MULTI-STOREY STEEL

STR UCTU R ES:

A Study on Performance Criteria

A Study by the ECCS Multi-Story

Buildings Committee into the
Deformations of Steel Structures due
to Gravity Loadings and Temperature
Effects

Published by
The British Constructional Steelwork Association Ltd.
92-96 Vauxhall Bridge Road, London SW1 V 2RL
Telephone 0 1 -834 171 3
 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

European Convention for Constructional Steelwork UDC 624.943.3

Multi-storey steel structures. - (Brown book series.) :624.014.2
1. Building, Iron and steel
2. Tall buildings - Design and construction ISBN 0 85073 016 3
3. Structural frames
I . Title. It. Series
693 '71 TH1611

ISBN 0-85073-016-3

Although care has been taken 'to ensure, to the best of our knowledge, that all data and
information contained herein is accurate to the extent that it relates to either matters of
fact or accepted practice or matters of opinion a t the time of publication, neither the
British Contructional Steelwork Association Ltd. nor the European Convention for
Constructional Steelwork assumes responsibility for any errors in or misinterpretations
of such data and/or information or any loss or damage arising from or related to its use.

This book i s one of a series of publications published by the BCSA to give practical
advice and guidance to all personnel engaged in working with structural steelwork in the
construction industry. For details of other publications see page 4.

Copy of the contents of this publication belongs to the European Convention for
Constructional Steelwork, AV. Louise 326-bte 52 8-1050 Brussels, Belgium. It may not
be copied in any form or stored in a retrieval system without the ECCS's permission.

1st Edition May 1984 %M

Printed by The Chameleon Press Limited, 5-25 Burr Road, London SW18 4SG

2
THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION FOR CONSTRUCTIONAL STEELWORK

The ECCS was founded in 1955. I t s members, one per country, are national associations active in the field of steel construc.
tion: European organisations can become full members, non-Europeanorganisations can become associate members and have
the right to vote on technical matters and to appoint members in all ECCS advisory and technical committees.
The present members are:
FULL MEMBERS Austria Luxemburg ASSOCIATE Japan
Belgium The Netherlands MEMBERS United States of America
Denmark Norway
Finland Spain
France Sweden
Germany (Federal Republic of) Switzerland
Great Britain Yugoslavia
Italy
The general aims of the ECCS are to:
- prepare recommendations and guidelines for the design and execution of steel structures in view of an international
.
harmonisation of standards and codes (Eurocodes, IS0 . .I;
- promote co-ordination and co-operation with other European and international organisations concerend with construction
standardisation and testing of materials;
- undertake research and investigations of international interest, prepare and publish practical resulsts and solutions which
are directly applicable by structuralsteel designers and fabricators and which lead to the development of the steel construc-
tion industry.

The ECCS achieves i t s aims mainly through the activites of committees whose members are appointed by the Convention
member countries, are experts in the professions, the research and academic world, government departments and the steel-
work industry.

The ECCS has 15 committees.1 Economic, 3 Advisory and 11 Technical Committees; for specific tasks committee chairmen
may create working groups and appoint their members.

For i t s technical activities, the ECCS has a t present the following Advisory - AC - and Technical -TC - Committees:
AC 1 - MULTI-STOREY BUILDINGS TC 5 - COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN & MANUFACTURING
AC 2 - INDUSTRIAL TYPE BUILDINGS TC6 - FATIGUE
AC3 - BRIDGES TC7 - COLD-FORMED THIN-WALLEDSHEETSTEEL
TC 1 - STRUCTURAL SAFETY TC 8 - STRUCTURAL STABILITY
TC2 - ALUMINIUMALLOYSTRUCTURES TC 10 - BOLTED AND WELDED CONNECTIONS
TC3 - FIRESAFETY TC 12 - WIND
TC4 - CORROSION TC 13 - SEISMIC BEHAVIOUR
In the field of building recommendations ECCS Committees are involved in activities concerning mainly structural safety,
fire safety, structural stability, bolted and welded connections, fatigue, actions, design in seismic areas, fabrication and
erection of steel and composite structures.

BRITISH CONSTRUCTIONAL STEELWORK ASSOCIATION LTD.

The British Constructional Steelwork Association Ltd. (BCSA) is the United Kingdom member of the ECCS. The BCSA is
the officially recognised Trade Association for companies engaged in the design, fabrication and erection of constructional
steelwork for all forms of industrial commercial and administrative use such as bridges, power stations, factory buildings,
warehouses, distribution centres, supermarkets, hospital and office buildings, port and airport buildings, car parks, plant
support structures, transmission and telecommunication towers, jetties etc.
The principal objectives of the Association are:-
- To promote the use of steel in construction and the interests of the constructional steelwork industry.
- To ensure that the capabilities and expertise of the constructional steelwork industry are widely understood by speci-
fiers, potential clients, contractors, educational establishments and the press.
- To assist specifiers and clients to achieve cost effective solutions to their construction needs through tehcnical excel-
lence.
- To represent the interests of Members to Government, Local Government, public bodies and professional institutions.
- To provide Members with professional advice and guidance in technical, commercial and contractual matters; and to
assist Members and others by publishing a range of technical publications and organising seminars and courses on im-
portant topics.
- To provide Members with opportunities to meet to enable them to exchanse views on matters of common interest.

