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Rigging: Ladders and Scaffolds
© Vector Solutions
FOR TRAINING USE ONLY

This material is for training purposes only and
cannot be substituted for actual written
procedures to perform the task described since
steps in this material may have been
simplified, or may not apply to your
organization, equipment, or process. Any
representative procedures that may be
presented are provided as examples only.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................... 5
COURSE OBJECTIVES ....................................................................................................................... 6
LADDERS ................................................................................................................................................. 7
Objectives ................................................................................................................................................ 7
Types of Ladders.................................................................................................................................... 7
Straight Ladders ................................................................................................................................. 7
Extension Ladders ............................................................................................................................. 7
Stepladders ......................................................................................................................................... 8
Materials .................................................................................................................................................. 8
Standard Capacity Ratings: Type ........................................................................................................ 8
Standard Capacity Ratings: Length..................................................................................................... 9
Ladder Safety Guidelines .................................................................................................................... 10
Ladder Safety Selection ...................................................................................................................... 12
Length ................................................................................................................................................ 12
Job Requirements ............................................................................................................................ 12
Weight Requirements ...................................................................................................................... 12
Ladder Material ................................................................................................................................. 12
Ladder Inspection and Preparation ................................................................................................... 12
Ladders: OSHA Guidelines................................................................................................................. 13
Overlap............................................................................................................................................... 13
Ladder Angle ..................................................................................................................................... 13
Working From a Ladder....................................................................................................................... 14
Challenge Questions ........................................................................................................................... 15
FIXED SCAFFOLDS ............................................................................................................................ 16
Fixed Scaffold Types ........................................................................................................................... 16
Scaffold Weight Classifications .......................................................................................................... 16
Scaffold Safety: Basic Guidelines ...................................................................................................... 17
Systems Scaffold.................................................................................................................................. 18
Components ...................................................................................................................................... 18
Assembly ........................................................................................................................................... 19
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Inspection .......................................................................................................................................... 21
Disassembly ...................................................................................................................................... 22
Tubular Welded Frame Scaffold ........................................................................................................ 22
Components ...................................................................................................................................... 23
Assembly ........................................................................................................................................... 24
Use ..................................................................................................................................................... 24
Disassembly ...................................................................................................................................... 24
POWERED SCAFFOLDS .................................................................................................................. 26
Objectives .............................................................................................................................................. 26
Pneumatic Scaffolds ............................................................................................................................ 26
Components ...................................................................................................................................... 26
Basic Rigging Guidelines ................................................................................................................ 27
Use ..................................................................................................................................................... 28
Hydraulic Scaffolds .............................................................................................................................. 28
Components ...................................................................................................................................... 29
Use ..................................................................................................................................................... 29
ANSWERS TO CHALLENGE QUESTIONS ................................................................................ 31
GLOSSARY ............................................................................................................................................ 33
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INTRODUCTION
Often, when work is performed in elevated locations, portable ladders or scaffolds are
used. Ladders and scaffolds are designed to help workers reach areas that are
ordinarily out of reach. However, since they allow personnel to work at elevated heights,
both ladders and scaffolds can pose a safety hazard if they aren’t used properly. This
course discusses the safe use of several types of ladders and scaffolds commonly used
in industry.
Topic one, Ladders, describes the various types of ladders and their ratings and
explains how to select the proper ladder for a job and how to use a ladder safely.
Topic two, Fixed Scaffolds, explores general safety precautions associated with
stationary, or fixed, scaffolds and describes the assembly, use, and disassembly of a
systems scaffold and a tubular welded frame scaffold.
Topic three, Powered Scaffolds, describes the basic components and operation of a
pneumatic scaffold and a hydraulic scaffold.
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COURSE OBJECTIVES
Ladders
 Describe the various types of ladders and their ratings.
 Explain how to select the proper ladder for a job.
 Explain how to use a ladder safely.
Fixed Scaffolds
 Describe general safety precautions associated with stationary, or fixed,
scaffolds.
 Describe the assembly, use, and disassembly of a systems scaffold.
 Describe the assembly, use, and disassembly of a tubular welded
frame scaffold.
Powered Scaffolds
 Describe the basic components and operation of a pneumatic scaffold.
 Describe the basic components and operation of a hydraulic scaffold.
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LADDERS
Objectives
 Describe the various types of ladders and their ratings.
 Explain how to select the proper ladder for a job.
 Explain how to use a ladder safely.
Types of Ladders
Ladders are a common sight at many industrial facilities and construction jobs. A
number of different types of ladders are available, and the specific type that is used
depends on the job being done. The three basic types of ladders are straight ladders,
extension ladders, and stepladders.
Figure 1: Ladder Types

Straight Ladders
A straight ladder is the simplest of the three basic types of ladders. It consists of two
rails with cross pieces, called rungs, between them. The rungs are used as steps to
climb the ladder. At the bottom of the rails are safety feet, which help prevent the ladder
from slipping when it is in use.
Extension Ladders
An extension ladder is basically an assembly of two overlapping straight ladders. The
amount of overlap between the two sections can be adjusted to change the overall
length of the ladder to match the needs of a particular job. Components called rung
locks are located between the rails of the lower section of the ladder. The rung locks
support the weight of the movable section and of the person climbing the ladder. As with
straight ladders, extension ladders have safety feet at the bottom of the rails to prevent
the ladder from slipping while it is in use.
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Stepladders
The third type of ladder is a stepladder, which is a self-supporting portable ladder
that is made up of two sections hinged at the top. The section of a stepladder that
is used for climbing consists of rails and rungs similar to those found on a straight
ladder. The main difference is that the rungs on a stepladder are actually flat
steps. Safety feet at the bottom of the rails help prevent the ladder from slipping.
The other section of the ladder consists of rails and braces. The braces are
designed to support the rails. They should never be used for climbing. Hinged
arms, called spreaders, located between the two sections stabilize the ladder and
prevent it from folding up while it is being used. When a stepladder is properly
positioned, a stable triangular shape is formed.
Materials
Straight ladders, extension ladders, and stepladders are all available in different
materials. Dry wood and fiberglass are often used because they will not conduct elec-
tricity. Metal ladders are also available, but since they will conduct electricity, they are
not used in all industrial jobs.
Standard Capacity Ratings: Type

Besides being available in different materials, ladders also vary in size and load-bearing
capabilities. A standard rating system is used as the basis for dimensions and weight
limits. The rating system classifies all portable ladders into one of four basic categories,
or types:
 Type IA—Ladders in the IA category have a maximum load-bearing capacity of

300 pounds. Type IA ladders are suitable for extra-heavy-duty applications, such
as those found in industry, utilities, and contracting.
 Type I—Type I ladders have a maximum load-bearing capacity of 250 pounds.

