Precalculus: Exam Guide

Precalculus
EXAM GUIDE
Visit our website at

clep.collegeboard.org
for the most up-to-date
information.

Contents
1 Introduction
1 CLEP Study Materials: A Word of Warning
1 American Council on Education (ACE)
3 I. The College-Level Examination Program
3 How the Program Works
3 The CLEP Examinations
3 What the Examinations Are Like
4 Where to Take the Examinations and How to Register
4 College Credit Recommendations of the American Council on Education (ACE)
4 How Your Score Is Reported
5 II. Approaching a College About CLEP
5 How to Apply for College Credit
6 Questions to Ask About a College’s CLEP Policy
9 III. Deciding Which Examinations to Take
9 If You’re Taking the Examinations for College Credit or Career Advancement . . .
11 IV. Preparing to Take CLEP Examinations
11 Using the Examination Guides
13 Assessing Your Readiness for a CLEP Exam
14 Suggestions for Studying
15 Test Preparation Tips
17 Accommodations for Students with Disabilities
19 V. Taking the Examinations
19 Test-Taking Strategies for Multiple-Choice Questions
20 Answering Essay Questions
20 Test-Taking Strategies for Essay Writing
21 VI. Interpreting Your Scores
21 How CLEP Scores Are Computed
21 How Essays Are Scored
23 VII. Examination Guide
23 Precalculus
41 Appendix
41 What Your CLEP Score Means
clep.collegeboard.org College-Level Examination Program

Introduction
This is the only official guide to the College-Level important tips to get ready for the tests. The guides
Examination Program® (CLEP®) exams. CLEP exams are not meant to help you learn all the subject matter
are administered on computers at test centers across CLEP exams cover. We suggest you study a textbook
the country. for the relevant course at your college or access
one of the suggested resources listed on the CLEP
This guide has been written for adults making plans
website to learn or review the content of the exam in
to enroll in college, and it contains information of
which you’re interested.
interest to others as well. College-bound high school
students, current college students, military personnel, Many private companies offer preparation services
professionals seeking certification, and persons of all for CLEP exams. Some companies are legitimate, but
ages who have learned or wish to learn college-level others make promises they can’t keep and sell services
material outside the college classroom will find the and products you don’t need.
guide helpful as they strive to accomplish their goals.
We’ve received complaints from CLEP candidates
CLEP is based on the premise that some individuals regarding the following practices (practices we consider
enrolling in college have already learned part of what unfair or inappropriate).
is taught in college courses through job training,
Attempts to sell preparation services for many
independent reading and study, noncredit adult
CLEP exams at once, with sizable payment up front
courses, and advanced high school courses. Often,
or on credit
their jobs and life experiences have enhanced
and reinforced their learning. CLEP gives these Credit agreements with companies other than the
individuals a chance to show their mastery of one selling the preparation material
college-level material by taking exams that assess Contacts from salespeople to you or your family
knowledge and skills taught in college courses. at home
The first few sections of this guide explain how CLEP Promises that you can get college credit without
can earn you credit for the college-level learning you enrolling in college
have acquired and provide suggestions for preparing Efforts to sell dictionaries or encyclopedias as part
for the exams. The individual exam section includes of a test preparation package
test descriptions, sample questions, and study tips. If you feel you have been cheated, we recommend you
The guide also has an answer key for each exam, as seek the assistance of an organization such as the
well as in-depth information about how to interpret Better Business Bureau (www.bbb.org) or the Federal
your scores. Trade Commission (www.ftc.gov).
CLEP Study Materials: American Council on

A Word of Warning Education (ACE)
There are many free or inexpensive sources for CLEP If you still have general questions about continuing
preparation materials, including public or college or adult education after reading this book, ACE can
libraries, bookstores, and educational websites. CLEP provide advice and information:
exams reflect the material taught in introductory American Council on Education
college courses. Check with local colleges to see what One Dupont Circle, NW
texts are being used in the subject you hope to study Washington, DC 20036
for a CLEP exam. 202-939-9300
The College Board provides the CLEP Official Study www.acenet.edu
Guide and individual exam guides so you get to know
the types of questions on the exams. You also get
clep.collegeboard.org College-Level Examination Program 1

I. The College-Level
Examination Program
How the Program Works retesting on a previously funded CLEP exam. However,
you may personally fund a retest after the specified
CLEP exams are administered at over 2,000 test
wait period.
centers nationwide, and 2,900 colleges and universities
award college credit to those who do well on the tests.
This rigorous program lets self-directed students of
The CLEP Examinations
a wide range of ages and backgrounds show their
CLEP exams cover material directly related to specific
mastery of introductory college-level material and
undergraduate courses taught during a student’s first
pursue academic success. Students earn credit for
two years in college. The courses may be offered for
what they already know by getting qualifying scores on
three or more semester hours in general areas such
any of the 34 examinations.
as mathematics, history, social sciences, English
CLEP exams cover material taught in introductory- composition, natural sciences, and humanities.
level courses at many colleges and universities. Institutions will either grant credit for a specific course
Faculty at individual colleges review the exams to based on a satisfactory score on the related exam,
ensure that they cover the important material currently or in the general area in which a satisfactory score is
taught in their courses. earned. The credit is equal to the credit awarded to
Although CLEP is sponsored by the College Board, students who successfully complete the course.
only colleges may grant credit toward a degree.
To learn about a particular college’s CLEP policy,
contact the college directly. When you take a CLEP
What the Examinations Are Like
exam, request that a copy of your score report be CLEP exams are administered on computer and are
sent to the college you’re attending or planning approximately 90 minutes long, with the exception
to attend. After evaluating your score, the college of College Composition, which is approximately
will decide whether or not to award you credit for, 120 minutes long, and Spanish with Writing, which is
or to exempt you from, one or more courses. 110 minutes long. Most questions are multiple choice;
other types of questions require you to fill in a numeric
If the college decides to give you credit, it records
answer, to shade areas of an object, or to put items in
the number of credits on your permanent record,
the correct order. Questions using these kinds of skills
indicating that you completed work equivalent
are called zone, shade, grid, scale, fraction, numeric
to a course in that subject. If the college decides
entry, histogram, and order match questions.
to grant exemption without giving you credit for
a course, you’ll be permitted to omit a course that CLEP College Composition includes a mandatory
would normally be required of you and to take a essay section, responses to which must be typed into
course of your choice instead. the computer. CLEP Spanish with Writing contains
two writing tasks that measure interpersonal and
The CLEP program has a long-standing policy that an
presentational communication.
exam can’t be retaken within the specified wait period.
This waiting period gives you a chance to spend more Some examinations have optional essays. You should
time preparing for the exam or the option of taking a check with the individual college or university where
classroom course. If you violate the CLEP retest policy, you’re sending your score to see whether an optional
the administration will be considered invalid, the score essay is required for those exams. These essays are
canceled, and any test fees forfeited. If you’re a military administered on paper and are scored by faculty at the
service member, note that DANTES (Defense Activity institution that receives your score.
for Non-Traditional Education Support) won’t fund

I. The College-Level Examination Program
Where to Take the Examinations How Your Score Is Reported

and How to Register You have the option of seeing your CLEP score
CLEP exams are administered throughout the year immediately after you complete the exam, except for
at over 2,000 test centers in the United States and College Composition and Spanish with Writing; scores
select international sites. Once you have decided for these exams are available online one to two weeks
to take a CLEP exam, log into My Account at after the exam date. Once you choose to see your
clepportal.collegeboard.org/myaccount to score, it will be sent automatically to the institution you
create and manage your own personal accounts, designated as a score recipient. It can’t be canceled.
pay for CLEP exams, and purchase study materials. You’ll receive a candidate copy of your score before
You can self-register at any time by completing the you leave the test center. If you tested at the institution
online registration form. that you designated as a score recipient, it will have
immediate access to your test results. Additionally,
Through My Account, you can access a list of you’ll be able to view your CLEP exam scores by
institutions that administer CLEP, and you can locate logging into My Account and clicking on “View My
a test center in your area. After paying for your CLEP Exam Scores.” Scores are available online one
exam through My Account, you must still contact business day after taking an exam with the exception of
the test center to schedule your CLEP exam. College Composition and Spanish with Writing.
If you’re unable to locate a test center near If you don’t want your score reported, you may select
you, call 800-257-9558 for help. that as an option at the end of the examination before
the exam is scored. Once you have selected the option
to not view your score, the score is canceled. The score
College Credit Recommendations won’t be reported to the institution you designated,
of the American Council and you won’t receive a candidate copy of your score
on Education (ACE) report. In addition, scores of canceled exams can’t be
viewed on My Account. You’ll have to wait the specified
For many years, the American Council on Education’s
wait period before you can take the exam again.
College Credit Recommendation Service (ACE
CREDIT) has periodically evaluated CLEP processes CLEP scores are kept on file for 20 years. During this
and procedures for developing, administering, and period, for a small fee, you may have your transcript
scoring the exams. ACE recommends a uniform sent to another college or to anyone else you specify.
credit-granting score of 50 across all subjects (with Your score(s) will never be sent to anyone without
additional Level-2 recommendations for the world your approval.
language examinations), representing the performance
of students who earn a grade of C in the corresponding
course. The score scale for each CLEP exam is decided
by a panel of experts (college faculty teaching the
course) who provide information on the level of student
performance that would be necessary to receive
college credit in the course.
The American Council on Education, the major

coordinating body for all the nation’s higher education
institutions, seeks to provide leadership and a unifying
voice on key higher education issues and to influence
public policy through advocacy, research, and program
initiatives. For more information, visit ACE CREDIT at
acenet.edu/higher-education/topics/Pages/Credit-
Evaluations.aspx.