The BCSA Members are active in both home and overseas markets. Together they comprise three-quarters of the output of
the UK constructional steelwork industry. In recent years most Members have invested heavily in modernising their work-
shop equipment and facilities, thereby considerably improving their productivity. Many also operate compute techniques in
design, estimating and production control. Members of the BCSA are efficient and competitive.

3
BCSA PUBL ICATlONS
No. Title No. Title
1I77 Prefabricated Floors for Steal Framed Buildings 12/84 Historical Structural Steelwork Handbook
Describes and illustrates a number of structural A review of the developments from the mid-19th
floors, usinq factory made comoonents, suitable century in the production of cast iron, wrought
for use in steel framed buildings. iron and steel sections together with the associated
2/78 Structural Steelwork Handbook changes in design, loading and stress requirements.
Lists the dimensions and properties of all structur- Guidance is given on the assessment of existing
al steel sections and dates on surface areas, fasten- structures. Includes tables of dimensions and pro-
ers, etc. Contains safe load tables and explanatory perties of UK and continental steel section rolled
notes on their use fo5 beams and columns in steel since 1887.
grades 43.50 and 55. Includes capacities for some 13/84 Multi-Storey Steel Framed Buildings
compound sections, cased stanchions, etc. (Pub- :Performance Criteria
lished jointed with CONSTRADO). A report setting out the considerations necessary
3/78 Structural Steelwork - Design of Components to accommodate the gravitational and temperature
Practical information and examples of the detailed deflections and deformations that occur naturally
design to BS 449 of structural steelwork members during the construction of multi-storey steel fram-
and connections. ed buildings.
(Prepared in conjunction with the ECCS)
4/78 Structural Fasteners and Their Application
Data on structural fasteners and basic information 14/84 Structural Steelwork -
An Evaluation of
on their application with design examples on de- Computer Programs
termining bolt sizes. A report evaluating a number of existing calcula-
tor, micro and mini computer programs for design,
5/79 Metric Practice for Structural Steelwork estimating and detailing of beam and column
(3rd Edition) structures. Recommendations are made programs
A guide to the preparation of steelwork drawings to the forthcoming BS5950, the successor to
giving all of the required basic detailing informa- BS449.
tion.
6/83 International Structural Steelwork Handbook
A summary of national steel specifications dimen-
sions and properties of sections and plates, and a
l i s t of design codes from over 30 countries.
7/80 Structural Steelwork .- Fabrication
A comprehensive guide to the modern techniques
of all aspects of fabrication from basic materials
to despatch from the works.
8/80 Holding Down systems for Steel Stanchions
Reviews the various types of holding down sy-
stems, considers the design, specifications and site
procedures involved and gives recommendations
on these aspects. (Published jointed with CON-
STRADO and the Concrete Society).
9/82 Manual on Connections
The design of bolted and welded connections re-
quired in beam and column frameworks incorpor-
ating the latest worldwide research on moment
connections with design examples, tables and
design guides.
10182 Steelwork Corrosion Protection Guide - Interior
Environments
Typical protective treatments are given for various
types of environments with guidance on the var-
ious aspects to be considered. (Published iointlv
with BSC, PRA and ZDA).
1 1/83 The Sections Book
A comprehensive book arranged in 10 separate
parts which provides in an easily accessible format
information vital to the design of structural steel-
work. Includes information on steels, sections,
plate girders, safe load tables, slab bases, design
formulae, fire protection, cladding, cranes, etc.
(Published jointly with BSC Sections)

4
FOREWORD

This publication presents the results of a study by Advisory Committee 1 "Multi-Storey Buildings" of the European Conven-
tion for Constructional Steelwork (ECCS). The purpose of the study was to provide the basic rules for the consistent and
systematic evaluation of the deformations which are likely to occur in a building.
The results are presented in the form of Recommendations (on the right hand pages) and Commentary (on the left hand
pages.)

5
Preface
Introduction

1. Basic principles
1.1 The causes of deformations
1.2 Technical scope of the content of this study
1.3 The phases of life in a building
1.4 Tolerances and deformations
1 . 5 Theoretical form and specified form of a building
1.6 Construction condition
1.7 Preforming of building members
1.8 Determination and limitation of deformation
1 . 8 1 Limitation of deformation to maintain the struc-
tural stability of the building
1.82 Limitation of deformation to avoid building damage
to non-load-carrying members, and to avoid prob-
lems with the compatibility of finishings and
services
1.83 Limitation of deformation with regard to building
use

2. Gravity forces and temperature

2.1 Deformations as a result of the force of gravity
2.11 Constant deformations
2 . 1 2 Variable deformations
2.13 Elastic and plastic deformations
2.14 Static and dynamic deformations
2.2 Deformations caused by temperature changes
2.21 Temperature occurring
2.22 Constraint tension or joints
2.23 Temperatures during the manufacture of building
members
2.24 Temperatures during the construction period
2.25 Temperatures during use