Ladders in the Type I category are used in heavy-duty applications, similar to
those for which Type IA ladders are used.
 Type II—Ladders in the Type II category have a maximum load-bearing capacity

of 225 pounds. Type II ladders are medium-duty ladders commonly used in
offices, for light maintenance, and in similar applications.
 Type III—Type III ladders have a maximum load-bearing capacity of 200

pounds. Ladders in the Type III category are light-duty ladders typically
used for light household jobs.
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Standard Capacity Ratings: Length

All portable ladders have length restrictions based on the material that they are made of
and their rating category. The specific ratings are as follows:
 Straight ladder (wood)

- Type IA: 300 lbs. – 30 ft.
- Type I: 250 lbs. – 30 ft.
- Type II: 250 lbs. – 20 ft.
- Type III: 200 lbs. – 14 ft.
 Straight ladder (fiberglass)
- Type IA: 300 lbs. – 30 ft.
- Type I: 225 lbs. – 30 ft.
- Type II: 225 lbs. – 24 ft.
 Straight ladder (metal)
- Type IA: 300 lbs. – 30 ft.
- Type I: 225 lbs. – 30 ft.
- Type II: 225 lbs. – 24 ft.
 Extension ladder (wood)
- Type IA: 300 lbs. – 60 ft.
- Type I: 250 lbs. – 60 ft.
- Type II: 225 lbs. – 40 ft.
 Extension ladder (fiberglass)
- Type IA: 2-sect. 60 ft., 3-sect. 72 ft.
- Type I: 2-sect. 60 ft., 3-sect. 72 ft.
- Type II: 2-sect. 48 ft,, 3-sect. 60 ft.
- Type III: 2-sect. 32 ft., 3-sect. N/A
 Extension ladder (metal)
- Type IA: 2-sect. 60 ft., 3-sect. 72 ft.
- Type I: 2-sect. 60 ft., 3-sect. 72 ft.
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- Type II: 2-sect. 48 ft., 3-sect. 60 ft.

- Type III: 2-sect. 32 ft., 3-sect. N/A
 Stepladder (wood)
- Type IA: 300 lbs. – 20 ft.
- Type I: 250 lbs. – 20 ft.
- Type II: 225 lbs. – 12 ft.
 Stepladder (fiberglass)
- Type IA: 300 lbs. – 20 ft.
- Type I: 250 lbs. – 20 ft.
- Type II: 225 lbs. – 12 ft.
 Stepladder (metal)
- Type IA: 300 lbs. – 20 ft.
- Type I: 250 lbs. – 20 ft.
- Type II: 225 lbs. – 12 ft.
Ladder Safety Guidelines
Ladders are commonly used to enable personnel to work in elevated locations.
However, whenever work is performed above ground level, there is an increased risk of
an accident. To reduce the chance of an accident associated with using a ladder, some
basic safety guidelines should be followed. Every type of ladder has specific rules
regarding how it should be used, but the following basic considerations apply to all
ladders:
 Carefully inspect ladders before each use. Test all working parts to make sure
that they are properly attached and operating correctly.
 Never use a ladder that has broken or missing rungs or steps, broken or
split side rails, or similar damage. Remove defective ladders from service
and clearly mark them “DANGEROUS – DO NOT USE.”
 Do not alter any type of ladder from its original design.
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 Never paint wooden ladders because paint can hide defects and flaws in the
rungs or rails. Clear varnish, shellac, or a preservative oil finish will protect the
wood without hiding defects.
 Install and use ladders in compliance with safe practices and with all applicable
government regulations, codes, and ordinances.
 Place the ladder’s feet on a firm, suitable surface, and keep the area around the
bottom and the top of the ladder clean.
 Always use appropriate safety feet or non-slip bases. If the ladder has to be
placed on a slippery surface, take additional precautions.
 If the ladder is on an unstable surface or if the ladder angle is steeper than
normal, tie the top of the ladder in place and/or have another worker on the
ground hold the ladder.
 Never use a ladder in the horizontal position as a platform, walk board, or
scaffold.
 Unless protective barricades or guards are in place, do not place a ladder in a
doorway, passageway, driveway, or other area where it is in the way of other
work.
 Use extreme caution when working near electrical lines and equipment. If there is
any possibility of direct contact with a live power source, do not use metal or
metal-reinforced ladders or wet ladders.
 A ladder is intended to carry one person at a time. Do not overload a ladder.
 Do not stand or sit on the top or the top step of a ladder.
 If the ladder is equipped with outrigger safety legs, extend the legs when the
ladder is in use.
 If fall protection is required, be sure to attach the equipment to a stable, fixed
structure, not to the ladder alone.
 Store ladders in a cool, dry, ventilated place and provide easy access for
inspection.
 Provide sufficient supports to prevent sagging when laying ladders flat.
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Ladder Safety Selection