II. Approaching a College
About CLEP
The following sections provide a step-by-step guide to considering. If you’re a nontraditional student, be sure
learning about the CLEP policy at a particular college to check whether the school has separate admission
or university. The person or office that can best assist requirements that apply to you. Some schools are
you may have a different title at each institution, but the selective, while others are “open admission.”
following guidelines will point you to information about
Contact the admission office for an interview with a
CLEP at any institution.
counselor. State why you want the interview, and ask
Adults and other nontraditional students returning to what documents you should bring with you or send in
college often benefit from special assistance when advance. (These materials may include a high school
they approach a college. Opportunities for adults transcript, transcript of previous college work, or
to return to formal learning in the classroom are completed application for admission.) Make an extra
widespread, and colleges and universities have worked effort to get all the information requested in time for
hard to make this a smooth process for older students. the interview.
Many colleges have established special offices
During the interview, relax and be yourself. Be prepared
staffed with trained professionals who understand
to state honestly why you think you’re ready and able
the problems facing adults returning to college. If you
to do college work. If you have already taken CLEP
think you might benefit from such assistance, be sure
exams and scored high enough to earn credit, you have
to find out whether these services are available at your
shown you’re able to do college work. Mention this
college.
achievement to the admission counselor because it
may increase your chances of being accepted. If you
haven’t taken a CLEP exam, you can still improve your
How to Apply for College Credit chances of being accepted by describing how your job
Step 1. Obtain, or access online, the general training or independent study prepared you for college-
information catalog and a copy of the CLEP policy level work. Discuss with the counselor what you
from each college you’re considering. learned from your work and personal experiences.
Learn about admission and CLEP policies on the Step 3. Evaluate the college’s CLEP policy.
college’s website at clep.collegeboard.org/school-
policy-search, or by contacting or visiting the Typically, a college lists all its academic policies,
admission office. Ask for a copy of the publication including CLEP policies, in its general catalog
that explains the college’s complete CLEP policy. Also, or on its website. You’ll probably find the CLEP
get the name and the telephone number of the person policy statement under a heading such as Credit-
to contact in case you have further questions about by-Examination, Advanced Standing, Advanced
CLEP. Placement, or External Degree Program. These
sections can usually be found in the front of the
Step 2. If you haven’t already been admitted catalog. Check out the institution’s CLEP Policy on
to a college that you’re considering, look at clep.collegeboard.org/school-policy-search.
its admission requirements for undergraduate
students to see whether you qualify. Many colleges publish their credit-by-examination
policies in separate brochures distributed through the
Whether you’re applying for college admission as campus testing office, counseling center, admission
a high school student or transfer student, or as an office, or registrar’s office. If you find an overly
adult resuming a college career or going to college general policy statement in the college catalog, seek
for the first time, you should be familiar with the clarification from one of these offices.
requirements for admission at the schools you’re

II. Approaching a College About CLEP
Review the material in the section of this chapter Transcripts only include CLEP scores for the past 20
entitled “Questions to Ask About a College’s CLEP years; scores more than 20 years old are not kept on file.
Policy.” Use these guidelines to evaluate the college’s
Your CLEP scores will be evaluated, probably by
CLEP policy. If you haven’t taken a CLEP exam, this
someone in the admission office, and sent to the
evaluation helps you decide which exams to take.
registrar’s office to be posted on your permanent
Because individual colleges have different CLEP
record once you are enrolled. Procedures vary from
policies, reviewing several policies helps you decide
college to college, but the process usually begins in
which college to attend.
the admission office.
Step 4. If you haven’t yet applied for admission, do so
Step 6. Ask to receive a written notice of the credit
as early as possible.
you receive for your CLEP score(s).
Most colleges expect you to apply for admission several
A written notice may save you problems later when
months before you enroll, and it’s essential that you
you submit your degree plan or file for graduation.
meet the published application deadlines. It takes time
In the event that there’s a question about whether
to process your application for admission. If you have
or not you earned CLEP credit, you’ll have an official
yet to take a CLEP exam, you can take one or more
record of what credit was awarded. You may also need
CLEP exams while you’re waiting for your application
this verification of course credit if you meet with an
to be processed. Be sure to check the college’s CLEP
academic adviser before the credit is posted on your
policy beforehand so that you’re taking exams your
permanent record.
college will accept for credit. You should find out from
the college when to submit your CLEP score(s). Step 7. Before you register for courses, seek
academic advising.
Complete all forms and include all documents
requested with your application(s) for admission. Talking with your academic adviser helps you avoid
Normally, an admission decision can’t be reached until taking unnecessary courses and lets you know exactly
all documents have been submitted and evaluated. what your CLEP credit will mean to you. This discussion
Unless told to do so, don’t send your CLEP score(s) may take place at the time you enroll. Most colleges
until you’ve been officially admitted. have orientation sessions for new students prior to
each enrollment period. During orientation, students
Step 5. Arrange to take CLEP exam(s) or to submit your
are assigned academic advisers who give them
CLEP score(s).
individual guidance in developing long-range plans and
CLEP exams can be taken at any of the 2,000 test course schedules for the next semester. In conjunction
centers worldwide. To locate a test center near you, with this counseling, you may be asked to take some
visit clep.collegeboard.org/search/test-centers. additional tests so you can be placed at the proper
course level.
If you have already taken a CLEP exam, but didn’t have
your score sent to your college, you can have an official
transcript sent at any time for a small fee. Prior to
sending a transcript to an institution, please ensure that
Questions to Ask About a
you have verified the institution’s CLEP credit-granting College’s CLEP Policy
policy. Order your transcript online by logging in to My Before taking CLEP exams for the purpose of
Account (clepportal.collegeboard.org/myaccount) earning college credit, try to find the answers to
using the same account you used to register. these questions:
Please note there are some instances in which CLEP 1. Which CLEP exams are accepted by the college?
exam scores cannot be ordered. If you have a score A college may accept some CLEP exams for credit
on hold, took an exam that was DANTES-funded or and not others—possibly not the exams you’re
retook a CLEP exam within the 3-month waiting period, considering. For this reason, it’s important you
those exam scores are considered non-orderable. In know the specific CLEP exams you can receive
addition, CLEP Transcript Requests are nonrefundable. credit for.
Once ordered, a request cannot be canceled, changed
or re-routed.

II. Approaching a College About CLEP
2. Does the college require the optional free- science, and six hours of social science, with no
response (essay) section for exams in particular courses in these disciplines specified. In
composition and literature, as well as the these instances, CLEP credit may be given as “6 hrs.
multiple-choice portion of the CLEP exam you’re English Credit” or “3 hrs. Math Credit” without
considering? Do you need to pass a departmental specifying for which English or mathematics
test such as an essay, laboratory, or oral exam in courses credit has been awarded. To avoid possible
addition to the CLEP multiple-choice exam? disappointment, you should know before taking a
Knowing the answers to these questions ahead of CLEP exam what type of credit you can receive or
time will enable you to schedule the optional free- whether you’ll be exempted from a required course
response or departmental exam when you register but receive no credit.
to take your CLEP exam.
4. How much credit is granted for each exam you’re
3. Is CLEP credit granted for specific courses at the considering, and does the college place a limit
college? If so, which ones? on the total amount of CLEP credit you can earn
toward your degree?
You’re likely to find that credit is granted for specific
courses and that the course titles are designated Not all colleges that grant CLEP credit award the
in the college’s CLEP policy. It’s not necessary, same amount for individual exams. Furthermore,
however, that credit be granted for a specific some colleges place a limit on the total amount
course for you to benefit from your CLEP credit. For of credit you can earn through CLEP or other
instance, at many liberal arts colleges, all students exams. Other colleges may grant you exemption
must take certain types of courses. These courses but no credit toward your degree. Knowing several
may be labeled the core curriculum, general colleges’ policies concerning these issues may
education requirements, distribution requirements, help you decide which college to attend. If you
or liberal arts requirements. The requirements, think you’re capable of passing a number of CLEP
are often expressed in terms of credit hours. For exams, you may want to attend a college that allows
example, all students may be required to take at you to earn credit for all or most of the exams.
least six hours of humanities, six hours of English, Find your institution’s CLEP policy by visiting
three hours of mathematics, six hours of natural clep.collegeboard.org/school-policy-search.