6
3. Deformation of the supporting structure during erection
3.1 The loadbearing components
3.2 Deformations in the vertical loadbearing structure
3.21 Longitudinal deformation in steel columns
3.22 Interaction of steel columns and concrete walls
3.23 Erection of suspended buildings
3.3 Deformations in the roof and floor slab supporting frame-
work
3.4 Deformation of vertical bracing systems
3.5 Joints in buildings
3.51 Types of joints
3.52 Expansion joints
3.53 Settlement joints
4. Conditions of compatibility with finishing and services
4.1 Screed work
4.2 Horizontal installations
4.21 Sewage and run-off lines
4.22 Service ducts in screed
4.3 Partition walls
4.31 Influence of floor deflection
4.32 Prefabricated partition walls
4.33 Rigid partition walls
4.4 Outside walls
4.41 Deformation phenomena of the outside wall
4.42 Deformation of the building
4.43 Deformation of the outside wall
4.44 Superposition of the deformations
4 . 4 5 Compensation for deformation and tolerance
5. Utilization requirements
5.1 Deflection of roofs and unroofed floor areas
5.11 Sloping roofs and unroofed floor areas
5.12 Flat roofs and floor areas
5.2 Deflection of floor slabs
5.21 Compatlbility with finishings and services
5.22 Maximum deflection and maximum slope of the
floors
5.23
5.3 Vibration of floor slabs
5.31 The cause of vibrations
5.32 Limitation of vibrations
5.33
7
PREFACE
T h i s study is intended for t h e p l a n n e r ' s use i n
t h e o r y and p r a c t i c e . Its purpose i s t o demonstrate
i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p s and t o a i d i n t h e a v o i d a n c e of
planning mistakes. It is not intended t o play t h e
r o l e of a s t a n d a r d o r r e g u l a t i o n . F o r t h i s r e a s o n ,
as w e l l , no s p e c i f i c i n d i c a t i o n of f i g u r e s i s made
i n t h i s c o n t e x t . Such a n e x a c t n u m e r i c a l i n d i c a t i o n
m u s t be made by t h e planner-and only then i f t h e
s i t u a t i o n so r e q u i r e d s , and i f s u c h i n d i c a t i o n c a n
i n f a c t be s e n s i b l y made. The d e t e r m i n a t i o n of
d e f o r m a t i o n s i n a c t u a l s t r u c t u r e s i s a l e g a l pro-
c e d u r e u n d e r t a k e n f o r d e m a r c a t i o n of l e g a l r e s p o n s i -
bilities.

The t r e n d of d e v e l o p m e n t i n s t r u c t u r a l e n g i n e e r i n g
i s o n e l e a d i n g t o a c o n t i n u o u s r e d u c t i o n i n t h e amount
o f b u i l d i n g m a t e r i a l s employed. T h i s development h a s
b e e n made p o s s i b l e by t h e u s e of c o n s t r u c t i o n materials
o f h i g h e r q u a l i t y , more r i g o r o u s c a l c u l a t i o n methods,
improved t e c h n o l o g i c a l p r o c e s s i n g s k i l l s , a n d o t h e r
a d v a n c e s made i n t h e f i e l d of b u i l d i n g m a t e r i a l s .

T h i s t r e n d toward t h e u s e of less and less m a t e r i a l

i n t h e s o l u t i o n of a s t r u c t u r a l e n g i n e e r i n g problem
m u s t a l w a y s be s u b j e c t t o t h e s t i p u l a t i o n t h a t a
s o l u t i o n of t e c h n i c a l l y e q u i v a l e n t v a l u e s h a l l be
found. I n j u s t such a c o n t e x t of reduced material
u s e , t h e r e f o r e , a t t e n t i o n p a i d t o s t r u c t u r a l deforma-
t i o n s becomes more and more i m p o r t a n t .

Wherever t w o b u i l d i n g e l e m e n t s a d j o i n , a j o i n t i s
formed. The f o l l o w i n g basic s t i p u l a t i o n s are o f t h e
utmost importance:

0 t h a t e i t h e r t h e deformations of t h e t w o a d j o i n i n g
b u i l d i n g u n i t s can produce t h e i r r e s u l t i n g e f f e c t s
i n t h e j o i n t f r e e l y and w i t h o u t a l l c o n s t r a i n t ; or

t h a t c o n n e c t i o n s do i n f a c t e x i s t w h i c h p r o v i d e

8
 r e l i a b l e t r a n s f e r and s a f e d i v e r s i o n of t h e forces
of c o n s t r a i n t r e s u l t i n g from t h e d i f f e r i n g deforma-
t i o n processes; or

e t h a t the constraint s t r e s s ' o c c u r r i n g during use

through f r i c t i o n , random bonding, and t h e l i k e
is accommodated t o such a n e x t e n t t h a t no damag-
i n g d e f o r m a t i o n s can o c c u r .

