2015 International Conference on Recent Developments in Control, Automation and Power Engineering (RDCAPE)
Power Flow Study and Contingency status of
WSCC 9 Bus Test System using MATLAB
Divya Asija, Pallavi Choudekar, K.M.Soni, S.K. Sinha
Amity University, Noida (UP)
Abstract—Power flow study is the initial step which provides
voltage magnitudes, phase angles, active and reactive power flows
at respective buses under normal operating conditions. It helps in
analyzing the current state of the power system and effective
alternative options for expanding the existing system in order to
meet with the increasing load demand. Contingency Analysis is
also a major part of study for reliable and planned operation of
power system. It is very significant function in modern Energy
Management Systems. The objective of contingency analysis is to
give operator the information about the static security. There are
several factors which may lead to the contingency in power
system, for example line outage, transformer outage, generator
outage and overloads resulting the extreme situations such as
voltage collapse, over loads in other branches and/or sudden
system voltage rise or drop. Contingency analysis is used to
calculate parameters violations. In this paper, maximum loading
parameter is calculated and contingency status of Western
System Coordinating Council 3 Machine, 9 Bus test system is
done using PSAT toolbox in MATLAB.
Index Terms— Contingency Ranking, Continuation Power
Flow (CPF), PSAT, Maximum Loading Parameter (Ȝ)
I. INTRODUCTION
Voltage instability happens in a power system due to its
stressed condition. Voltage instability leads to voltage collapse
which leads to total blackout to the whole system. Forecasting
of voltage collapse is significant in power system planning and
operation because it is one of the main reason of voltage
instability which can be avoided by proper analyzing the
contingencies. Line outage contingencies are ranked in order
to identify the line which highly affects voltage stability of the
system when there is an outage occurs in that particular line, it
could be recognized and instant protection is provided to the
system. The contingency ranking process can be conducted by
computing the maximum loading parameter of each line for a
particular line outage. The contingency which is ranked
highest implies that it contributes to system instability.
978-1-4799-7247-0/15/$31.00 ©2015 IEEE
II. POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS TOOLBOX (PSAT)
The Power System Analysis Toolbox (PSAT) which is an
open source Matlab toolbox used in simulation and analysis of
small and medium sized electric power system.
PSAT has following tools to analyze the network:
1. Power flow [Newton Raphson, (BX, XB) Fast Decoupled
methods]
2. Optimal power flow
3. Continuation power flow
4. Small signal stability analysis and
5. Time domain simulation as well as several static and
dynamic models, including non-conventional loads,
synchronous and asynchronous machines, regulators and facts.
PSAT is also provided with a complete set of user-friendly
graphical interfaces and a Simulink-based editor of one-line
network diagrams.
III. DETERMINATION OF CONTINGENCY STATUS WITH
REFERRED TO BUS
System under examination is WSCC 3 machine, 9 Bus test
system with 100 MVA base shown in Fig.1. It consists of 3
two winding transformers connected at bus no. 1, 2 and
3.Three generators connected at bus no. 1, 2 and3, six constant
impedance transmission lines with 100 MVA base and 3 PV
loads connected at bus no. 5, 6 and 8.Bus no. 1 is the swing
bus.
Step 1: Make the single line diagram of the test system.
Step 2: Input the data for each and every component of the test
system as required.
Step 3: Save the data file and then load.
Step 4: Solve the Power Flow using Newton Raphson for the
test system without any contingency.
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TABLE II: TRANSMISSION LINE DATA

Step 5: Simulate for the Power Flow results.

Step 6: Step by Step remove each transmission line and

BUS Y(pu) X(pu) R(pu)
simulate for the Power Flow and Continuation Power Flow for
finding maximum loading parameter for each transmission
4 TO 5 0.079 0.092 0.017
line.
Step 7: Arrange the result obtained in ascending order w.r.t.
4 TO 6 0.079 0.092 0.017
the maximum loading parameter (Ȝ) for each transmission
line.
6 TO 9 0.179 0.17 0.039

Step 8: Find out the most critical transmission line according

5 TO 7 0.153 0.161 0.032
to the contingency status.
7 TO 8 0.0745 0.072 0.0085
Given below the Single Line Diagram of WSCC 9 bus test
system in PSAT 8 TO 9 0.1045 0.1008 0.0119

TABLE III: GENERATOR DATA

P(MW) Q(MVAR) V (pu)

G1 72 28 1.04

G2 163 5 1.025

G3 85 -11 1.025

TABLE IV: TRANSFORMER DATA

Voltage ratio
X MVA

T1 0.0576 77 16.5/230 KV

T2 0.0625 163 18/230 KV

T3 0.0586 86 13.8/230 KV

TABLE V: SYSTEM RATINGS

MVA BASE 100MVA

Fig. 1 WSCC 9 Bus test system in PSAT f=50 Hz

Bus nominal voltage=230KV

Following are the details of 9 Bus, 3 Machine WSCC test
Maximum voltage=1.1pu
system components:
Minimum voltage=0.9 pu
TABLE I: LOAD DATA
Transformer 1 rating 16.5/230 KV

Bus no. P(MW) Q(MVAR) V (pu) Transformer 2 rating 18/230 KV

5 125 50 1 Transformer 3 rating 13.8/230 KV

6 90 30 1

8 100 35 1

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 2015 International Conference on Recent Developments in Control, Automation and Power Engineering (RDCAPE)

IV . RESULTS Fig.3 shows per unit voltage Phase Profile (radians) at

different buses without outage of any transmission line using
WSCC 9 Bus system is modeled using PSAT. Maximum power flow with Newton Raphson Method.
loading parameter is calculated using CPF each time by
removing each line one by one. Most severe line is identified
which contributes to system instability. This analysis is
important in power system planning and operation.