III. Deciding Which
Examinations to Take
If You’re Taking the an understanding of the content and difficulty level
of the questions on an actual exam. Knowing the
Examinations for College Credit correct answers to all of the sample questions
or Career Advancement . . . is not a substitute for college-level study or
Most people who take CLEP exams want to earn credit a guarantee of satisfactory performance on the
for college courses. Others take the exams to qualify exam.
for job promotions, professional certification, or
Following the instructions and suggestions in
licensing. Whatever the reason, it’s vital for most
Chapter V, answer as many of the sample questions
test takers to be well prepared so they can advance
for the exam as you can. Check your answers
as fast as possible toward their educational or
against the answer key at the end of each section.
career goals.
Were you able to answer almost all of the
Those with limited knowledge in the subjects covered
questions correctly? You may not need to
by the exams they’re considering are advised to enroll
study the subject extensively.
in the college courses in which that material is taught.
Although there’s no way to predict whether you’ll pass Did you have difficulty answering the
a particular CLEP exam, you may find the following questions? You’ll probably benefit from more
guidelines helpful. extensive study of the subject.
1. Test Descriptions 4. Previous Study

For each exam, read the test description and the Have you taken noncredit courses in this subject
outline set forth in the “Knowledge and Skills Required” offered by an adult school or a private school,
section provided in this guide. Are you familiar with through correspondence, or in connection with
most of the topics and terminology in the outline? your job? Did you do exceptionally well in this
subject in high school, or did you take an honors
2. Textbooks course in this subject?
Review the textbook and other resource materials
used for the corresponding course at your college. 5. Experience
You can find a list of suggested textbooks and Have you learned or used the knowledge or skills
free online resources for each exam at included in this exam in your job or life experience?
clep.collegeboard.org/exams. Are you familiar For example, if you lived in a Spanish-speaking
with most of the topics and terminology used in country and spoke the language for a year or more,
college textbooks on this subject? you might consider taking the Spanish Language or
Spanish with Writing exams. Or, if you have worked
3. at a job in which you used accounting and finance
The sample questions included in this guide are skills, Financial Accounting would be an exam to
representative of the content and difficulty of the consider taking. Or if you have read a considerable
exam questions. None of the sample questions amount of literature and attended art exhibits,
appear on any CLEP examination. Use them to get concerts, and plays, you might expect to do well on
the Humanities exam.

III. Deciding Which Examinations to Take
6. Other Exams
Have you done well on other standardized tests in
subjects related to the one you want to take? For
example, did you score well above average on a
portion of a college entrance exam covering similar
skills, or did you get an exceptionally high score
on a licensing exam in this subject? Although such
tests don’t cover exactly the same material as the
CLEP exams and may be easier, people who do well
on these tests often do well on CLEP exams too.
7. Advice
Has a college counselor, professor, or some other
professional person familiar with your ability
advised you to take a CLEP exam?
If you answered yes to several of the above questions,

you have a good chance of passing the CLEP exam
you’re considering. It’s unlikely you would have acquired
sufficient background from experience alone. Learning
gained through reading and study is essential, and you’ll
likely find additional study helpful before taking a CLEP
exam. Information on how to review for CLEP exams can
be found in Chapter IV and in Chapter VII.

IV. Preparing to Take CLEP
Examinations
Having made the decision to take one or more CLEP Using the Examination Guides
exams, most people then want to know how to prepare
The individual exam guides contain the same information
for them—how much, how long, when, and how
you will find in the CLEP Official Study Guide. Each
should they go about it? The precise answers to these
exam guide includes an outline of the knowledge and
questions vary greatly from individual to individual.
skills covered by the test, sample questions similar to
However, most test takers find that some type of test
those that appear on the exam, and tips to get ready for
preparation is beneficial.
the exam.
Most people who take CLEP exams do so to show
You may also choose to contact a college in your
that they already learned the key material taught in a
area that offers a course with content comparable
college course. Many need only a quick review to assure
to that on the CLEP exam you want to take, or
themselves that they haven’t forgotten what they once
read the suggested resources for each exam on
studied, and to fill in the gaps in their knowledge of the
clep.collegeboard.org/exams. If possible, use the
subject. Others feel that they need a thorough review
textbook and other materials required for that course
and spend several weeks studying for an exam. Some
to help you prepare. To get this information, check the
people take a CLEP exam as a kind of “final exam” for
college’s catalog for a list of courses offered. Then
independent study of a subject. This last group requires
call the admission office, explain what subject you’re
significantly more study than do those who only need
interested in, and ask who in that academic department
to review, and they may need some guidance from
you can contact for specific information on textbooks
professors of the subjects they’re studying.
and other study resources to use. You might also be
The key to how you prepare for CLEP exams often lies able to find the course syllabus, which will list course
in locating those skills and areas of prior learning in materials and assignments, on the college’s website.
which you are strongest and deciding where to focus Be sure the college you’re interested in gives credit for
your energy. Some people may know a considerable the CLEP exam you’re preparing for.
amount about a subject area but may not test well.
Begin by carefully reading the test description and
These individuals would probably be just as concerned
outline of knowledge and skills required for the exam in
about strengthening their test-taking skills as they
the exam guide. As you read through the topics listed,
would about studying for a specific test. Many mental
ask yourself how much you know about each one. Also
and physical skills are required in preparing for a
note the terms, names, and symbols mentioned, and ask
test. It’s important not only to review or study for the
yourself whether you’re familiar with them. This will give
exams but also to make certain that you are alert,
you a quick overview of how much you know about the
relatively free of anxiety, and aware of how to approach
subject. If you’re familiar with nearly all the material,
standardized tests. Suggestions about developing
you’ll likely need a minimum of review. If topics and
test-taking skills and preparing psychologically
terms are unfamiliar, you’ll probably require substantial
and physically for a test are given in this chapter.
study to do well on the exam.
The following section suggests ways of assessing
your knowledge of the content of an exam and then If, after reviewing the test description provided in the
reviewing and studying the material. exam guide, you find that you need extensive review,
put off answering the sample questions until you have
done some reading in the subject. If you complete
them before reviewing the material, you’ll probably

IV. Preparing to Take CLEP Examinations
look for the answers as you study, and this will not be
a good assessment of your ability at a later date. Don’t
refer to the sample questions as you prepare for the
exam. The sample questions are representative of
the types of questions you’ll find on a CLEP exam, but
none of the questions will actually appear on an exam.
Concentrating on them without broader study of the
subject won’t help you.
If you think you’re familiar with most of the test material,

try to answer the sample questions, checking your
responses against the answer key. Use the test-taking
strategies described in the next chapter.

Assessing Your Readiness for a CLEP Exam
Select CLEP Exam Title
Read Exam Description

and Knowledge
and Skills Required
Don’t
Understand Terms
Understand Terms
Review Study Materials

Try Sample Questions Suggested in the Study
Resources Section of
Each Subject
Most
Sample Questions
Answered Difficulty Answering
Correctly Sample Questions
Take CLEP Exam

Suggestions for Studying Most of this material is free. Educational websites,

like those offered by PBS (pbs.org) or the National
The following suggestions have been gathered from
Geographic Society (nationalgeographic.com),
people who have prepared for CLEP exams or other
can help. Find a list of suggested textbooks and
college-level tests.
online resources for each CLEP exam at
1. Review CLEP exam content. clep.collegeboard.org/exams.
Remember, if you want to review exam
Check with your librarian about study aids
content, Chapter VII of this study guide
relevant to the exams you plan to take. These
contains a complete exam description—
supplementary materials may include videos or
including a content outline, a description of
DVDs made by education-oriented companies
the knowledge and skills required to do well,
and organizations, language tapes, and computer
and sample questions. An answer key is also
software. And don’t forget that what you do with
included. However, the study guide is not
your leisure time can be very educational, whether
intended to replace a textbook. Additional
it’s surfing current-events websites, watching a PBS
study may be required.
series, reading a financial newsletter, or attending
2. Define your goals and locate study materials. a play.
Once you have determined how much preparation 3. Find a good place to study.
you’ll need to do, you’ll need to define your study
To determine what kind of place you need for
goals. Set aside a block of time to review the exam
studying, ask yourself the following questions: Do
content provided in this book. Using the guidelines
I need a quiet place? Does the telephone distract
for knowledge and skills required, locate suitable
me? Do objects I see in this place remind me of
resource materials. If a preparation course is
things I should do? Is it too warm? Is it well lit? Am
offered by an adult school or college in your area,
I too comfortable here? Do I have space to spread
you might find it helpful to enroll. (You should
out my materials? You may find the library more
be aware, however, that such courses are not
conducive to studying than your home. If you
authorized or sponsored by the College Board. The
decide to study at home or in your dorm, prevent
College Board has no responsibility for the content
interruptions by household members by putting
of these courses, nor are they responsible for books
a sign on the door of your study room to indicate
on preparing for CLEP exams published by other
when you’re available.
organizations.) If you know others who have taken
CLEP exams, ask them how they prepared. 4. Schedule time to study.
You may want to get a copy of a syllabus for the To help you determine where studying best fits
college course that is comparable to the CLEP into your schedule, try this exercise: Make a list of
exam(s) you plan to take. You can also ask the your daily activities (for example, sleeping, working,
appropriate professor at the school you’ll be eating, attending class, sports, or exercise), and
attending, or check his or her website, for a reading estimate how many hours a day you spend on
list. Use the syllabus, course materials, and/or each activity. Rate activities on your list in order of
reading list as a guide for selecting textbooks and importance, and evaluate your use of time. Often
study materials. You may purchase these or check people are astonished at how an average day looks
them out of your local library. Some websites offer from this perspective. You may discover that your
excellent course materials and lectures. Examples time can be scheduled in alternative ways. For
include: example, you could remove the least important
activities from your day, and devote that time to
MIT OpenCourseWare (ocw.mit.edu) studying or to another important activity.
Carnegie Mellon’s Open Learning Initiative
5. Establish a study routine and a set of goals.
(cmu.edu/oli/)
To study effectively, establish specific goals and
National Repository of Online Courses a schedule for accomplishing them. Some people
(thenrocproject.org) find it helpful to write out a weekly schedule and
cross out each study period when it’s completed.