T h e above basic r u l e a p p l i e s b o t h t o j o i n t s between

p a r t s of b u i l d i n g s a s w e l l as t o j o i n t s between b u i l d -
i n g elements. F a i l u r e t o observe t h e above r u l e s i s
a f r e q u e n t c a u s e of s t r u c t u r a l damage.

9
I NTRODUCTI ON

The deformations occurring in buildings and in their

structural components are a necessary physical conse-
quence of the influence of many and varied factors dur-
ing the lifetime of a structure. It is usual, as a
rule, within the context of structural engineering cal-
culations, to take deformations into account-inso-
far as they influence the structural stability of
a building. Despite this fact, it is often the case
that the further effect of deformations on interior
finishings and services, or on the functional effec-
tiveness of a building member or of the building as a
whole, is unfortunately neglected.

With the increasing use of prefabricated elements in

multi-storey construction-a special characteristic
of multi-storey steel structures-it will be neces-
sary to come to terms with a more exact formulation
of the edge conditions at the junctions between the
elements, and between parts of buildings and con-
structional elements.

The above can be achieved by means of the stipulation

of tolerances. Tolerances, however, can he measured
only if the deformation state is defined in advance
for the prefabricated units in question.

It is the purpose of this study to provide basic rules

for the consistent and systematic taking into account
of all deformations in a building. These rules shall
concern the following:

the safety of the building:

avoidance of damage to non-load-transferring parts
of the building;
the compatibility of prefabricated building members;
prevention as well of any reduction in the functional

10
 effectiveness and/or damage to the appearance of a
building or of its individual parts.

A numerical limitation of deformations should take

place only if such is required by one of the above
four items. Deformation caused by permanent effects
can be compensated for or consciously taken into
account by prestraining. Limitation of deformations,
therefore, can be restricted to the effects of tran-
sient influences.

11
1.1 (commentary):

Deformations in building components result from changes

in form or in volume of the building materials. Defor-
mations in buildings a l s o result from displacement of
the point of intersection of the axes of the components.

Changes in form:
Loads create changes in form in the structural mem-
bers. The inverse of this statement is also true:
that no transmission of loads is possible without a
deformation of the members to which loading is applied.

Changes in volume:
Volume changes in building materials result from the
following:

0 temperature changes, or
shrinkage of constructional material as a result of
chemical processes, or
changes in the moisture content.

Volumetric changes which are restricted in their

action create inner constraint forces which, in turn,
result in changes in form. Forces of constraint from
volumetric changes for the most part result in slight
stress increases in the case of close tolerance
structural steel frames; in contrast, however, these
forces can be of significant influence in the case of
large structural concrete members.

Displacement:
Deformation of building components can lead to dis-
placement of the points of intersection of the axes
of the components, which can thereby influence the
safety of the building.

12
1, BASIC PRINCIPLES
1.1 The causes of deformations

Buildings or building components experience deforma-

tion as a result of the effects of loads from the
following:
the force of gravity
wind
earthquake
earth pressure
movement in masses or in the vicinity of the
buildings.

The following influences can also cause deformation:

temperature changes
shrinkage and creep of concrete
settlement of supports, etc.

1.2 Technical scope of the content of this study

This study concerns the deformation of steel struc-

tures, primarily in single and multi-storey build-
ings, which are the result of the following:

the force of gravity

0 differences in temperature
shrinkage and creep.

The effects of wind and earthquake will not be treated

in this study.

In the case of the influences of movement in masses,

special cases such as bells, improperly aligned machines,
railways outside buildings, and the like, will not be

13
 considered here.

The effects of earth pressure and settlement of supports

will be considered in this part only with regard to the
arrangement of building joints.

1.3 The phases of life of a building

When considering the deformations occurring in a build-

ing, one must differentiate between the construction
phase and the utilization phase.

During the construction phase, gravitational deformations

occur in accordance with the progress of construction
and successively increase as a rule with the application
of permanent loads. Temperature deformations can be sig-
nificantly greater here than in the utilization phase,
insofar as inner build'ing components are exposed to the
atmosphere. The same also applies to later struc-
tural alterations.

Upon completion, the building and its parts should as a

rule demonstrate the specified form at a determined
temperature.

Time-dependent inherent stresses (such as-those caused

by shrinkage and creep of concrete) can have the result
that this specific form is achieved only much later.

During the utilization phase, the gravitational deforma-

tions are caused by live loads. Deformatibns due to tem-
perature differences are a function of the outside and
inside temperatures of the building.

1.4 Tolerances and deformations

This study does not concern tolerances in the building

components and in the overall structure.

Previous page
15 is blank
1.5 (commentary)
:,

If, for example, a partition wall is installed on an inter-

mediate floor slab after the screed finish has been laid,
and if the screed surface must be horizontal after the
screed is finished, then the screed must be provided
with a camber when it is laid down. From the practical
constructional standpoint, however, this is as a rule
P
not feasible.

