RESPIRATORY SYSTEM - cartilages, bones, mucous membrane

- Chonchae (increase surface area and

Nose and Nasal Cavity turbulent airflow – increase contact
- Position and Structure between air and MM)
Main route of air entry. - Hairs (vibrissae – (trap large particles)
Two cavities divided by a Septum.
Anteriorly consist Hyaline Cartilage. Histology of Nasal Cavity
The roof is formed by ethmoid bone. - respiratory epithelium (pseudostratified
The floor is formed by roof of the ciliated)
mouth.
The medial wall formed by the septum. Pharynx
The lateral wall formed by the maxilla. - the pharynx is the part of the throat
that is behind the mouth and nasal
Components cavity and above the esophagus and the
- nose larynx.
- pharynx - length- 12-14 cm (extends from the
- larynx base of the skull to the level of the 6th
cervical vertebra).
Conducting portion Position
- Nasal Cavity Superiorly- base of the skull.
- Pharynx Inferiorly- continuous with the
- Larynx oesophagus.
- trachea Anteriorly- incomplete wall because of
- principal bronchi the nose, mouth and larynx opening.
- lobar bronchi Posteriorly- areolar tissue and first 5
- bronchioles vertebra.
- terminal bronchioles
Conditioning air Pharynx and Larynx
- adjustment temperature humidity - Cartilages and muscles
- purification/cleaning dust removal. - Mucous membrane
- Epithelium
Respiratory portion - (Pseudostratified) Respiratory side
- Respiratory bronchioles - (Stratified squamous) Food/oral
- alveolar duct side
- alveoli
Gas Exchange - for descriptive purposes the pharynx is
- between blood and RP divided into three parts:
Minimize damage (i) the nasopharynx
- Against foreign particles (ii) the oropharynx
(iii) the laryngopharynx
Nasal Cavity
- the nasopharynx - this is the most prominent and consists
The nasal part of the pharynx lies of 2 flat pieces of hyaline cartilage and
behind the nose. fused anteriorly forming the Adam’s
- the oropharynx apple.
The oral part of the pharynx lies The cricoid cartilage
behind the mouth. - this lies below the thyroid cartilage and
- the laryngopharynx composed of hyalin cartilage.
The laryngeal part of the pharynx
extends from the oropharynx. Epiglottis – Histology
- cartilage and mucous membrane
Larynx
- Position Trachea
- the larynx or voice box extends from - cartilage and muscle
the root of the tongue. - 16-20 “C” shaped rings (support)
- it lies in front of the laryngopharynx at - smooth muscle (trachealis) bridge
the level of 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th cervical open ends posteriorly (control DM)
vertebra. - between rings-fibroelastic tissue (allow
- until the puberty there is little expansion)
difference in the size of the larynx
between the sexes. Bronchi and Bronchioles
- it grows larger in the male. - the two primary bronchi when the
Superiorly- the hyoid bone and roof of trachea divides about the level of T-5.
the tongue.
Inferiorly- continuous with the trachea. The right bronchus
Anteriorly- the muscle of the neck. - this is wider, shorter and more vertical
Posteriorly- the laryngopharynx and 3rd than the left bronchus.
to 6th cervical vertebra. - length-2.5 cm.
- after entering the right lung, it divides
Structure into 3 branches, one to each lobe.
- the larynx is composed of several
irregularly shaped cartilages attached to The left bronchus
each other by ligaments and - this is narrower than the right.
membranes. - length-5 cm.
- the main cartilages are: - after entering the left lung, it divides
1 thyroid cartilage into 2 branches, one to each lobe.
1 cricoid cartilage - hyaline
cartilage Principal/primary/main bronchi-
2 arytenoid cartilage histology
1 epiglottis - elastic fibrocartilage - epithelium similar to trachea (goblet
cells)
The thyroid cartilage - cartilages – interconnected plates
- smooth muscles beneath the LP
- submucosa – seromucous glands
Bronchi – histology
- diameter decreases
- epithelium similar to trachea
- shape and arrangement of the
cartilage and smooth muscle are
different.
- with the decrease of DM – cartilage
ring become irregular isolated plates.
- smooth muscles in the LP are spirally
arranged
- lymphocytes and lymphoid
aggregations in the LP
Segment/Tertiary bronchi
- epithelium – less stratified, less goblet
cells.
- smooth muscles prominent in the LP
- less submucosa and seromucous
glands
- few isolated cartilage plates.
Bronchioles
- diameter 1mm or less
- control the air flow
- epithelium – ciliated simple columnar
- prominent smooth muscle in LP
- no cartilage
- no glands in submucosa
Respiratory bronchioles
- sac like alveoli along the wall
- epithelium – ciliated cuboidal
- no goblet cells, Clara cells present
- no cartilage
- little smooth muscle in the LP
- no submucosa
Alveolar duct and alveoli
- exchange of gas
- epithelium simple squamous
- elastic and reticulin fibers – elastic
recoil and prevent over expansion
- smooth muscles only at the openings
of alveolar ducts.
- cigarette smoking – break down
alveolar tissue and impair repair of
tissue – emphysema
- cells become very thin for gas
exchange
- several cell types
- squamous alveolar cells (type 1) –
97%
- desmosomes and tight junctions
present – prevent leakage of tissue fluid.
- surfactant secreting cells (type 2) – 3%
- reduce surface tension
- round cells
- can proliferate and produce new type 1
and 2 cell
- respiratory distress syndrome –
immature baby
- Alveolar macrophages – interalveolar
septum, surface of alveoli
- epithelium of alveoli and capillaries
become very thin
- basement membrane of two epithelia
fused each other – thin barrier.