Others maintain concentration by writing down e. To retain knowledge, most people have to
the time when they expect to complete a study review the material periodically. If you’re
task. Most people find short periods of intense preparing for an exam over an extended period
study more productive than long stretches of time. of time, review key concepts and notes each
For example, they may follow a regular schedule week or so. Don’t wait weeks to review the
of several 20- or 30-minute study periods with material or you’ll need to relearn much of it.
short breaks between them. Some people allow
themselves rewards as they complete each study
goal. It doesn’t matter whether you accomplish Test Preparation Tips
every goal on schedule. The point is to be 1. Familiarize yourself as much as possible with the
committed to your task. test and the test situation before the day of the
exam. It helps to know ahead of time:
6. Learn how to take an active role in studying.
a. how much time is allowed for the test and
If you haven’t done much studying lately, you may
whether there are timed subsections. (See
find it difficult to concentrate. Try a method of
Chapter VII.)
studying, such as the one outlined below, that
b. what types of questions and directions appear
gets you to concentrate on and remember what
on the exam. (See Chapter VII.)
you read.
c. how your test score is computed.
a. First, read the chapter summary and the
d. in which building and room the exam is
introduction so you’ll know what to look for
administered.
in your reading.
e. the time of the test administration.
b. Next, convert the section or paragraph
f. directions, transportation, and parking
headlines into questions. For example, if you’re
information for the test center.
reading a section entitled “The Causes of the
American Revolution,” ask yourself, “What 2. Register and pay your exam fee through My Account
were the causes of the American Revolution?” at clepportal.collegeboard.org/myaccount
Compose the answer as you read the and print your registration ticket. Contact your
paragraph. Reading and answering questions preferred test center to schedule your appointment
aloud let you grasp and retain the material. to test. Your test center may require an additional
administration fee. Check with your test center to
c. Take notes on key ideas or concepts as you
confirm the amount required and acceptable method
read. Writing fixes concepts more firmly in your
of payment.
mind. Underlining key ideas or writing notes in
your book may work for you and is useful for
review. Underline only important points. If you
underline more than a third of each paragraph,
you’re underlining too much.
d. If there are questions or problems at the end
of a chapter, answer or solve them on paper
as if you were asked to do them for homework.
Mathematics textbooks (and some other books)
sometimes include answers to exercises. If you
have such a book, write your answers before
looking at the ones given. When problem solving
is involved, work enough problems to master
the required methods and concepts. If you have
difficulty with problems, review any sample
problems or explanations in the chapter.

3. On the day of the exam, remember to do the – two number 2 pencils with good erasers.
following: Mechanical pencils are prohibited in the
a. Arrive early enough so you can find a parking testing room.
place, locate the test center, and get settled c. Don’t bring a cell phone or other electronic
comfortably before testing begins. devices into the testing room.
b. Bring the following with you: d. Leave all books, papers, and notes outside the
– completed registration ticket. test center. You aren’t permitted to use your
own scratch paper. It’s provided by the test
– any registration forms or printouts required
center.
by the test center. Make sure you have filled
out all necessary paperwork before your e. Don’t take a calculator to the exam. If a
testing date. calculator is required, it will be built into the
testing software and available to you on
– a form of valid and acceptable identification.
the computer. The CLEP website has a link
Acceptable identification must:
to a demonstration on how to use online
∙ Be government-issued. calculators.
∙ Be an original document—photocopied 4. When you enter the test room:
documents aren’t acceptable.
a. You’ll be assigned to a computer testing
∙ Be valid and current—expired
station. If you have special needs, be sure
documents (bearing expiration dates
to communicate them to the test center
that have passed) aren’t acceptable, no
administrator before your test date.
matter how recently they expired.
b. Be relaxed while taking the exam. Read
∙ Bear the test taker’s full name, in
directions carefully, and listen to instructions
English language characters, exactly as
given by the test administrator. If you don’t
it appears on the Registration Ticket,
understand the directions, ask for help before
including the order of the names.
the test begins. If you must ask a question not
∙ Include middle initials only if preferred related to the exam after testing has begun,
to be included by test taker. They’re raise your hand, and a proctor will assist you.
optional and only need to match the first The proctor can’t answer questions related to
letter of the middle name when present the exam.
on both the ticket and the identification.
c. Know your rights as a test taker. You can expect
∙ Bear a recent recognizable photograph to be given the full working time allowed for
that clearly matches the test taker. taking the exam and a reasonably quiet and
∙ Include the test taker’s signature. comfortable place in which to work. If a poor
∙ Be in good condition, with clearly legible testing situation prevents you from doing your
text and a clearly visible photograph. best, ask whether the situation can be remedied.
If it can’t, ask the test administrator to report the
Refer to the Exam Day Info page on the
problem on a Center Problem Report that will be
CLEP website (clep.collegeboard.org/
submitted with your test results. You may also
earn-college-credit/taking-the-test)
wish to immediately write a letter to CLEP, P.O.
for more details on acceptable and
Box 6656, Princeton, NJ 08541-6656. Describe
unacceptable forms of identification.
the exact circumstances as completely as you
– military test takers, bring your Geneva can. Be sure to include the name of the test
Convention Identification Card. Refer to center, the test date, and the name(s) of the
clep.collegeboard.org/military for additional exam(s) you took.
information on IDs for active duty members,
spouses, and civil service civilian employees.

Accommodations for Students

with Disabilities
If you have a disability, such as a learning or physical
disability, that would prevent you from taking a CLEP
exam under standard conditions, you may request
accommodations at your preferred test center. Contact
your preferred test center well in advance of the test
date to make the necessary arrangements and to find
out its deadline for submission of documentation and
approval of accommodations. Each test center sets its
own guidelines in terms of deadlines for submission of
documentation and approval of accommodations.
Accommodations that can be arranged directly with

test centers include:
ZoomText (screen magnification)

Modifiable screen colors
Use of a human reader, a scribe/writer, or sign
language interpreter
Extended time
Untimed rest breaks
If the above accommodations don’t meet your needs,
contact CLEP Services at clep@info.collegeboard.org
for information about other accommodations.

V. Taking the Examinations
Test-taking skills enable a person to use all available 6. Watch for the following key words in test questions:
information to earn a score that truly reflects their all may only
ability. There are different strategies for approaching always must perhaps
different kinds of exam questions. For example, free- but necessary rarely
response and multiple-choice questions require very except never seldom
different approaches. Other factors, such as how the every none sometimes
exam will be scored, may influence your approach to generally not usually
the exam and your use of test time. Consequently, however often
your preparation for an exam should include finding
When a question or answer option contains words
out all you can about the exam so you can use the
such as ’’always,’’ ’’every,’’ ’’only,’’ ’’never,’’ and
most effective test-taking strategies.
“none,” there can be no exceptions to the answer
you choose. Use of words such as ’’often,’’ “rarely,”
’’sometimes,’’ and ’’generally’’ indicates that there
Test-Taking Strategies for may be some exceptions to the answer.
Multiple-Choice Questions
7. Make educated guesses. There’s no penalty for
1. Listen carefully to any instructions given by the test
incorrect answers. Therefore, guess even if you
administrator, and read the on-screen instructions
don’t know an answer. If you have some knowledge
before you begin to answer the questions.
of the question and can eliminate one or more
2. Keep an eye on the clock and the timing that’s
of the answer choices as wrong, your chance of
built into the testing software. You have the option
getting the right answer improves.
of turning the clock on or off at any time. As you
8. Don’t waste your time looking for clues to right
proceed, make sure that you’re not working too
answers based on flaws in question wording or
slowly. You should have answered at least half the
patterns in correct answers. CLEP puts a great
questions in a section when half the time for that
deal of effort into developing valid, reliable, and fair
section has passed.
exams. CLEP test development committees are
3. Before answering a question, read the entire
composed of college faculty who are experts in the
question, including all the answer choices.
subjects covered by the exams and are appointed
Instructions usually tell you to select the
by the College Board to write test questions and
“best’’ answer. Sometimes one answer choice is
to scrutinize each question on a CLEP exam. They
partially correct, but another option is better. It’s a
ensure that questions aren’t ambiguous, have only
good idea to read all the answers even if the first or
one correct answer, and cover college-level topics.
second choice looks correct to you.
These committees don’t intentionally include ’’trick’’
4. Read and consider every question. Questions that questions. If you think a question is flawed, ask the
look complicated at first glance may not actually be test administrator to report it, or write immediately
so difficult once you have read them carefully. to CLEP Test Development, P.O. Box 6600, Princeton,
5. Don’t spend too much time on any one question. NJ 08541-6600. Include the name of the exam and
If you don’t know the answer after you’ve test center, the exam date, and the number of the
considered it briefly, go on to the next question. exam question. All such inquiries are investigated by
Mark that question using the mark tool at the test development professionals.
bottom of the screen, and go back to review the
question later if you have time.