Ladder safety begins with choosing the proper type of ladder for the job. A number of
basic factors should be considered when a ladder is selected.
Length
One of the first things to consider is how long the ladder must be to reach the area
where work is to be done. All types of portable ladders have length limits. For
example, stepladders cannot be any longer than 20 feet. The recommended
highest standing level of a stepladder is less than the ladder’s total length. The
recommended highest standing level is the vertical distance from the uppermost
rung or step that the climber should use to the horizontal plane of the ladder base
support with the ladder properly positioned.
Job Requirements
Another factor to consider in choosing a ladder is what kind of ladder is best suited for
the job. In other words, you will need to determine whether the job requires a straight
ladder, an extension ladder, or a stepladder. Often, determining the kind of ladder to
use depends on whether the ladder will be leaned against a structure or if it needs to be
free-standing.
Weight Requirements
Determining how much weight the ladder will need to support is also important. Ladders
are rated to support different amounts of weight, so the total amount of weight that the
ladder will need to support must be known. The total weight includes the weight of the
person climbing the ladder, plus the weight of any tools and supplies that the person
might be carrying.
Ladder Material
The material that the ladder is made of must also be taken into consideration
when a ladder is selected. For example, metal ladders are not suitable for jobs
near electrical lines. Fiberglass or wood ladders are a better choice because
fiberglass and dry wood will not conduct electricity. Once a suitable ladder has
been selected, it can be inspected and put to use.
Ladder Inspection and Preparation

Once a suitable ladder has been selected, it can be inspected and put to use. For
example, the following are the steps you would likely take to use an extension ladder to
reach a work area near a building’s roof. Many of the basic guidelines that apply to
using an extension ladder are the same as those that apply to a straight ladder:
 After determining that a fiberglass extension ladder is best suited for the job, lift
the ladder from its storage rack in order to inspect it for any obvious problems.
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 Check the ladder’s rungs and rails, and make sure that the rope used to raise
the movable section is not worn or frayed.
 Check the rung locks to make sure that they are working correctly, and verify
that the safety feet are in good shape.
 After finishing the inspection, carry the ladder to the work area, being careful not
to hit anyone or anything with the ladder. Ladders can be heavy and awkward to
carry, so sometimes it is necessary to get help carrying them.
 Position the ladder at the job site, making sure that the feet are securely set and
that the narrow section of the ladder is at the top.
 Adjust the length of the ladder from the bottom, where you can clearly see the
rung locks.
Figure 2: Checking Safety Feet
Ladders: OSHA Guidelines

There are several safety practices you should follow when using ladders.
Overlap
Guidelines established by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
require a certain amount of overlap between the sections of an extension ladder. For a
ladder up to 36 feet, 3 feet of overlap is required. Four feet of overlap is required for a
ladder between 36 feet and 48 feet in length. Ladders over 48 feet require an overlap of
5 feet.
Ladder Angle
One of the most important rules to remember when a straight ladder or an extension
ladder is used is to maintain the correct ladder angle. When a ladder is placed against a
wall or other support structure, the distance between the wall and the base of the ladder
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should be one-fourth the working length of the ladder. The working length is the
distance between the bases of the ladder and the point where the top of the ladder
makes contact with the wall. The working length is measured along the ladder’s rails.
Figure 3: Ladder Angle

For example, a ladder with a working length of 24 feet would need to have its base
placed 6 feet from a wall. This is because one-fourth of 24 feet is 6 feet, so the
base of the ladder should be placed 6 feet from the wall. If the base of the ladder
is placed too far from the wall, the ladder could slip out from under you. If the base
is placed too close to the wall, there is a chance that the ladder could tip over
backward.
Working From a Ladder

There are many good work practices to help you work safely from a ladder. The
following are the general steps to following when working from a ladder:
 With the ladder in place, make sure you have all the necessary tools for the job.
If possible, carry the tools in a tool belt to keep your hands free for climbing.
 Then, slowly climb the ladder, using both hands to hold onto the side rails or
rungs.
 Keep your body close to the ladder to avoid tipping over backward.
 While performing work, be careful to maintain your balance and not reach or lean
too far to the side or back.
 If you need step off of the ladder, such as onto a roof, make sure that the
ladder’s side rails extended beyond the top of the roof by at least 3 feet.
 If you need to move the ladder, climb down first, and then move it.
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 When finished with the job, climb back down the ladder, again using both hands
on the side rails or rungs. Do not slide down the ladder, and do not turn around to
climb down.
 When done, lower the ladder, check it to make sure that it is clean and in
good condition, and return it to its proper storage place.
Challenge Questions
1. Select the choice that best describes the purpose of rung locks.
a. They support the weight of the stationary section.
b. They prevent the user from overextending the ladder.
c. They support the weight of the movable section and of the person
climbing the ladder.
d. They mark the recommended highest standing level of the ladder
2. Why are ladders commonly made out of wood or fiberglass?
a. They are both highly resistant to fire.
b. They will not split or crack.
c. They will not conduct electricity.
d. They are both highly resistant to chemicals.
3. If the load-bearing capacity of a ladder is 300 pounds, what rating would
apply to that ladder?
a. Type IA
b. Type I
c. Type II
d. Type III
4. Select the choice that is a basic safety guideline that applies to ladders.
a. Use metal ladders for jobs that are close to electrical lines.
b. Keep wood ladders freshly painted to prevent wear and cracking.
c. Clearly mark defective ladders “DAMAGED – TYPE III USE ONLY.”
d. Never stand or sit on the top or the top step of a ladder.
Please refer to the end of the handbook for answers.
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FIXED SCAFFOLDS
Objectives
 Describe general safety precautions associated with stationary, or fixed,
scaffolds.
 Describe the assembly, use, and disassembly of a systems scaffold.
 Describe the assembly, use, and disassembly of a tubular welded
frame scaffold.
Fixed Scaffold Types
A fixed scaffold is basically a temporary, elevated steel framework that is as-
sembled on a job site and used to support personnel and materials for construction
and maintenance work. A number of different types of fixed scaffolds are available,
including the following:
 A tubular welded frame, or tubular buck, scaffold consists basically of

prefab-ricated end sections that are connected with diagonal cross braces.
 A tube and clamp scaffold consists of individual vertical posts,
horizontal members, and diagonal braces that are fastened together
with clamps.
 A locking ring, or systems, scaffold consists of individual components that
are fastened together using locking rings and end connectors.
Scaffold Weight Classifications
Scaffolds are classified by the weight that they are designed to support. Every
scaffold shall be capable of supporting at least four times the load that is likely to be
imposed on it. The design capacity of a scaffold is based on the total weight of all
loads, including the weight of the working load and the weight of the scaffold. Three
basic scaffold classifications are heavy-duty, which is designed to carry a maximum
load of 75 pounds per square foot; medium-duty, which is designed to carry a maxi-
mum load of 50 pounds per square foot; and light-duty, which is designed to carry a
maximum load of 25 pounds per square foot.
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Scaffold Safety: Basic Guidelines

