,
petroleum product burning is a rapid combustion process and
paint or scrap burning is a spontaneous combustion process.
The effect of fire on people take the form of skin burns. Fire can
take several different forms including jet fires, pool fires and
boiling liquid expanding vapour explosion.
Hot surfaces
Combustible and flammable liquids
Heat utilization equipments (over heating)
Lightening
Gas cylinders
Ovens and furnaces
Reactor
Welding and cutting
Spark from metal to metal contact
Carelessness
Control of Fire Accidents
Mechanical Hazards
Mechanical hazards are most common in metal industries and
construction sites. It occurs due to large number of
equipments, crowded work place conditions, insecurely fixed
machines, worn and teared parts, negligence and improper
maintenance of equipments. Thus, all the machinery must be
fenced and also be fitted with an emergency shut down system.
Control system override should be monitored and operators
must strictly follow SOP.
Preventive Measures
BUILDING PLANNING:
o floors must be non-slippery type
o enough space to move easily
o easy access of workers to the safety switches
SAFE MATERIAL HANDLING:
o all material handling equipments should be repaired
and maintained properly
PERSONNEL PROTECTIVE DEVICES:
o protection of head by using hard hats and helmets
o ears by using ear muffs and plugs
o face by using face masks
Electrical Hazards
Electricity is the flow of electrons through a substance which
allows transfer of electrical energy from one position to
another. Most electrical injuries or deaths in industries occur
due to contact with power lines, path to ground missing or
discontinuous, equipment not used in a manner prescribed,
improper use of extension or flexible chords, wiring faults and
improperly wired equipments.
Safety and Preventive Measures
Chemical Hazards
Chemical hazards are toxic, corrosive, irritant, carcinogenic,
flammable and mutagenic. Chemical reactions may get out of
control due to wrong or impure raw materials, changed
operating conditions, time delay and equipments failures. An
example of chemical hazard is the Bhopal Gas Tragedy in India.
It is considered as one of the world’s worst industrial chemical
hazards. Water containing 42 tons of methyl isocyanate
entered the tank and escaped into the atmosphere. This leak
caused 8000 deaths and 5,58,125 injuries.
Skin burn
Ache
Ulcer in hand, nose etc
Cancer
Irritation on wind pipe
Preventive Measures
The term dust is used if the maximum particle size of the solids
in the mixture is 500 mm. Dust explosion is a rapid combustion
of dust cloud. Drying milling and blending operations generate
atmospheric and fugitive dust emissions. During wet
granulation, compounding and tablet coating, hazardous air
pollutants may be released to the atmosphere or in the
workplace as process or fugitive emissions.
Conclusion