V. Taking the Examinations
Answering Essay Questions Test-Taking Strategies for

The College Composition and Spanish with Writing Essay Writing
exams are the only CLEP exams that include mandatory 1. Before you begin to respond, read the questions
writing sections. Both the multiple-choice and carefully, and take a few minutes to jot down
writing sections of the exams are administered on some ideas or create an outline. Scratch paper is
the computer. You’re required to type your written provided at the test center.
responses using a format similar to word processing.
2. If you’re given a choice of questions to answer,
The essays for the College Composition exam are choose the questions that you think you can
scored by English professors from various colleges and answer most clearly and knowledgeably.
universities who are trained by CLEP. A process called 3. Determine the order in which you’ll answer the
holistic scoring is used to rate your writing abilities. questions. First, answer those you find the easiest
This process is explained in the examination guide so you can spend any extra time on the questions
for College Composition, which also includes scored you find more difficult.
sample essays and essay questions.
4. When you know which questions you’ll answer and
The Spanish with Writing responses are scored twice in what order, determine how much testing time
monthly by college Spanish faculty from throughout remains, and estimate how many minutes you’ll
the country via an online scoring system. Each of devote to each question. Unless suggested times
the two writing tasks is scored independently by at are given for the questions, try to allot an equal
least two different readers, and the scores are then amount of time for each question.
combined. Additional scoring details can be found in 5. Before answering each question, read it again
the Spanish Language examination guide along with carefully to make sure you’re interpreting it
sample writing tasks. correctly. Pay attention to key words, such as
Four other CLEP exams have optional essays. Some those listed below, that appear in free-response
colleges or universities may require you to take one questions. Be sure you know the exact meaning of
of these optional essays as part of the American these words before taking the exam.
Literature, Analyzing and Interpreting Literature, analyze describe interpret
English Literature, or College Composition Modular apply determine justify
exam. There’s an additional fee for each of the optional assess discuss list
essays, payable to the institution that administers the compare distinguish outline
exam. These essays are scored by the faculty of the contrast enumerate prove
institution that grants the credit. Therefore, you may define explain rank
find it helpful to talk with someone at your college to demonstrate generalize show
find out what criteria are used to determine whether derive illustrate summarize
you’ll get credit. Ask how much emphasis is placed If a question asks you to ’’outline,’’ ’’define,’’ or
on your writing ability and your ability to organize ’’summarize,’’ don’t write a detailed explanation;
your thoughts, as opposed to your knowledge of the if a question asks you to ’’analyze,” ’’explain,’’
subject matter. Find out how much weight is given to “illustrate,’’ ’’interpret,’’ or ’’show,’’ you must do more
your multiple-choice test score, compared to your than briefly describe the topic.
free-response score, in determining whether you’ll get
credit. This gives you an idea of what to work hardest
on in preparing for and taking the exam.

VI. Interpreting Your Scores
CLEP score requirements for awarding credit vary from that appears on your score report. The American
institution to institution. The College Board, however, Council on Education (ACE) recommends that
recommends that colleges refer to the standards set colleges grant credit for a score of 50 or higher, but
by the American Council on Education (ACE). All ACE individual institutions can set their own CLEP credit
recommendations are the result of careful and periodic policies.
review by evaluation teams made up of faculty who
are subject-matter experts and technical experts in
testing and measurement. To determine whether you How Essays Are Scored
are eligible for credit for your CLEP scores, refer to The College Board arranges for college English
the policy of the college you’ll be attending. The policy professors to score the essays written for the
states the score that’s required to earn credit at that College Composition exam. These carefully selected
institution. Many colleges award credit at the score college faculty members teach at two- and four-year
levels recommended by ACE. However, some require institutions nationwide. The faculty members receive
scores higher or lower than these. extensive training and thoroughly review the College
Your exam score is printed for you at the test center Board scoring policies and procedures before grading
immediately upon completion of the examination, the essays. Each essay is read and scored by two
unless you took College Composition or Spanish with professors, the sum of the two scores for each essay
Writing. For these exams, you’ll receive your score is combined with the multiple-choice score, and the
online one to two weeks after the exam date. You can result is reported as a scaled score between 20 and 80.
also view your scores for other exams online one Although the format of the two sections is very different,
business day after taking the test by logging into My both measure skills required for expository writing.
Account (clepportal.collegeboard.org/myaccount). Knowledge of formal grammar, sentence structure, and
Your scores are kept on file for 20 years. Your CLEP organizational skills is necessary for the multiple-choice
exam scores are reported only to you, unless you ask section, but the emphasis in the free-response section
to have them sent elsewhere. If you want your scores is on writing skills rather than grammar.
sent to a college, employer, or certifying agency, you Spanish with Writing compositions are scored twice
must select this option through My Account. This monthly by college Spanish faculty from throughout
service is free only if you select your score recipient the country via an online scoring system. Each of
when you register. For a fee, you can request an official the two writing tasks is scored independently by two
transcript at a later date by logging in to My Account different readers, and the scores are then combined.
(clepportal.collegeboard.org/myaccount). The multiple-choice section score (75%) and writing
The pamphlet, What Your CLEP Score Means, gives score (25%) are then combined to yield the candidate’s
detailed information about interpreting your scores and exam score. The resulting combined score is reported
is available at clep.collegeboard.org. A copy of the as a single scaled score between 20 and 80. Separate
pamphlet is also in the appendix of this guide. A brief scores are not reported for the multiple-choice and
explanation appears below. writing sections.
Optional essays for CLEP Composition Modular and the

literature examinations are evaluated and scored by the
How CLEP Scores Are Computed colleges that require them, rather than by the College
In order to reach a total score on your exam, two Board. If you take an optional essay, it’s sent to the
calculations are performed. institution you designate when you take the test. If you
didn’t designate a score recipient institution when you
1. Your “raw score” is the number of questions you
took an optional essay, you may still select one as long
answered correctly. Your raw score increases by
as you notify CLEP within 18 months of taking the exam.
one point for each question answered correctly.
Copies of essays aren’t held beyond 18 months or after
2. Your raw score is then converted to a scaled score they have been sent to an institution.
that ranges from 20 to 80, and this is the score

VII. Examination Guide
Precalculus
Precalculus
Description of the Examination Graphing Calculator
The Precalculus examination assesses student A graphing calculator, which is integrated into the
mastery of skills and concepts required for success exam software, is available to students only during
in a first-semester calculus course. A large portion Section 1 of the exam. Students are expected to
of the exam is devoted to testing a student’s know how and when to make use of it.
understanding of functions and their properties.
Many of the questions test a student’s knowledge For more information about the graphing
of specific properties of the following types of calculator, please visit the Precalculus
functions: linear, quadratic, absolute value, exam description on the CLEP website,
square root, polynomial, rational, exponential, clep.collegeboard.org.
logarithmic, trigonometric, inverse trigonometric
and piecewise-defined. Questions on the exam
will present these types of functions symbolically, In order to answer some of the questions in Section 1
graphically, verbally or in tabular form. A solid of the exam, students may be required to use the
understanding of these types of functions is at the online graphing calculator in the following ways:
core of all precalculus courses, and it is a • Perform calculations (e.g., exponents, roots,
prerequisite for enrolling in calculus and other trigonometric values, logarithms).
college-level mathematics courses.
• Graph functions and analyze the graphs.
The examination contains approximately
48 questions, in two sections, to be answered in • Find zeros of functions.
approximately 90 minutes. • Find points of intersection of graphs of
• Section 1: 25 questions, approximately functions.
50 minutes. The use of an online graphing • Find minima/maxima of functions.
calculator (non-CAS) is allowed for this
section. Only some of the questions will require • Find numerical solutions to equations.
the use of the calculator.
• Generate a table of values for a function.
• Section 2: 23 questions, approximately
40 minutes. No calculator is allowed for
this section.
Although most of the questions on the exam are
multiple-choice, there are some questions that
require students to enter a numerical answer.
clep.collegeboard.org 2020 College-Level Examination Program 553

Precalculus
Knowledge and Skills Required 30% Representations of Functions: Symbolic,

Graphical and Tabular
Questions on the examination require candidates to
demonstrate the following abilities. Ability to recognize and perform
operations and transformations on
• Recalling factual knowledge and/or performing functions presented symbolically,
routine mathematical manipulation. graphically or in tabular form
• Solving problems that demonstrate Ability to demonstrate an understanding of
comprehension of mathematical ideas and/or basic properties of functions and to
concepts. recognize elementary functions (linear,
quadratic, absolute value, square root,
• Solving nonroutine problems or problems that polynomial, rational, exponential,
require insight, ingenuity or higher mental logarithmic, trigonometric, inverse
processes. trigonometric and piecewise-defined
functions) that are presented
The subject matter of the Precalculus examination is symbolically, graphically or in tabular
drawn from the following topics. The percentages form
next to the topics indicate the approximate
percentage of exam questions on that topic.
10% Analytic Geometry
Ability to demonstrate an understanding of
20% Algebraic Expressions, Equations and
the analytic geometry of lines, circles,
Inequalities
parabolas, ellipses and hyperbolas
Ability to perform operations on algebraic
expressions
15% Trigonometry and its Applications*
Ability to solve equations and inequalities,
including linear, quadratic, absolute Ability to demonstrate an understanding of
value, polynomial, rational, radical, the basic trigonometric functions and
exponential, logarithmic and their inverses and to apply the basic
trigonometric trigonometric ratios and identities (in
right triangles and on the unit circle)
Ability to solve systems of equations,
including linear and nonlinear Ability to apply trigonometry in various
problem-solving contexts
15% Functions: Concept, Properties and
Operations 10% Functions as Models
Ability to demonstrate an understanding of Ability to interpret and construct functions
the concept of a function, the general as models and to translate ideas among
properties of functions (e.g., domain, symbolic, graphical, tabular and verbal
range), function notation, and to perform representations of functions
symbolic operations with functions
(e.g., evaluation, inverse functions)
*Note that trigonometry permeates most of
the major topics and accounts for more than
15 percent of the exam. The actual proportion
of exam questions that require knowledge of
either right triangle trigonometry or the
properties of the trigonometric functions is
approximately 30–40 percent.
554 2020 College-Level Examination Program clep.collegeboard.org