Scaffolds are designed and built according to strict safety standards.
 Follow all federal, state, and local government regulations pertaining to
scaffolding.
 The footing on which a scaffold is erected must be able to withstand the
maximum intended load without settling or becoming displaced. Use sills
of adequate size under the scaffold’s base plates.
 Use leveling jacks to support scaffolds on uneven grades. Never use
unstable objects such as barrels, boxes, loose bricks, or concrete blocks to
support scaffolds.
 Inspect all scaffold components before they are used. Do not use damaged
components.
 Scaffolds must be capable of supporting at least four times their maximum
intended load weight.
 Plumb and level all scaffolds as they are erected. Do not force braces to fit, but
level the scaffold until the proper fits can be made easily.
 Secure a scaffold with ties, outriggers, or some other means if the scaffold’s
height is more than four times its minimum base width.
 Install guardrails and toeboards on all open sides and ends of platforms that are
more than 6 feet high. Guardrails should be approximately 42 inches high and
supported every 8 feet. Toeboards should be a minimum of 4 inches in height.
 If people need to work or pass underneath a scaffold, install a screen between
the toeboard and the guardrail.
 Scaffold planks must be made of scaffold-grade material, extend over their end
supports between 6 inches and 18 inches, and be properly secured to the
scaffold.
 An access ladder or equivalent safe access must be provided. Do not climb cross
braces. Never place a ladder on top of a scaffold. If the work area cannot be
reached, the scaffold must be constructed higher.
 Any alterations to a scaffold must be approved by the scaffolding supervisor.
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 Inspect erected scaffolds regularly to make sure that they remain in safe con-
dition. Check all scaffold inspection tags before a scaffold is mounted.
 A green tag indicates that the scaffold meets all OSHA standards and is safe to
use.
 A yellow tag indicates that the scaffold does not meet all applicable standards. A
yellow-tagged scaffold may be used, but fall prevention equipment is mandatory.
Other precautions may also apply.
 A red tag, or an empty tag holder with red lettering, indicates that a scaffold is
being erected or taken down and cannot be used.
Systems Scaffold
A systems scaffold is a common type of scaffold that can be assembled on a job site to
form a rectangular framework capable of supporting personnel and materials.
Figure 4: Systems Scaffold