Results are as shown below:

Power flow using Newton Raphson Method at each bus before

occurrence of contingency:

Fig.4 Real Power at each bus

Fig.4 shows per unit Real Power Profile at different buses

without outage of any transmission line using power flow with
Newton Raphson Method.

Fig.2 Voltage Magnitude at each bus

Fig.2 shows per unit voltages at different buses without outage

of any transmission line using power flow with Newton
Raphson Method.

Fig.5 Reactive Power at each bus

Fig.5 shows per unit Reactive Power Profile at different buses

without outage of any transmission line using power flow with
Fig.3 Voltage Phase Angles at each bus Newton Raphson Method.

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TABLE VI: Power Flow using Newton Raphson Method having trapezoidal
rule as Integration Method with transmission line outage TABLE VIII: Contingency ranking for WSCC 9 bus system

Transmi
ssion
line Severity Maximum Loading
Pgen Qgen Pload Qload Ploss Qloss Bus
from order parameter (Ȝ)
(pu) (pu) (pu) (pu) (pu) (pu)
bus no. x
to bus
no. y

1 4 TO 5 0.89151
4-5 3.1745 2.3942 2.9691 0.74362 0.20546 1.6505

2 5 TO 7 1.1053

5-7 3.7165 4.842 3.1511 0.81645 0.56537 4.0256 3 7 TO 8 1.1659

4 6 TO 9 1.1841
7-8 3.4298 2.209 3.2735 0.8654 0.15632 1.3436
5 8 TO 9 1.4823

6-9 3.6118 3.3389 3.2735 0.8654 0.33831 2.4735 6 4 TO 6 1.6606

8-9 3.4462 2.305 3.2735 0.8654 0.17266 1.4396

Table VIII shows the severity order of transmission lines by
arranging values of Maximum Loading Parameter (Ȝ)
in ascending order for finding most severe line.
4-6 3.4392 2.2388 3.2735 0.8654 0.16569 1.3734
TABLE IX: Bus Voltages after outage of transmission lines

Table VI shows the values of Real Power (pu) and Reactive

Power (pu) for total generation ,total load and total losses after Transmission
outage of single transmission line one by one. line removal
4-5 5-7 7-8 6-9 8-9 4-6
between bus x
TABLE VII: Transmission Line removal for severity order and bus y

Voltage at Bus1
Maximum Loading (pu) 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04
S.No. Bus
Parameter (Ȝ)
Voltage at Bus2
(pu) 1.025 1.025 1.025 1.025 1.025 1.025

1 4 TO 5 0.89151 Voltage at Bus3

(pu) 1.025 1.025 1.025 1.025 1.025 1.025
2 4 TO 6 1.6606
Voltage at Bus4
(pu) 1.012 0.89 0.978 0.937 0.97 0.901
3 5 TO 7 1.1053
Voltage at Bus5
(pu) 0.724 0.77 0.904 0.826 0.892 0.669
4 6 TO 9 1.1841
Voltage at Bus6
5 8 TO 9 1.4823 (pu) 0.9715 0.817 0.953 0.888 0.957 0.553

6 7 TO 8 1.1659 Voltage at Bus7

(pu) 0.95121 0.985 0.993 0.965 0.984 0.876

Voltage at Bus8
Table VII shows the values of Maximum Loading Parameter (pu) 0.96923 0.95 0.997 0.984 0.983 0.876
(Ȝ) after outage of single transmission line one by
one.Maximum loading parameter is found using Continuation Voltage at Bus9
Power flow. (pu) 1.001 0.949 1.007 1.012 1.012 0.894

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[13] An Example of Integrating Open Source Modeling Frameworks, M.

Stifter and F. Milano, Member, IEEE.
Table IX shows the voltage at each bus by outage of single [14] A Power Flow Solution by Newton-Raphson and Time Domain
transmission line one by one and after observation it is found Simulation, Changqing Kang and Lei Yuan.
that when transmission line connected between bus 4 and bus
6 is removed.,magnitude of voltage at bus 6 is the least as
compared to removal of other transmission lines.

V. CONCLUSION
Contingency Analysis is one of the important aspects in
current scenario of energy management system. It helps the
operator to determine the most critical element in the system .
which must be identified in order to avoid further
discrepancies resulting in system blackout. In this paper power
flow is done to find line power losses and bus voltages of
remaining system and CPF is performed finding maximum
loading factor. Contingency analysis is done here for outage of
transmission lines. Lines are removed one by one taking other
lines with original values. Buses are arranged with respect to
the maximum loading parameter and it is found that
transmission line connected between bus 4 and 5 has least
loading parameter while transmission line connected between
4 and 6 has highest loading parameter. Consequently
transmission line connected between bus no. 4 and 6 should be
highly protected to avoid voltage instability. This increases the
reliability and efficiency of the interconnected system which is
required.

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