Precalculus
Notes and Reference Information (8) Sum and Difference Formulas:

The following information will be available for sin ( α + β) = sin α cos β + cos α sin β
reference during the exam.
sin ( α - β) = sin α cos β - cos α sin β
(1) Figures that accompany questions are intended to
provide information useful in answering the cos ( α + β) = cos α cos β - sin α sin β
questions. All figures lie in a plane unless otherwise
indicated. The figures are drawn as accurately as cos ( α - β) = cos α cos β + sin α sin β
possible EXCEPT when it is stated in a specific
question that the figure is not drawn to scale. Sample Test Questions
Straight lines and smooth curves may appear slightly
jagged on the screen. The following sample questions do not appear on an
actual CLEP examination. They are intended to give
(2) Unless otherwise specified, all angles are potential test takers an indication of the format and
measured in radians, and all numbers used are real difficulty level of the examination and to provide
numbers. For some questions in this test, you may content for practice and review. Knowing the correct
have to decide whether the calculator should be in answers to all of the sample questions is not a
radian mode or degree mode. guarantee of satisfactory performance on the exam.
(3) Unless otherwise specified, the domain of any Section 1
function f is assumed to be the set of all real
numbers x for which f (x) is a real number. The Directions: A graphing calculator will be available
range of f is assumed to be the set of all real for the questions in this section. Some questions will
numbers f (x) , where x is in the domain of f . require you to select from among five choices. For
these questions, select the BEST of the choices
(4) In this test, log x denotes the common logarithm given. If the exact numerical value of your answer is
of x (that is, the logarithm to the base 10) and not one of the choices, select the choice that best
ln x denotes the natural logarithm of x (that is, approximates this value. Some questions will require
the logarithm to the base e). you to enter a numerical answer in the box provided.
(5) The inverse of a trigonometric function f may
be indicated using the inverse function notation f -1
1. For each of the following functions, indicate
or with the prefix “arc” (e.g., sin -1 x = arcsin x ). whether it is even, odd, or neither even nor odd.
(6) The range of sin -1 x is ┌ - , ┐ .
π π
└| 2 2 ┘│ Function Even Odd Neither
The range of cos -1 x is [0, π ]. e x + e- x
f ( x) =
(
The range of tan -1 x is - ,
π π
2 2 ).
g( x ) = sin x
2
(7) h( x) = 8x 4 + 4x 2 + 2x
Click on your choices.
a b c
Law of Sines: = =
sin A sin B sin C
Law of Cosines: c 2 = a 2 + b2 - 2 ab cos C

Precalculus
4. (sin t + cos t )2 =
(A) 1
x g( x) (B) 1 + 2 sin t
–2 –4 (C) 1 + sin 2t
–1 0 ( ) ( )
(D) sin t 2 + cos t 2
(E) sin (t ) + 2 sin t cos t + cos (t )
0 2 2 2
1 2
2 4
f ( x ) = e(
x /4 )
2. The graph of the function f and a table of values g ( x ) = 2 sin x

for the function g are shown above. What is
the value of f ( g ( 0 )) ? 5. The functions f and g are defined above and
their domains are all real numbers. On what
(A) –4 interval is the value of f (x) greater than the
(B) –2 maximum value of g ?
(C) 0
(A) x > 1.571
(D) 2
(B) x > 2.125
(E) 4
(C) x > 2.773
(D) 0.624 < x < 2.125
y (E) 2.125 < x < 2.773
ℓ
6. If π ≤ θ ≤ 2π and cos θ = cos 1, what is the
(1, 3) value of θ ?
P (A) 1
x π
(B) +1
O 2
( 3, –1) (C) π + 1
k
3π
3. The circle with center P is tangent to (D) −1
2
perpendicular lines ℓ and k at points (1, 3)
and (3, –1), respectively, as shown above. (E) 2π − 1
Which of the following is an equation of the
circle with center P ?
(A) x 2 + y 2 = 10
(B) ( x - 3) 2 + ( y - 3) 2 = 10
(C) ( x - 1) 2 + ( y - 3) 2 = 20
(D) ( x - 4) 2 + ( y - 2) 2 = 10
(E) ( x - 4) 2 + ( y - 2) 2 = 20

Precalculus
x 2e x 9. Let f be the function defined by

h( x ) = f ( x ) = 5 sin( 2 x) + 1 for 0 ≤ x ≤  . What is the
x
slope of the line passing through the maximum
7. The function h is defined above. Which and minimum points of the function on the
of the following are true about the graph interval?
of y = h( x)?
20
I. The graph has a vertical asymptote (A) −
π
at x = 0.
II. The graph has a horizontal asymptote 10
(B) −
at y = 0. π
III. The graph has a minimum point. 5
(C) −
π
(A) None
10
(B) I and II only (D)
π
(C) I and III only
(D) II and III only 20
(E)
(E) I, II, and III π
x
10. In the xy-plane, the graph of y = has
x2 − c
no vertical asymptotes. Which of the following
statements about c must be true?
(A) c is any real number.

(B) c is a positive number.
(C) c is a negative number.
(D) c is a perfect square.
(E) c =0
8. A transport authority plans to construct a bridge 4 cos x = 9 sin x

between City A and City B. To determine the
distance between the cities, a surveyor team uses 11. Which of the following is the solution to the
the triangular region shown. What is the distance ┌ π┐
between City A and City B, to the nearest tenth equation above in the interval | 0, | ?
└ 2┘
of a mile? (A) 0.4182
(A) 0.7 mile (B) 0.4606
(B) 1.6 miles (C) 1.1102
(C) 2.0 miles (D) 1.1526
(D) 2.6 miles (E) 4.4762
(E) 3.0 miles

Precalculus
12. Let f be the function defined by f ( x) = - x . A(t ) = ke -0.001t, where k is a constant.

The graph of the function g in the xy-plane is
obtained by first translating the graph of f 15. When a certain radioactive element decays, the
amount, in milligrams, that remains after t years
horizontally 3 units to the left and then vertically
can be approximated by the function A above.
translating this result 2 units up. What is the Approximately how many years would it take for
value of g(–2) ? an initial amount of 800 milligrams of this
element to decay to 400 milligrams?
(A) –7
(B) –3 (A) 173
(C) 0 (B) 347
(D) 1 (C) 693
(E) 3 (D) 1,386
(E) 2,772
y
1
16. If g ( x) = and h is a nonzero real number,
x
g ( x + h) - g ( x )
y = 2–x then =
h
(a, 0.4) ℓ (A) 1

1 1
x (B) -
O ( x + h) 2
x2
h-1
13. In the figure above, line ℓ passes through the (C)
hx
origin and intersects the graph of y = 2- x at the -1
point (a, 0.4). What is the slope of line ℓ ? (D)
x ( x + h)
(A) 0.200 -h2
(E)
(B) 0.303 x ( x + h)
(C) 0.528
(D) 1.322
(E) 3.305 (π )
h(t ) = 64 - 46 cos | t | , where 0 ≤ t ≤ 10
(5 )
14. In the xy-plane, the graph of y = x 2 + bx + c 17. The function h above gives the height above the
is symmetric about the line x = 3 and passes ground, in feet, of a passenger on a Ferris wheel
through the point (5, 2). What is the value t minutes after the ride begins. During one
of c ? revolution of the Ferris wheel, for how many
minutes is the passenger at least 100 feet above
the ground? Round your answer to the nearest
hundredth of a minute.