Components
Basically, a systems scaffold consists of individual poles, or legs, that serve as vertical
posts, horizontal members that connect between the vertical posts, and diagonal braces
that connect the vertical posts and horizontal members to strengthen the scaffold. Many
of the other components are the same as those for other types of scaffolding, including
the following:
 Guardrail—A guardrail is a horizontal member that is attached between two
upper vertical legs to prevent a worker from falling from the work platform.
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 Toeboard—A toeboard is a board that is attached to the side of the scaffold floor
to prevent tools and other objects from falling from the work platform.
 Scaffold floor—A scaffold floor is the work platform that is created by securing
planks across horizontal members of the scaffold’s framework.
 Ladder—A ladder is a device that is either attached to or built into a vertical
member of the scaffold to enable personnel to reach the work platform.
 Vertical leg—A vertical leg is a vertical pole that has locking rings onto which
horizontal and diagonal braces and rails can be attached.
 Diagonal brace—A diagonal brace is a component that is connected diagonally
between vertical and horizontal members to provide stability and support to the
scaffold.
 Horizontal member—A horizontal member is a component that is connected
horizontally between the vertical legs of a scaffold and used to stabilize the
framework and support weight.
 Coupling pin—A coupling pin is a connector with locking pins that is used to
attach one vertical leg to another.
 Starter collar—A starter collar is a short vertical leg that is placed onto a screw
jack and base plate to serve as the starting point for a scaffold leg.
 Screw jack—A screw jack is a device that is placed between a scaffold’s base
plate and a starter collar and used to level the scaffold.
 Sill—A sill is a board that is placed under the base plate of a scaffold’s leg to
help prevent the scaffold from slipping or sinking.
Assembly
While the exact procedures involved in erecting a systems scaffold can vary slightly,
most of the basic steps are the same. However, guidelines established by the scaffold
manufacturer and/or company guidelines should always be followed. Before any
scaffold is erected, some basic preliminary steps should be done.
One of the first steps is to carefully examine the work area for hazards in order to
determine where to place the scaffold. You should also estimate how high the scaffold
needs to be built so you can determine how many components will be needed.
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Another preliminary step is to carefully inspect all scaffold components before they are
used. Components that are excessively dirty or damaged may have to be cleaned or
discarded.
The next step is to erect a system scaffold. Start by placing wooden boards, called sills,
on the ground where the scaffold legs will be located, and then place a base plate with a
screw jack on top of each sill. Next, short vertical posts called starter collars are placed
on top of the screw jacks. The builders add a coupling pin to the top of each starter
collar so that other vertical posts can be added later. Then, the first of the horizontal
members are connected between the starter collars. The horizontal members are
secured to the starter collars by driving in wedge pins on the end connectors. This locks
the end connectors of the horizontal members onto the locking rings of the starter collar.
At this point, the scaffold builders check to see if the scaffold is level. If the scaffold is
not level, the builders can adjust the screw jacks as needed to make it level. They check
each horizontal member in the same way, until the lower framework of the scaffold is
level. Then, they nail down the base plates of the screw jacks to the sills to secure
them.
With the lower framework in place, the builders next install vertical legs over the
coupling pins at the top of the starter collars. The coupling pins have spring-loaded pins
that lock the vertical legs and the starter collars together.
Next, the builders install horizontal members to connect the vertical legs. These
members are secured just like the lower members were earlier—by driving in a wedge
to lock an end connector over the locking rings on the vertical leg. Once the horizontal
members are in place, ladder sections are added and secured to one of the vertical legs
so that the workers can gain access to the upper part of the scaffold. A tag on the
ladder bracket warns people that the scaffold is unsafe for use at the present time.
A few scaffold planks are placed across the upper horizontal members at this point to
give the builders a place to stand so that they can safely continue erecting the scaffold.
Then, a horizontal member is added between two upper vertical legs to provide a place
for the builders to attach their fall protection equipment.
The next step is to position diagonal braces to support the vertical legs and strengthen
the scaffold. Before the diagonal braces are fully tightened, the vertical legs are
plumbed. The builders use a bubble level and slide the connector of the diagonal brace
up or down the vertical leg as needed.
Continuing with the assembly, the builders add the remaining vertical legs to the
scaffold. Next, they install the horizontal members that will serve as the supports for the
scaffold floor.
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After the final section of ladder is attached, planks are added to form the scaffold floor.
Once the floor is in place, 2-by-4 toeboards are attached on all four sides of the
scaffold. Then, horizontal members are attached to the vertical legs above the scaffold
floor to serve as guardrails. One member acts as an upper guardrail, and the other one
acts as a middle guardrail. If people will be working or passing underneath the scaffold,
a screen will need to be installed between the toeboard and the middle guardrail.
To complete the erection procedure, the builders use wire to secure the scaffold floor
and toeboards to the framework. The crew chief then attaches a green tag to the
scaffold to indicate that the scaffold is ready for use.
Inspection
Scaffolds should be inspected before each use to ensure that they are in good
condition. The following are some basic inspection steps that should be performed:
 Make sure that the base plates are securely locked in place.
 Make sure that the diagonal braces are securely attached to the vertical legs.
 Make sure that the upper and middle guardrails are securely mounted.
 Make sure that the toeboards are securely installed.
 Make sure that the coupling pins are securely locked in place.
 Make sure that the scaffold floor is in place and secure.
 Make sure that the scaffold is level and standing on a firm surface that is capable
of supporting it.
After a scaffold has been assembled and inspected, it can be put to use.
However, it is important for workers to continue to inspect scaffolds while they
are in use to make sure that they remain in good condition. It is also important
to follow some basic safety guidelines whenever a scaffold is used. The following
are some examples:
 Always use both hands when you are climbing a scaffold ladder.
 Be careful when you are entering or leaving the work platform.
 Do not jump onto the scaffold flooring because there is always the possibility
that a plank could be loose or break.
 Avoid overloading a scaffold. Always follow the manufacturer’s recommenda-
tions about safe working load limits.
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 Never use ladders or makeshift devices on top of a scaffold to increase the

height of the work platform. If you need more height, add on to the scaffold.
Disassembly
The disassembly of a systems scaffold is basically the reverse of the assembly
procedure.
First, the scaffold tag is changed to indicate that the scaffold is unsafe for workers.
Then, the toeboards are removed from all four sides of the scaffold, followed by the
upper and middle guardrails, which are removed by prying open the wedges that were
driven in during the assembly.
The scaffold flooring is removed next. Then, the horizontal members that served as the
floor supports are removed, along with the upper vertical legs. Next, the diagonal braces
are removed from the vertical legs, and the ladder is taken off. The horizontal members
that were connected to the midpoint of the first set of vertical legs are then taken down,
and the vertical legs are lifted off of the starter collars.
Once the lower horizontal members are removed, the starter collars are lifted off of the
screw jacks. The screw jacks and base plates, along with the wooden sills, can then be
removed to complete the disassembly.
Tubular Welded Frame Scaffold

A tubular welded frame scaffold, which is sometimes called a tubular buck scaffold, is
one type of scaffold that can be used to support personnel and materials. Basically, a
tubular welded frame scaffold consists of prefabricated vertical end frames, or bucks,
and diagonal cross braces that fasten between the frames. Horizontal members are
attached between the upper end frames to serve as guardrails. Access to the top of the
scaffold is provided by a ladder that is built into the vertical end frames or attached to
them. Most of the remaining components are similar to those found on other types of
fixed scaffolding.
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Figure 5: Tubular Welded Frame Scaffold