If, for example, it is stipulated that the instal-

lation of a heavy partition wall must be possible at
every window axis, to enable flexibility in the arrange-
ment of floor space, then this can be achieved from the
structural engineering side by choosing floor beams with
sufficient reserve supporting capacity along all axes.
In the deformation diagram of the floor slab, however,
the beams actually loaded with a wall will of course
sink deeper than the unloaded beams. This situation
prevents the floor slab from being level at the time
when the building is put into use (see Fig. la).
16
 The f o l l o w i n g a p p l i e s t o t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p between
t o l e r a n c e s and d e f o r m a t i o n :

T o l e r a n c e s f o r i n d i v i d u a l b u i l d i n g components serve t o
s t i p u l a t e e x a c t n e s s i n t h e p r o d u c t i o n of prefabricated
u n i t s . T h e s e t o l e r a n c e s a r e d e t e r m i n e d by measurement
of u n l o a d e d b u i l d i n g e l e m e n t s , w i t h c o n s i d e r a t i o n t a k e n
of t h e t e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e t i m e .

T o l e r a n c e s f o r t h e b u i l d i n g s t r u c t u r e as a whole serve
t o r e s t r i c t t h e d i m e n s i o n a l d e v i a t i o n s of t h e s t r u c -
t u r e and are measured o n t h e f i n i s h e d b u i l d i n g .
They r e p r e s e n t the p e r m i t t e d d e v i a t i o n s i n d i m e n s i o n s
from t h e s p e c i f i e d form of t h e a c t u a l l y e x e c u t e d
building structure.

.1.5 T h e o r e t i c a l form and 'specified form of a b u i l d i n g

The t h e o r e t i c a t f o r m of a b u i l d i n g i s s e t f o r t h i n t h e
d e s i g n d r a w i n g s . As a r u l e , t h e y s t i p u l a t e l e v e l i n t e r -
mediate f l o o r s l a b s and l i n e a r s l o p i n g roof and terrace
areas.

I n m o s t cases, t h e t h e o r e t i c a l form i s o n e of t h e follow-

ing:

n o t f e a s i b l e f r o m t h e s t a n d p o i n t of t h e p r o d u c t i o n
technique available;

feasible only with u n r e a l i s t i c expenditure;

n o t attempted f o r s p e c i a l r e a s o n s .

For p u r p o s e s of e x e c u t i o n of a b u i l d i n g , t h e r e f o r e ,
d e v i a t i o n i s allowed from t h e t h e o r e t i c a l form i n
s t i p u l a t i n g t h e s p e c i f i e d form. The p e r m i t t e d toler-
a n c e s are w i t h r e f e r e n c e t o t h i s form, as a r e t h e l o a d i n g
and t e m p e r a t u r e c o n d i t i o n s a t w h i c h t h e y m u s t be main-
tained.

17
 If a l e v e l c o n d i t i o n is r e q u i r e d a t t h e f i r s t s t a g e ,
. t h e n t h e beam o n w h i c h t h e w a l l rests i n i t s f i r s t posi-
t i o n w o u l d h a v e t o h a v e a g r e a t e r camber t h a n t h e o t h e r s .
If t h e w a l l were t r a n s f e r r e d ,
t h e beam t h e n c a r r y i n g
t h e w a l l would h a v e a g r e a t e r d e f l e c t i o n t h a n t h e
o t h e r s (see F i g . lb).

.A

Fig. la Fig. lb

1.6 (commentary) :

As a rule, t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n of facade e l e m e n t s b e g i n s
before t h e l a y i n g of a h e a v y screed a n d e m p l a c e m e n t of
heavy p a r t i t i o n w a l l s . The f a c a d e i s s e c u r e d t o t h e
e d g e s o f t h e f l o o r s l a b s . Under l o a d s a p p l i e d l a t e r
a n d a c c o r d i n g t o a p r i o r p l a n , these f l o o r s l a b s
w i l l d e f l e c t to a precalculated degree. T h e facade,
t h e r e f o r e , m u s t be i n s t a l l e d i n s u c h a way t h a t it h a s
i t s s p e c i f i e d f o r m a f t e r d e f o r m a t i o n of t h e f l o o r slab-
o r , i t m u s t be r e a d j u s t e d . I n t h e f i r s t case, t h e j o i n t s
b e t w e e n t h e f a c a d e e l e m e n t s m u s t a l l o w f o r these d e f o r -
m a t i o n s ; i n t h e s e c o n d , there m u s t be e n o u g h l e e w a y t o
permit adjustment. I n b o t h cases, however, t h e f a c a d e
e r e c t o r s m u s t know, e v e n p r i o r t o d e s i g n i n g t h e f a c a d e
elements themselves, exactly what kind of i n s t a l l a t i o n
c o n d i t i o n s t h e y must expect.

I n t h i s c o n t e x t , one must r e a l i z e t h a t t h e cambering

of beams s u b j e c t e d t o b e n d i n g means a n a d d i t i o n a l manu-
f a c t u r i n g stage-one t h a t means a d d i t i o n a l e x p e n s e a s
well.