Precalculus
18. How many different values of x satisfy the 21. The measure of a certain angle is 25º. What is
equation sin x + 2 sin ( 2 x ) = x ? the corresponding radian measure of the angle?
(A) One 5π
(A)
(B) Two 36
(C) Three 5π
(B)
(D) Five 18
(E) Infinitely many 5π
(C)
9
18
19. A ball is dropped from an initial height of (D)
d feet above the floor and repeatedly bounces 5π
off the floor. Each time the ball hits the floor, 36
(E)
3 5π
it rebounds to a maximum height that is of
4
the height from which it previously fell. 22. A rectangular box with a square base is open at
The function h models the maximum height, the top and has a volume of 12 cubic feet. Each
in feet, to which the ball rebounds on the side of the base has a length of x feet. Which of
nth bounce. Which of the following is an the following expresses the surface area, S, in
expression for h ( n ) ?
square feet, of the outside of the box in terms
( 3)
n of x ?
(A) h ( n ) = | | d
( 4) (A) S = 5 x 2
n
(3 )
(B) h ( n ) = | d | 12
(4 ) (B) S =
x2
3 n
(C) h ( n ) = d (C) S = x 2 +
24
4 x
3 48
n (D) S = x 2 +
(D) h ( n ) = d 4 x
48
3
d (E) S = x 2 +
(E) h ( n ) = n 4 x2
23. What is the domain of the function

20. In the xy-plane, the vertex of the parabola y = log ( tan x ) ?
x = y 2 + 4 y + 1 is the point (h, k). What is
the value of k ? (A) ( 0, ∞ )
(A) –13 ( π)
(B) | 0, | only
(B) –5 ( 2)
(C) –2 ( π π)
(C) | - , | only
(D) 2 ( 2 2)
(E) 5 ( π)
(D) | k π , kπ + | for all integers k
( 2)
(E) (| k π - , k π + )| for all integers k

π π
( 2 2)

Precalculus
y
x 0 1 2 3
p(x) 11 10 11 14
1
1
24. The table above shows selected values for the x
O
function p . If p is a quadratic polynomial, what
is the value of p (10) ?
1
25. If log 2b x5 = T and b > , then x =
( )
2
T 27. The graph of y = a b x , where a and b are
(A) ( 2b ) 5
constants and b > 0 , is shown above. If the
T points ( 0, -1) and ( 2, -0.25) are on the graph,
(B) 2b 5
what is the value of b ?
(C) 2b5T
b=
(D) ( 2b )
5T
(E) ( 2b )
T
28. Which of the following is equivalent
5 to tan 2 x − sin 2 x ?
26. The population of city Z was 420,000 in tan x + sin x
(A)
the year 2000. If the population is projected 2
to grow at a constant rate of 2 percent per (B) tan 2 x + sin 2 x
year, which of the following is closest to (C) 2 tan x sin x
the projected population of city Z in the (D) ( tan x − sin x )
2
year 2030 ? (E) tan 2 x sin 2 x

(A) 430,000
(B) 510,000
(C) 670,000
(D) 760,000
(E) 4,300,000
29. In the figure above, the circle has center O and

radius r. The shaded region has a perimeter of
105. What value of r will maximize the area of
the shaded region?
r=

Precalculus
Section 2
Directions: A calculator will not be available for
the questions in this section. Some questions will
require you to select from among five choices. For
these questions, select the BEST of the choices
given. Some questions will require you to enter a
numerical answer in the box provided.
( )( )
32. If x - 5 x + 5 = 5, what is the value of x ?
(A) 5± 5
30. Point A is located 124 feet from a tree and is (B) -5 ± 5
level with the base of the tree, as shown in the (C) ±5
figure above. From point A, the angle of
elevation of the top of the tree is 35°. What is the (D) ± 10
height of the tree? (E) ± 30
Give your answer to the nearest foot.

33. If f ( x ) = 2 x + 1 and g ( x ) = 3x - 1 ,
then f ( g ( x ) ) =
feet
(A) 5x
(B) x-2
31. Two people begin running at the same time,
moving away from the same point. One person (C) 6x - 1
runs due east at a constant speed of 7 miles per (D) 6x + 2
hour. The other person runs 30° west of north at (E) 6 x 2 + x -1
a constant speed of 6.5 miles per hour. After
how many hours are the two people 3 miles
apart? 34. Let f and g be the functions defined by
f ( x ) = x + 2 and g ( x ) = x 2 - a, where a is
(A) 0.156
(B) 0.222 a positive constant. What are all values of a for
(C) 0.257 which the graphs of f and g have exactly one
(D) 0.325 point of intersection?
(E) 0.521
(A) 0<a< 2
(B) a=2
(C) a >2
(D) a = 4 only
(E) a > 4 only

Precalculus
35. An experiment designed to measure the

growth of bacteria began at 2:00 p.m. and ended (
38. The function h is given by h( x) = log 2 x 2 + 2 . )
at 8:00 p.m. on the same day. The number of For what positive value of x does h( x) = 3 ?
bacteria is given by the function N, where (A) 1
N (t ) = 1000 . 32t 3 and t represents the number (B) 2
of hours that have elapsed since the experiment (C) 8
began. How many more bacteria were there at
the end of the experiment than at the beginning (D) 6
of the experiment? (E) 7
39. Which of the following relations define y as a

function of x ?
I. x 2 + ( y - 3) 2 = 4
x 0 1 2 3 4
II.
y 10 20 30 20 10
III.
(A) II only
36. The equation of the line shown in the graph
(B) III only
above is y = ax + b. Which of the following is
always true for this line? (C) I and II
(D) I and III
(A) ab < 0 (E) II and III
(B) ab > 0
(C) ab = 0
(D) a=b 40. In the xy-plane, the lines with equations
(E) a = -b 2 x + 2 y = 1 and 4x - y = 4 intersect at the
point with coordinates (a, b). What is the value
of b ?
37. What is the x-intercept of the graph of
1
y = x3 2 - 8 ?
8
(A) -16
(B) -8
1
(C)
16
(D) 16
(E) 512

Precalculus
x f (x)
5 a
10 32
15 b
43. The table above shows some values for the

function f. If f is a linear function, what is
the value of a + b ?
(A) 32
41. A portion of the graph of a function f is shown (B) 42
above. The domain of f is the set of all real
numbers. Which of the following could be the (C) 48
equation of f ? (D) 64
(E) It cannot be determined from the
( x)
(A) f ( x) = -3sin | | information given.
( 2)
( π)
(B) f ( x) = -3sin | x - |
( 2)
(C) f ( x) = - cos (3x )
(D) f ( x) = 3 sin ( 2 x - π )
( π)
(E) f ( x) = 3 cos | 2 x - |
( 2)
42. The function f is given by

f ( x ) = x + x -10 . Which of the following
defines f ( x ) for all x £ 10 ?
44. The figure above shows the graph of a
(A) f ( x ) = 10 polynomial function g . Which of the following
could define g ( x) ?
(B) f ( x ) = -10
(C) f ( x ) = 10 - 2x (A) g ( x) = x3 - 4
(D) f ( x ) = -10 + 2x (B) g ( x) = x3 - 4 x
(E) f ( x ) = -10 - 2x (C) g ( x) = -x3 + 4 x
(D) g ( x) = x 4 - 4 x 2
(E) g ( x) = -x 4 + 4 x 2

Precalculus
45. If a and b are numbers such that ln a = 2.1

( a2 )
and ln b = 1.4, what is the value of ln | | ?
( b)
π
46. If 0 < θ < and 10 sin θ = z, what is tan θ
2
in terms of z ?
z
(A)
100 - z 2
10
(B)
z 2 - 100 47. Based on past sales, a convenience store has
observed a linear relationship between the
100 - z 2 number of units of Product X that will be sold to
(C) customers each week and the price per unit. The
10
figure above models this linear relationship.
z 2 - 100 Based on the model, how many dollars would
(D) the convenience store expect to earn from its
10
sales of Product X in a week when the price per
100 - z 2 unit is $5 ?
(E)
z (A) $125
(B) $250
(C) $350
(D) $600
(E) $720

Precalculus
49. The Statue of Liberty is 46 meters tall and

48. The figure above shows the graph of the stands on a pedestal that is 47 meters above the
function f defined by f ( x) = 2x + 4. ground. An observer is located d meters
from the pedestal and is standing level with
If f -1 is the inverse function of f , what is the the base, as shown in the figure above. Which
value of f -1 (2) ? of the following best expresses the angle θ in
terms of d ?
(A) - 8
( 47 ) ( 46 )
(A) θ = arcsin | | - arcsin | |
(B) -2 (d) (d)
(C) 0 ( 93) ( 47 )
(B) θ = arcsin | | - arcsin | |
(d) (d)
1
(D)
8 ( 47 ) ( 46 )
(C) θ = arctan | | - arctan | |
(E) 8 (d) (d)
(d) (d)
(D) θ = arctan | | - arctan | |
( 93) ( 47 )
( 93) ( 47 )
(E) θ = arctan | | - arctan | |
(d) (d)
50. The value of log (1,732) is between what two

integers?
(A) 2 and 3
(B) 3 and 4
(C) 4 and 5
(D) 17 and 18
(E) 173 and 174

Precalculus
51. In the xy-plane, which of the following is an 54. For all x ≠ 0, the function f is defined by
equation of a vertical asymptote to the graph of x
f ( x) = . What is the range of f ?
y = sec(6x - π) ? x
π
(A) x = (A) –1 and 1 only
6
π (B) All real numbers between –1 and 1,
(B) x = inclusive
4
(C) All real numbers greater than or equal to 0
π
(C) x = (D) All real numbers except 0
3
(E) All real numbers
π
(D) x =
2 ( π)
55. tan -1 | 2 cos | =
(E) x = π ( 3)
π
y (A)
4
π
(B)
y = f (x) 3
π
1 (C)
x 2
O 1 2π
(D)
3
3π
52. The figure above shows the graph of a (E)
polynomial function f. What is the least 2
possible degree of f ?
56. In the xy-plane, the graph of
(A)
(B)
Two
Three
( )( )
y = x x 2 - 2 x 2 + x + 1 intersects the x-axis
in how many different points?
(C) Four
(D) Five (A) One
(E) Six (B) Two
(C) Three
x - y =1 (D) Four
x2 + y 2 = 5 (E) Five
53. The point (x, y) lies in the third quadrant of the

xy-plane and satisfies the equations above. What
is the value of y ?