Components
The major components of tubular welded frame scaffolds include the following:
 Guardrail—A guardrail is a horizontal member that is attached between two
vertical guardrail posts to prevent a worker from falling from the work platform.
 Toeboard—A toeboard is a board that is attached to the side of the scaffold floor
to prevent tools and other objects from falling from the work platform.
 Scaffold floor—A scaffold floor is a work platform that is created by securing
planks across horizontal bars of the scaffold’s vertical members.
 Vertical end frame (buck)—A vertical end frame, or buck, is a prefabricated
section of scaffolding that forms one end of the scaffold framework.
 Diagonal cross brace—A diagonal cross brace is an X-shaped component that
is connected between vertical members to provide stability and support to the
scaffold.
 Ladder—A ladder is a device that is either attached to or built into a vertical
member of the scaffold to enable personnel to reach the work platform.
 Coupling pin—A coupling pin is a connector with locking pins that is used to
attach one vertical member to another.
 Screw jack—A screw jack is a device that is located between a base plate and a
vertical member and used to level the scaffold.
 Sill—A sill is a board that is placed under the base plate of a scaffold’s leg to
help prevent the scaffold from slipping or sinking.
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Assembly
Many of the steps involved in erecting a tubular welded frame scaffold are similar to
those used for other types of fixed scaffolds.
Once it has been determined where and how high to build the scaffold, sills are placed
on the ground where the scaffold legs will be positioned, and screw jacks with base
plates are put on top of the sills. Then, the vertical end frames are lowered onto the
screw jacks. Cross braces are then connected between the two end frames to
strengthen the scaffold.
At this point, a bubble level is used to level and plumb the framework to ensure that the
scaffold will be stable, and the base plates are nailed to the sills. The first section of the
scaffold ladder is then put in place, and a scaffold plank is laid across the tops of the
end frames so that the builders can assemble the next level. Two more vertical end
frames are placed onto coupling pins in the lower end frames, and each frame leg is
secured with a locking pin. Then, cross braces are added to stabilize the upper end
frames.
The next step is to insert vertical guardrail posts into the tops of the upper end frames.
Then, scaffold planks are added to create the work platform, and another section of
ladder is attached. Toeboards are then added on all four sides of the scaffold floor, and
upper and middle guardrails are connected between the guardrail posts. Screens would
be installed between the toeboards and the middle guardrail if workers were going to be
passing underneath the scaffold.
To complete the scaffold erection, the builders use wire to secure the toeboards and
flooring planks to the scaffold framework. Then, they attach the final section of ladder to
a guardrail post and install a green tag to indicate that the scaffold is safe to use.
Use
The proper care and use of a tubular welded frame scaffold are very similar to the care
and use of other types of fixed scaffolds. For example, the scaffold should be inspected
before each use to ensure that it remains in good condition. Workers who use a tubular
welded frame scaffold must follow the same basic safety guidelines that apply to other
types of scaffolds.
Disassembly
The disassembly of a tubular welded frame scaffold is basically the reverse of the
assembly.
After the green tag is removed to indicate that the scaffold is unsafe for workers, the
toeboards are removed from around the scaffold flooring. Then, the upper and middle
guardrails are removed, along with the guardrail posts. The upper sections of the ladder
are then disconnected, and the scaffold flooring is removed. The upper cross braces are
then taken off, and the upper end frames are lifted off of the lower end frames.
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The lower cross braces are removed next, along with the last section of ladder. Finally,
the lower end frames are lifted off of the screw jacks and base plates. The screw jacks
and base plates are then removed from the sills, and the remaining components are
returned to their normal storage area.
Challenge Questions
1. What inspection tag that is MOST likely to indicate that a scaffold does
NOT meet all the applicable standards but can still be used as long as the
climber wears fall prevention equipment?
a. Green tag
b. Yellow tag
c. Blue tag
d. Red tag
2. Before the diagonal braces are fully tightened on a systems scaffold, what
should be done to ensure the stability of the scaffold?
a. Lower the screw jacks to their lowest position.
b. Slide the scaffold framework against the building wall.
c. Rock the scaffold back and forth to check for other
loose connections.
d. Plumb the vertical legs.
3. What is the FIRST step in assembling a systems scaffold?
a. Set toeboards in place on all four sides of the scaffold.
b. Position sills at each vertical leg.
c. Install diagonal braces between the vertical legs.
d. Level the horizontal members that connect the starter collars.
4. What components are MOST likely to be placed onto coupling pins during
the erection of a tubular welded frame scaffold?
a. Guardrails
b. Ladder sections
c. Vertical end frames
d. Toeboards
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POWERED SCAFFOLDS
Objectives
 Describe the basic components and operation of a pneumatic scaffold.
 Describe the basic components and operation of a hydraulic scaffold.
Pneumatic Scaffolds
A pneumatic scaffold is a type of portable lifting device that uses pressurized air to raise
and lower a work platform. Pneumatic scaffolds are often used in cramped work areas
or in areas where electric lifts or gasoline-powered lifts are not permitted.
Components
A pneumatic scaffold has many different components.
Work Platform (Floor)

This pneumatic scaffold has a work platform, or floor, for the worker to stand on
and a protective cage to prevent the worker from falling off.
Pneumatic Hoist Mechanism

A pneumatic hoist mechanism is used to move the scaffold up and down a cable. One
end of the cable is reeved around a drum inside the hoist mechanism, and the other end
is attached to a beam or similar support overhead. The hoist mechanism is controlled by
a hand lever that regulates the flow of compressed air and by a directional control valve
that has three basic positions: up to raise the scaffold, down to lower the scaffold, and
lock to hold the scaffold in a particular position.
Figure 6: Pneumatic Scaffold
Emergency (Secondary) Brake Mechanism

The scaffold also has an emergency, or secondary, brake mechanism to lock onto the
cable if the scaffold moves down the cable at too fast a rate. A manual-cranking handle
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is available in case the hoist mechanism fails and the scaffold has to be manually raised
or lowered along the cable.
Airline Oil System

Another basic feature of the pneumatic scaffold is an airline oil system. The airline
oil system helps prevent rust and corrosion from clogging the air system. The
airline oil system has two vessels. One vessel is the oil reservoir. It displays the
oil level in the system. The other vessel is a condensation trap. It removes
moisture that could corrode components in the air system. Before the scaffold is
used, the moisture should be drained from the vessel by depressing a valve stem
in the bottom of the vessel.
Basic Rigging Guidelines