18
1.5 (continued)

T h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e t h e o r e t i c a l form and t h e
s p e c i f i e d form i s n o t c o v e r e d b y t h e t o l e r a n c e s . Toler-
ances cover undesired i n e x a c t n e s s i n t h e manufactur-
i n g or p r o c e s s i n g o f t h e p r e f a b r i c a t e d u n i t s . The
d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e o r e t i c a l a n d s p e c i f i e d f o r m s is-
o n the other hand-the i n t e n t i o n a l accommodation o f
d e v i a t i o n s r e s u l t i n g from d e f o r m a t i o n .

The s p e c i f i e d f o r m o f a b u i l d i n g i s r e a c h e d o n l y a f t e r
e x a c t l y d e f i n e d l o a d c o n d i t i o n s have been a p p l i e d (as a
r u l e , a f t e r a p p l i c a t i o n of p e r m a n e n t l o a d s ) , a f t e r par-
t i c u l a r t e m p e r a t u r e c o n d i t i o n s a r e r e a c h e d , and a f t e r
t h e achieving o f time-dependent, permanent deforma-
tions.

1.6 Construction condition

I f , during the progress of c o n s t r u c t i o n , f u r t h e r

b u i l d i n g w o r k i s carried o u t , o r f i n i s h i n g e l e m e n t s
a r e i n s t a l l e d , a t a p o i n t i n t i m e when t h e s u p p o r t i n g
s t r u c t u r e h a s n o t y e t reached i t s s p e c i f i e d f o r m ,
t h e n i t c a n become n e c e s s a r y - t o e n s u r e p r o p e r pre-
p a r a t i o n and c o m p l e t i o n o f s u c h f u r t h e r - w o r k - t o .
s t i p u l a t e n o t o n l y t h e l a t e r s p e c i f i e d form o f t h e
building, b u t also t h e f o r m of t h e supporting s t r u c t u r e
i n t h a t c o n s t r u c t i o n c o n d i t i o n , i n which such f u r t h e r
work m u s t be p e r f o r m e d .

I n t h e d e s i g n of s u c h f u r t h e r w o r k , o r o f t h e i n s t a l l a -
t i o n of s u c h f i n i s h i n g e l e m e n t s , i t m u s t be a p p r e c i a t e d
t h a t t h e s u p p o r t i n g s t r u c t u r e c o n t i n u e s t o be deformed-
from t h e b e g i n n i n g o f s u c h f u r t h e r w o r k o r t h e i n s t a l l a - .
t i o n o f such e l e m e n t s , up t o t h e a t t a i n m e n t o f t h e
s p e c i f i e d form u n d e r p e r m a n e n t l o a d s and d u r i n g u t i l i z a -
t i o n of t h e b u i l d i n g u n d e r t h e l i v e l o a d s i n v o l v e d .

19
1.7 Preforming of building members

To achieve the specified form of a building, it can

become necessary, or most effective, to provide indi-
vidual building members of the supporting structure
with such a form that the effects of permanent loads
are eliminated. Supporting structural elements
which are primarily loaded by normal forces (columns,
tension members, components in trusses, etc.) are
manufactured shorter or longer in accordance with
the degree of their permanent deformation. Beams
subjected to bending can be provided with a camber
as compensation for the permanent deflection; i.e.,
that they are curved in a direction opposite to their
later loading to achieve a straight line after apply-
ing the permanent load.

1.8 Determination and limitation of deformation

Deformations must be limited in the following cases:

if the safety of the building is in danger; or

if building damage is feared for non-load-carrying
building members.

Insofar as deformations have an effect on the compati-

bility of.prefabricated building components and/or
on the utilization of the same, these deformations'
should be appropriately limited as dictated by the
desired end.

Furthermore, esthetic considerations can be a reason to

limit deformations.

1.81 Limitation of deformation to maintain the structural

stability of the building

Deformations must be fully taken into account in per-

formance of the stability check calculations in the
event that they result in a change in the distribution
of loads. They must.of course be limited if the struc-
tural stability of the building is thereby endangered.
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21
1.82 (commentary):

Clause 1 , Sub-clause 1:

In each individual case, it is best to check the follow-

ing to determine whether lower overall costs can be
achieved (optimization calculations):

adaption of the carcassing to the calculated

deformation of the load-bearing structure; and
limitation of the deformation of the load-carry-
ing structure.
For example: cracks in brick partition walls.

Optimization calculations must be performed to reveal

whether a more rigid floor slab supporting structure,
or breakdown of a brick wall into narrow elements with
elastic intermediate joints, will result in lower over-
all costs.

The horizontal expansion of a flat roof slab as a

result of solar radiation can have effects such as
cracks in partition walls. Where the thermal insula-
tion of the roof is significant, a sliding partition
junction can be recommended.

Clause 1 . Sub-clause 2:
For example: determination of the required screed dimen-
sions in cases where the compensation of floor slab bend-
ing under the screed weight requires more screed material.
Optimization calculations can determine whether cambering
of the floor slab beam, or the use of more screed, will
result in lower costs.

Clause 1, Sub-clause 3 :

For example, for prefabricated wall elements (see the

example for 1 . 6 ) .