Precalculus
π 59. What are all solutions of the equation

57. For all x such that 0 < x < ,
2 cos (2 x) + 1 = sin (2 x) in the interval [0 , 2 π ) ?
which of the following is
π
sin(2x) cos( 2 x) (A) and π
equivalent to − ? 2
sin x cos x
π 3π
1 (B) , π , and
(A) 2 2
cos x
π π 5π 3π
(B) sin x - cos x (C) , , , and
4 2 4 2
π π 3π 5π 3π 7π
(C) 2 cos x - 2 sin x (D) , , , , , and
4 2 4 4 2 2
1 1 π π 3π 7π 7π
(D) - (E) , , , , , and
15π
sin x cos x 8 4 4 8 4 8
(E) 0
60. What are all solutions to the equation
e2x - e x - 2 = 0 ?
58. The population P of fish, in thousands, in a
certain pond at time t years is modeled by the (A) 0 only
1 (B) 1n 2 only
function P (t ) = , where P0 is
(1 ) -rt (C) 2 only
1 + | -1| e (D) –1 and 2
( P0 )
the population at time t = 0 and r is the growth (E) 0 and 1n 2
rate of the population. If P (1) = 5 ,
which of the following is equivalent to r ?
ln (5)
(A)
P0
ln (5)
(B)
(1)
ln | |
( P0 )
( 4P ) 61. A shaded rectangle and two lines are shown in

(C) ln | 0 |
( 5 ) the xy-plane above. What is the area of the
shaded rectangle in terms of a ?
( 4 )
(D) ln |
( 5P0 )| (A)
1 2
a
2
( 5 (P0 - 1) ) 1
(B) 2a − a 2
(E) ln | 2
( 4P0 |) (C) 4a − a 2
1
(D) 8 − a 2
2
(E) 8 − 4a + a 2

Precalculus
62. The equation y = 8 x 2 + 8 x − 6 can be 64. At what points do the graphs of y = x 4 − x and
rewritten in the form y = a ( x − h)2 + k , where y = 7 x intersect in the xy-plane?
a , h , and k are constants. If a = 8 , what are
h and k ? (A) (0, 0) only
(B) (2, 14) only
1
(A) h = − and k = −8 (C) (0, 0) and (2, 14)
2
(B) h = 0 and k = −6 (D) (0, 0) and ( 7 , 7 7 )
(E) (0, 0), (2, 14), ( 7 , 7 7 ) , and ( 14, 7 14 )
1
(C) h = and k = 8
2
(D) h = 1 and k = −14 65. Joe wants to buy a bottle and a cork to use as a
stopper. Together, the bottle and cork cost $2.20.
(E) h = 4 and k = −6 The bottle costs $2.00 more than the cork. How
much does the bottle cost?
6 − 3 x − 2 = −6
$
63. What are all solutions to the equation shown
above?
(A) x=2
(B) x=6
(C) x = −2 and x = 6
(D) x = 2 and x = −6
(E) There are no solutions to the equation
shown.

Precalculus
Study Resources
Most textbooks used in college-level precalculus
Answer Key
courses cover the topics in the outline given earlier,
but the approaches to certain topics and the Section 1 Section 2
emphases given to them may differ. To prepare for 1. See below. 32. D
the Precalculus exam, it is advisable to study one or 2. B 33. C
more college textbooks, which can be found in most 3. D 34. E
college bookstores. When selecting a textbook, 4. C 35. 80,000
check the table of contents against the knowledge 5. C 36. A
and skills required for this test. 6. E 37. D
7. D 38. D
Visit clep.collegeboard.org/earn-college- 8. D 39. E
credit/practice for additional precalculus resources. 9. A 40. – 0.4
You can also find suggestions for exam preparation 10. C 41. D
in Chapter IV. In addition, many college faculty 11. A 42. A
post their course materials on their schools’ 12. D 43. D
websites. 13. B 44. C
14. 7 45. 2.8
15. C 46. A
16. D 47. C
17. 2.14 48. C
18. D 49. E
19. A 50. B
20. C 51. B
21. A 52. D
22. D 53. –2
23. D 54. A
24. 91 55. A
25. A 56. C
26. D 57. A
27. 0.5 58. E
28. E 59. C
29. 26.25 60. B
30. 87 61. C
31. C 62. A
63. C
64. C
65. 2.10
1.
Function Even Odd Neither

-x
e +e
x
f ( x) =
2
g ( x ) = sin x
h( x ) = 8 x 4 + 4 x 2 + 2 x

Appendix
What Your CLEP Score Means Scores are kept on file for 20 years. During this
In order to reach the total score you see on your score period, score reports may be sent to an institution,
report, two calculations are performed. but only at the request of the candidate. Students can
order official transcripts through the CLEP My Account
1. Your “raw score” is the number of questions you portal (clepportal.collegeboard.org) and pay a fee.
answered correctly. Your raw score increases by one CLEP Transcript Requests are nonrefundable. Once
point for each question answered correctly. ordered, a request cannot be canceled, changed, or
2. Your raw score is then converted into a “scaled rerouted. To order official transcripts for DANTES-
score” that ranges from 20, the lowest, to 80, the funded exams, candidates need to place an order
highest. This scaled score is the score that appears on online using the Parchment Transcript Ordering Service
your score report. (https://exchange.parchment.com/send/adds/index.
php?main_page=login&s_id=3q7ey35yiWKgVEiC).
The scores that appear in the table shown are the
credit-granting scores recommended by the American Test takers may not repeat an exam of the same
Council on Education (ACE). Each college, however, title within the specified wait period of the initial
can set its own credit-granting policy, which may testing date. If a test taker retakes the exam within
differ from that of ACE. If you haven’t already done so, the specified wait period, the administration will be
contact your college as soon as possible to find out the considered invalid, the score will be canceled, and
score it requires to grant credit, the number of credit any test fees will be forfeited. For military service
hours granted, and the course(s) that can be bypassed members: DANTES doesn’t fund retesting on a
with a satisfactory score. previously funded CLEP exam. However, service
members may personally fund a retest after the
Please note that College-Level Examination Program®
specified wait period.
(CLEP®) exams are developed and evaluated
independently and aren’t linked to one another except If you have questions about your score report, a test
by the program’s common purpose, format, and method question, or any other aspect of a CLEP exam that your
of reporting results. For this reason, direct comparisons test center cannot answer, write to CLEP, P.O. Box 6600,
shouldn’t be made between CLEP exams in different Princeton, NJ 08541-6600 or email
subjects. CLEP scores aren’t comparable to SAT® clep@info.collegeboard.org.
scores or other test scores.
© 2019 College Board. College Board, CLEP, College-Level Examination Program, SAT, and the acorn logo are registered trademarks of
College Board. All other marks are the property of their respective owners. Visit College Board on the web: collegeboard.org.

CLEP® Credit-Granting Recommendations (Effective June 2019)
ACE Recommended Score* Semester Hours*
Business
Financial Accounting 50 3
Information Systems 50 3
Introductory Business Law 50 3
Principles of Management 50 3
Principles of Marketing 50 3
Composition and Literature
American Literature 50 3
Analyzing and Interpreting Literature 50 3
College Composition 50 6
College Composition Modular 50 3
English Literature 50 3
Humanities 50 3
World Languages**
French Language, Level 1 Proficiency 50 6
Level 2 Proficiency 59 9
German Language, Level 1 Proficiency 50 6
Spanish Language, Level 1 Proficiency 50 6
Spanish with Writing, Level 1 Proficiency 50 6
** A test taker’s proficiency level on the CLEP World Language exams is dependent on the test score; American Council on Education (ACE) recommends different
credit-granting scores and amounts of credits at Level 1 and Level 2 for each of the exam subjects.
History and Social Sciences

American Government 50 3
History of the United States I: Early Colonization to 1877 50 3
History of the United States II: 1865 to the Present 50 3
Human Growth and Development 50 3
Introduction to Educational Psychology 50 3
Introductory Psychology 50 3
Introductory Sociology 50 3
Principles of Macroeconomics 50 3
Principles of Microeconomics 50 3
Social Sciences and History 50 6
Western Civilization I: Ancient Near East to 1648 50 3
Western Civilization II: 1648 to the Present 50 3
Science and Mathematics
Biology 50 6
Calculus 50 4
Chemistry 50 6
College Algebra 50 3
College Mathematics 50 6
Natural Sciences 50 6
Precalculus 50 3
* The American Council on Education’s College Credit Recommendation Service (ACE CREDIT®) has evaluated CLEP processes and procedures for developing,
administering, and scoring the exams. The scores listed above are equivalent to a grade of C in the corresponding course. The American Council on Education,
the major coordinating body for all the nation’s higher education institutions, seeks to provide leadership and a unifying voice on key higher education issues
and to influence public policy through advocacy, research, and program initiatives. For more information, visit the ACE CREDIT website at acenet.edu/acecredit.
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x 2e x 9. Let f be the function defined by

(A) c is any real number.

8. A transport authority plans to construct a bridge 4 cos x = 9 sin x

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12. Let f be the function defined by f ( x) = - x . A(t ) = ke -0.001t, where k is a constant.

(a, 0.4) ℓ (A) 1

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23. What is the domain of the function

(E) (| k π - , k π + )| for all integers k

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year 2030 ? (E) tan 2 x sin 2 x

29. In the figure above, the circle has center O and

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Give your answer to the nearest foot.

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35. An experiment designed to measure the

39. Which of the following relations define y as a

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