The safe operation of a pneumatic scaffold depends largely on how the support cables
are rigged overhead. Different methods can be used to rig a pneumatic scaffold,
depending on the exact type of scaffold and where it is being rigged. Riggers should
always follow the manufacturer’s guidelines for rigging a pneumatic scaffold, and they
should be sure to attach a safety line near the location of the cable attachment.
The following are basic guidelines that should be followed when using a pneumatic
scaffold:
 When rigging a pneumatic scaffold, wear the appropriate fall prevention or fall
arrest equipment.
 Verify that the building or other support structure and any other equipment are
all capable of supporting the load with a safety factor of 4.
 All overhead rigging, including counterweights, must be secured from unin-
tentional movement in any direction.
 Counterweights used with an outrigger beam must be made of a non-flowable
material and be securely fastened to the beam.
 Outrigger beams that do not use counterweights must be secured to the roof
structure with devices specifically designed for that purpose.
 Tie back all transportable rigging devices with wire rope and hardware that has
strength equal to the hoist rope.
 Install tiebacks at right angles to the face of the building and secure without
slack to a structurally sound portion of the building.
 Rig so that suspension points are directly above the hoisting machines.
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 The platform must be secured to prevent swaying. Do not tie it with

window cleaning anchors.
Use
Before a pneumatic scaffold is used, it should undergo a quick inspection of all the
major components.
The pre-use inspection should include the airline oil system, as well as all the basic
controls and safety features. The hoist cable should be checked to make sure that it is
properly reeved around the drum in the hoist mechanism, and the cage and work
platform should be visually inspected for damage or deterioration.
After completing basic checks, attach a fall protection line to a rope grab on the safety
line connected overhead. Then, set the directional control valve to the up position and
lift the hand control lever for the hoist mechanism to start the flow of compressed air
through the system. As long as you keep the control lever lifted, the hoist mechanism
will pull the scaffold up along the cable.
To lower the scaffold, move the directional control valve to the down position and
lift the hand control lever. This basically reverses the direction of the hoist
mechanism so that the scaffold will move down along the cable.
Hydraulic Scaffolds
Hydraulic scaffolds are available in a variety of forms, but they all work on the same
basic principle. A motor of some type powers a hydraulic pump, which drives a hydraulic
cylinder to raise or lower a work platform.
Figure 7: Hydraulic Scaffold
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Components
A hydraulic scaffold has many components, including the following:
 Platform and cage—The major components of the scaffold in Figure 7 include a
floor, or platform, for a worker to stand on and a cage to prevent the worker from
falling off the platform.
 Mast—The work platform is attached to an upright, or mast, that is divided into
different sections so that it can basically telescope up and down.
 Battery—A battery supplies power to an electric motor, which drives the
hydraulic system and enables an operator to raise and lower the work platform.
 Outriggers—Outriggers that are equipped with screw jacks are used to level and
stabilize the scaffold while it is in use.
 Basic operating controls—The basic operating controls for the scaffold include
a main on/off switch and an emergency stop switch, both of which can be
activated from the ground.
 Bleeder valve—Another control that can be activated from the ground is a type
of bleeder valve. This valve can be used to release hydraulic pressure so that the
work platform can be lowered, such as during an emergency.
 Cage operating controls—The hydraulic scaffold also has operating
controls within the caged work platform area. These controls include an
emergency shutoff switch and an enabling switch, which is used together
with either an up switch to raise the work platform or a down switch to
lower the platform.
Use
Using a hydraulic scaffold requires skill and training. There are many best practices you
should follow when using a hydraulic scaffold. For example, to use a scaffold like the
one in Figure 7, start by turning the screw jacks on the outriggers to level the scaffold.
You can verify that the scaffold is level by checking a bubble level on the scaffold’s
frame. Next, do a walk-around inspection of the scaffold’s major components, looking
for any obvious damage or excessive wear.
When you are ready to use the scaffold, place any tools or supplies that you will
need on the work platform. Then make sure that the emergency stop switch is re-
leased, and set the main on/off switch to on. Next, enter the caged work platform
and attach a fall protection line to one of the bars of the cage. Ensure that the
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emergency shutoff valve is released, and use the enabling switch along with the
up switch to raise the work platform.
As the scaffold moves upward, be careful to keep your entire body within the
caged area of the work platform. When you reach the work area, release the up
switch to stop the scaffold. You can then perform the necessary work from the
platform. When you are done working and are ready to come down, press the
enabling switch and the down switch on the control panel. This lowers the scaffold
to ground level. You can then exit the caged work platform and set the main
switch to off.
Challenge Questions
1. What is the purpose of the airline oil system in a pneumatic scaffold?
a. To lubricate the brake mechanism
b. To dampen the up and down movement of the scaffold
c. To muffle the pneumatic hoist mechanism
d. To help prevent rust and corrosion from clogging the air system
2. What is the purpose of this bleeder valve in a hydraulic scaffold?
a. To release hydraulic pressure to lower the work platform
b. To purge air from the hydraulic system
c. To remove water from the hydraulic system
d. To adjust the speed of ascent or descent
3. Select the switch that would need to be used together with an up
switch to raise the work platform of a hydraulic scaffold.
a. Bleeder switch
b. Manual switch
c. Enable switch
d. Trolley switch
4. Which component is used to level a hydraulic scaffold before it is used?
a. Mast stages
b. Screw jacks on the outriggers
c. Shims under the work platform
d. Hoist cylinders under the scaffold frame
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ANSWERS TO CHALLENGE QUESTIONS

Ladders
1. c
Rung locks support the weight of the movable section and of the person
climb-ing the ladder.
2. c
Wood and fiberglass are commonly used to make ladders because they will
not conduct electricity.
3. a
A Type IA ladder is rated at 300 pounds.
4. d
A basic safety guideline that applies to ladders is never standing or sitting
on the top or the top step of a ladder.
Fixed Scaffolds
1. a
A yellow tag is typically used to indicate that a scaffold does not meet all
the applicable standards.
2. d
Before the diagonal braces are fully tightened on a systems scaffold, the
vertical legs should be plumbed.
3. a
The first step in assembling a systems scaffold is to set toeboards in place
on all four sides of the scaffold.
4. c
Vertical end frames are typically installed onto coupling pins in a tubular
welded frame scaffold.
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Powered Scaffolds
1. d
The purpose of the airline oil system in a pneumatic scaffold is to help
prevent rust and corrosion from clogging the air system.
2. a
In a hydraulic scaffold, this valve can be used to release hydraulic pressure
so that the work platform can be lowered, such as during an emergency.
3. c
An enabling switch would be used with the up switch to raise the work platform.
4. b
Screw jacks located on the outriggers are used to level a hydraulic scaffold.
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GLOSSARY
Bleeder valve – A valve that can be used to release hydraulic pressure so that the
work platform can be lowered, such as during an emergency.
Coupling pin – A connector with locking pins that is used to attach one vertical leg
of a scaffold to another.
Diagonal brace – A scaffold component that is connected diagonally between