Clause 1, Sub-clause 4 :

For example: in the case of roof areas and surface

water drainage.
22
1.82 Limitation of deformation to avoid building damage to
non-load-carring members, and to avoid problems with
the compatibility of finishings and services

The following factors necessitate that calculations

should be made to determine what deformation of the
supporting structure can be expected, or -that such
deformation be limited once determined:

the avoidance of subsequent building damage;

0 demarcation of the services performed by the indi-
vidual building trades;
0 determination of joint play;
determination of slope to ensure functional effective-
ness.

1.83 Limitation of deformation with regard to building use

Differentiation must be made between the effects of

static deformation and the effects of vibrations.

The static deformations in the utilization phase are

composed of the following:

the permitted deformations from permanent loads

(deviation of the specified form from the theoretical
form); and
0 the deformations from the actually occurring part of
the live loads.

Static deformations which are not compatible with the

building use can be avoided by the following:

increasing the preforming of the supporting struc-

ture; or
selection of more rigid supporting elements.

To reduce or avoid vibration, limitation of the natural

frequency of vibrating building members can become neces-
sary.

23
2.11 (commentary) :

I n some b u i l d i n g r e g u l a t i o n s , l i g h t p a r t i t i o n w a l l s a r e
n o t c o n s i d e r e d u n d e r p e r m a n e n t l o a d s . On t h e o t h e r h a n d ,
some " v a r i a b l e " l o a d s ( a s t h e y a r e c l a s s i f i e d i n b u i l d -
i n g r e g u l a t i o n s ) must a c t u a l l y b e c o n s i d e r e d permanent:
e.g., f u r n i s h i n g s w h i c h a r e n o t moved, l i b r a r i e s , and
the like. I n many cases, o n e c o u l d b e s t c o n s i d e r d e f o r -
m a t i o n s c a u s e d by t h e l a t t e r t o be p e r m a n e n t .

2.12 (commentary) :

F o r p u r p o s e s of e n s u r i n g b u i l d i n g s t a b i l i t y , t h e s u p e r -
imposed l o a d s p r e s c r i b e d i n b u i l d i n g r e g u l a t i o n s a r e
u s u a l l y t w o or t h r e e t i m e s t h e r e g u l a r l y o c c u r r i n g
variable loads. I n taking i n t o account t h e i n f l u e n c e
of v a r i a b l e d e f o r m a t i o n s o n f i n i s h i n g s and s e r v i c e s ,
i t i s j u s t i f i a b l e i n many cases t o assume f r o m o n e -
t h i r d t o one-half o f t h e d e f o r m a t i o n s c a l c u l a t e d from
t h e f u l l s u p e r i m p o s e d loads.

24
2, GRAVITY FORCESAND TEMPERATURE

2.1 Deformations as a result of gravity forces

Differentiation must be made between the three follow-

ing types of deformation:

0 c o n s t a n t or v a r i a b Z e deformations;
0 e l a s t i c or p Z a s t i c deformations: and
0 s t a t i c or dynamic deformations.

2.11 Constant deformations

These deformations are caused by the permanent building
loads: loads which are stipulated in the various
government building regulations. These deformations
can be compensated for by preforming, or they can be
intentionally accepted in the building planning (the
difference between the theoretical and specified build-
ing form).

2.12 Variable deformations

These deformations are.caused by variable superimposed
loads. Only these deformations are to be taken into
account in the event that limitation becomes necessary.

25
2.14 (commentary):

Rhythmically repeated loads can cause vibrations of

building components, structural parts, or the entire
building. Such phenomena include vibrations caused by
walking across floor slabs, wind blowing against high-
rise buildings, etc.

26
2.13 Elastic and plastic deformations
Deformations are elastic if the building parts resume
their original form after removal of the load. They are
plastic if they remain deformed after load removal.

2.14 Static and dynamic deformations

Slowly applied loads result in static deformations;
quickly applied loads have dynamic effects. Such loads
can result in vibrations.if the frequency of the vibra-
tion source load is near the natural frequency of the
loaded structural member (i.e., approx. 2 30%).

2.2 Deformations caused by temperature changes

OC -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 60 80

A i r temperature i n t h e open air:
Additional temperature OS s t r u c t u r -
s t e e l components i n d i r e c t s u n l i g h t :
I I I -- i

Production temperature of b u i l d i n g compo-

nents:
Erection temperature of s t r u c t u r a l s t e e l v o r k :
Casting temperature of i n - s i t u concrete components:
Air temperature i n unheated b u i l d i n g condition:
Additional temperature i n d i r e c t s u n l i g h t :

I - I
Calculation temperature:
Temperature Of t h e floor s l a b s when i n use:
Temperature of t h e roof s l a b , according t o t h e
insulation:
Temperature of i n s u l a t e d e x t e r n a l columns:
I :=.: ,+
Temperature of unclad e x t e r n a l columns:

TABLE 1

2.21 Temperatures occurring

The influence of temperature changes depends on the
temperatures actually occurring. Some building compo-
nents, especially when they are painted dark, can reach
temperatures of up.to + 8OoC. See Table 1 for a summary
of temperatures which occur in construction work in
Central European regions.

