Histology of Respirsrory system

Histology course Part 5

Dr. Michael Barlasov MD

 Nasal cavities mucosa
Nasal vestibule
• Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium - posteriorly - Stratified squamous
epithelium - Pseudostratified epithelium
• lamina propria areolar connective tissue with sebaceous glands
• Hyaline cartilage

Respiratory region
• Respiratory epithelium - ciliated
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
• lamina propria areolar connective tissue, has a
rich vascular network
• Bones

Olfactory Region
specialized olfactory mucosa: olfactory epithelium and the associated olfactory glands.
 Respiratory epithelium
Ciliated cells - columnar cells with cilia
Goblet cells - secrete mucus
Brush cells – with short microvilli
Basal cells - stem cell

respiratory mucosa
olfactory mucosa

Olfactory nerves
 Olfactory epithelium

• Olfactory receptor cells -

bipolar neurons
• Supporting cells - columnar
cells that are similar to
neuroglia cells
• Basal cells - stem cells from
which new olfactory receptor
cells and supporting cells
differentiate.
 Pharynx
Mucosa
Nasopharynx
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium,
cilia move the mucus down
Oropharynx & Laryngopharynx - nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Lamina propria - areolar connective tissue with lots of Lymphatic nodules
Skeletal muscle

Palatine tonsil
 Larynx

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Larynx

Epiglottis
• Stratified squamous
nonkeratinized epithelium
• Pseudostratified
ciliated columnar
epithelium
• Taste buds in epithelium
• Seromucous glands in
lamina propria
• Perichondrium

• Elastic cartilage
 Larynx

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Larynx
• The luminal surface of the
vocal cords is covered with
stratified squamous
epithelium
• The rest of the larynx is lined
with ciliated pseudostratified
columnar epithelium

• connective tissue of the

larynx contains mixed
mucoserous glands

vocal cords :
• Folds of mucosa
• Elastic ligament
• Skeletal muscle

• Hyaline cartilage
 Trachea
Tracheal wall

4. Adventitia

3. Hyaline cartilage

2. Submucosa

1. Mucosa
Elastic membrane
Fibromuscular
membrane

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 Trachea
1. Mucosa Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Ciliated columnar cells
Goblet cells

Basal cells

Brush cells (Absorptive

& receptor cells)

Lamina propria areolar connective tissue, contains elastic and

reticular fibers.
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Trachea
2. Submucosa

Areolar connective tissue

Seromucous glands (tubuloacinar)

duct

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 Trachea
3. Hyaline cartilage

4. Adventitia

Fibromuscular membrane
elastic connective tissue & smooth muscle fibers

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 Bronchi
Bronchial wall has 5 layers:

• Mucosa
• Muscularis
• Submucosa
• Cartilage layer
• Adventitia

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 Primary, Secondary, Tertiary bronchi
Mucosa - Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Muscularis - continuous layer of smooth muscle
Submucosa - areolar connective tissue. Bronchial glands and
adipose tissue
Cartilage layer -
discontinuous hyaline
cartilage plates

Adventitia - dense
elastic connective tissue

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 Larger bronchioles
Mucosa - Simple ciliated columnar epithelium with Goblet cells
Muscularis – more smooth muscle fibers
Submucosa - areolar connective tissue
very thin layer
few bronchial glands
Cartilage layer - small elements of cartilage
Adventitia - areolar connective tissue

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 Smaller bronchioles
Mucosa - Ciliated simple cuboidal epithelium without Goblet cells

Muscularis –smooth muscle fibers

Adventitia - areolar connective tissue

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 Terminal bronchioles

Mucosa - Nonciliated cuboidal

epithelium
Muscularis – smooth muscle fibers
1-2 layers

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 Lobule
Terminal bronchiole

Respiratory Bronchiole

Stroma
Alveolar ducts

Alveolar sac

Alveoli

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Respiratory
portion of the
bronchial tree.
Terminal bronchiole

Respiratory Bronchiole

Alveolar ducts

Alveolar sac

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 Type II alveolar
(septal) cell
Surfactant
produced

Type I alveolar (squamous

pulmonary epithelial) cell

Alveolar macrophage
(dust cell)

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 Alveolar
macrophage
(dust cell)
Type II
alveolar
(septal) cell
Type I alveolar
(squamous
pulmonary
epithelial) cell
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 Respiratory membrane

1. layer of type I and type II

alveolar cells

2. epithelial basement membrane

3. capillary basement membrane

4. capillary endothelium

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 Lungs Pleura
Parietal pleura Visceral pleura

Mesothelial cells

Areolar connective tissue

Thin elastic fiber layer
Areolar connective tissue
Thick elastic fiber layer

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Changes in partial pressures of O2 and CO2
during External respiration

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Changes in partial pressures of O2 and CO2
during Internal respiration

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TRANSPORT of O2

1.5 % dissolved in plasma

98.5% as oxyhemoglobin External

(Hb–O2) Respiration

Internal
Respiration

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 TRANSPORT of CO2

7% dissolved in plasma

External 23% carbaminohemoglobin

Respiration
Hb–CO2

70% as bicarbonate ions

Internal HCO3-
Respiration

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DEVELOPMENT OF THE
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

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 DEVELOPMENT OF THE
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
from the ventral wall of the foregut

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DEVELOPMENT OF THE
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

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DEVELOPMENT OF THE
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

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 DEVELOPMENT OF THE
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

four weeks respiratory diverticulum or lung bud

weeks 4 to 6 Trachea bronchi
weeks 6 to 16 respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli
20 weeks surfactant production begins
26 to 28 weeks Primitive alveoli
30 weeks mature alveoli

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