vertical and horizontal members to provide stability and support to the scaffold.
Diagonal cross brace – An X-shaped scaffold component that is connected

between vertical members to provide stability and support to the scaffold.
Extension ladder – An assembly of two overlapping straight ladders that can be

adjusted to change the overall length of the ladder.
Fixed scaffold – A temporary, elevated steel framework that is assembled on a job

site and used to support personnel and materials for construction and maintenance
work.
Guardrail – A horizontal member that is attached between two upper vertical legs
to prevent a worker from falling from the work platform.
Horizontal member – A scaffold component that is connected horizontally

between the vertical legs of a scaffold and used to stabilize the framework and
support weight.
Hydraulic scaffold – A type of portable lifting device in which a motor of some type
powers a hydraulic pump, which drives a hydraulic cylinder to raise or lower a work
platform.
Locking ring (systems) scaffold – A scaffold that consists of individual

components that are fastened together using locking rings and end connectors;
also known as a systems scaffold.
Pneumatic scaffold – A type of portable lifting device that uses pressurized air to
raise and lower a work platform.
Recommended highest standing level – The vertical distance from the upper-
most rung or step that the climber should use to the horizontal plane of the ladder
base support with the ladder properly positioned.
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Scaffold floor – The work platform that is created by securing planks across
horizontal members of the scaffold’s framework.
Scaffold ladder – A device that is either attached to or built into a vertical member
of the scaffold to enable personnel to reach the work platform.
Screw jack – A device that is placed between a scaffold’s base plate and a starter
collar and used to level the scaffold.
Sill – A board that is placed under the base plate of a scaffold’s leg to help prevent
the scaffold from slipping or sinking.
Starter collar – A short vertical leg that is placed onto a screw jack and base plate
to serve as the starting point for a scaffold leg.
Straight ladder – A ladder that consists of two rails with cross pieces, called rungs,
between them.
Stepladder – A self-supporting portable ladder that is made up of two sections

hinged at the top; rungs are actually flat steps.
Toeboard – A board that is attached to the side of the scaffold floor to prevent tools
and other objects from falling from the work platform.
Tube and clamp scaffold – A scaffold that consists of individual vertical posts,
horizontal members, and diagonal braces that are fastened together with clamps.
Tubular welded frame scaffold – A scaffold that consists of prefabricated end

sections that are connected with diagonal cross braces; also called a tubular buck.
Type IA ladder – A ladder with a maximum load-bearing capacity of 300 pounds;

suitable for extra-heavy-duty applications.
Type I ladder – A ladder with a maximum load-bearing capacity of 250 pounds;

suitable for heavy-duty applications.
Type II ladder – A ladder with a maximum load-bearing capacity of 225 pounds;

suitable for medium-duty applications.
Type III ladder – A ladder with a maximum load-bearing capacity of 200 pounds;
suitable for light-duty applications.
Vertical end frame (buck) – A prefabricated section of scaffolding that forms one
end of the scaffold framework; also called a buck.
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Vertical leg – A vertical pole that has locking rings onto which horizontal and
diagonal braces and rails can be attached.
Working length – The distance between the bases of the ladder and the point
where the top of the ladder makes contact with the wall; measured along the
ladder’s rails.
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Rigging: Ladders and Scaffolds

FOR TRAINING USE ONLY

Figure 1: Ladder Types

Standard Capacity Ratings: Type

 Type IA—Ladders in the IA category have a maximum load-bearing capacity of

 Type I—Type I ladders have a maximum load-bearing capacity of 250 pounds.

 Type II—Ladders in the Type II category have a maximum load-bearing capacity

 Type III—Type III ladders have a maximum load-bearing capacity of 200

Standard Capacity Ratings: Length

 Straight ladder (wood)

- Type II: 2-sect. 48 ft., 3-sect. 60 ft.

Ladder Safety Selection

Ladder Inspection and Preparation

Figure 2: Checking Safety Feet

Ladders: OSHA Guidelines

Figure 3: Ladder Angle

Working From a Ladder

Please refer to the end of the handbook for answers.

 A tubular welded frame, or tubular buck, scaffold consists basically of

Scaffold Safety: Basic Guidelines

Figure 4: Systems Scaffold

 Never use ladders or makeshift devices on top of a scaffold to increase the

Tubular Welded Frame Scaffold

Figure 5: Tubular Welded Frame Scaffold

Work Platform (Floor)

Pneumatic Hoist Mechanism

Figure 6: Pneumatic Scaffold

Emergency (Secondary) Brake Mechanism

Airline Oil System

Basic Rigging Guidelines

 The platform must be secured to prevent swaying. Do not tie it with

Figure 7: Hydraulic Scaffold

Please refer to the end of the handbook for answers.

ANSWERS TO CHALLENGE QUESTIONS

Diagonal brace – A scaffold component that is connected diagonally between

Diagonal cross brace – An X-shaped scaffold component that is connected

Extension ladder – An assembly of two overlapping straight ladders that can be

Fixed scaffold – A temporary, elevated steel framework that is assembled on a job

Horizontal member – A scaffold component that is connected horizontally

Locking ring (systems) scaffold – A scaffold that consists of individual

Stepladder – A self-supporting portable ladder that is made up of two sections

Tubular welded frame scaffold – A scaffold that consists of prefabricated end

Type IA ladder – A ladder with a maximum load-bearing capacity of 300 pounds;

Type I ladder – A ladder with a maximum load-bearing capacity of 250 pounds;

Type II ladder – A ladder with a maximum load-bearing capacity of 225 pounds;

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