27
2.25 (commentary):

I n t h e case o f c o l u m n s w i t h c l a d d i n g , i . e . , c o l u m n s n o t
i n s i d e h e a t e d b u i l d i n g s , a l l o w a n c e m u s t be made f o r t h e
f a c t t h a t t h e cladding has an i n s u l a t i n g e f f e c t a g a i n s t
t h e d i r e c t r a y s o f t h e sun and t h e r e f o r e r e s u l t s i n a
phase s h i f t of temperatures encounted t h e r e i n . Such
c l a d d i n g , h o w e v e r , has n o s u c h e f f e c t d u r i n g w i n t e r
o v e r l o n g p e r i o d s o f cold w e a t h e r .

28
2.22 Constraint tension or joints
Deformations as a result of temperature changes create
constraint stresses, or necessitate the provision of
joints between structural members and other building
components. The correct arrangement and width of the
joints is essential in the prevention of damage to the
building. See Clause 3.5 for the arrangement of
structural joints.

2.23 Temperatures during the manufacture of building members

In moderate climates, one can assume that building
components which were manufactured in closed workshops
will assume their nominal dimensions at a calculation
temperature of + IO'C.

2.24 Temperatures during the construction period

Great variations in temperature are encountered during
the construction period for all building components.
The unheated, unfinished building shell-exposed as it
is to the outside air-assumes all outside temperatures
and changes encountered in the ambient air. Building
parts exposed to direct solar radiation can be much hotter.
As soon as the building shell has been hermetically
sealed, only slight temperature variations can be expec-
ted.

2.25 Temperatures during use

During use, greater temperature differences are en-
countered, especially between the building components
exposed to the outside air, and the interior of the
building.
Inside the building, temperatures can vary between
15 and 2 S o C , and can sink lower should the heating s y s -

tem break down. Somewhat greater fluctuations-

depending on the insulation-can be encountered in
the case of the supporting elements of flat roofs.

29
3.21 (commentary) :

I n cases of e x t r e m e c o m b i n a t i o n s o f l o a d i n g c o n d i t i o n s
and t e m p e r a t u r e f l u c t u a t i o n s , t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l c h a n g e s
i n l e n g t h o f e x t e r i o r columns w i t h o u t c l a d d i n g c a n
amount t o + 3 ... - 6
mm per s t o r e y . The f i g u r e s f o r
i n t e r i o r columns a r e + 2 ...
- 4 nun.

3.22 (commentary) :

I n a b u i l d i n g 100 m h i g h , t h e stresses from permanent

l o a d s c a n be as f o l l o w s :

i n s t e e l columns: aCOIUUIl = 1 4 0 N/mm2

i n c o n c r e t e s e r v i c e cores: = 4 N/mm2
%ore

The s t e e l columns a r e e x c l u s i v e l y d e s i g n e d t o t r a n s m i t
v e r t i c a l l o a d s ; t h e c o n c r e t e service cores, p r e d o m i n a n t l y
to transmit horizontal loads.

The permanent d e f o r m a t i o n s are a s f o l l o w s :

a t t h e t o p of t h e s t e e l column: = 67 mm
Ast

a t t h e t o p o f t h e c o n c r e t e core,
f o r Eb = 35,000 N/mm2 ‘4, = 1 1 mm

T h e d e f o r m a t i o n d i f f e r e n c e of AA = 56 mm
must be t a k e n i n t o a c c o u n t i n t h e e v e n t .
t h a t i n i t i a l l y only t h e steel s k e l e t o n is completely
e r e c t e d , and o n l y t h e n t h e f l o o r l o a d s and o t h e r f i n i s h -
i n g and s e r v i c e l o a d s a r e a p p l i e d (see F i g . 2).

FIG, 2

30
3, DEFORMATION OF THE SUPPORTING STRUCTURE DURING ERECTION

3.1 The l o a d b e a r i n g components

The f o l l o w i n g breakdown i n t h e l o a d b e a r i n g s y s t e m h a s
b e e n assumed i n t h e c o n t e x t of t h i s s t u d y :

The v e r t i c a l l o a d b e a r i n g s t r u c t u r e c o l l e c t s g r a v i t y
forces and t r a n s m i t s them i n c l u s t e r f o r m into t h e
e a r t h (columns, w a l l s , etc.)

0 The members s u p p o r t i n g t h e roof and f l o o r s l a b t r a n s -

f e r t h e g r a v i t y f o r c e s a c t i n g upon them t o t h e e l e m e n t s
of t h e v e r t i c a l loadbearing structure.

0 The v e r t i c a l b r a c i n g members t r a n s f e r t h e h o r i z o n t a l
f o r c e s t o t h e ground.

0 The h o r i z o n t a l b r a c i n g members a b s o r b t h e h o r i z o n t a l
l o a d s and t r a n s f e r t h e m t o t h e v e r t i c a l b r a c i n g e l e -
ments.

3.2 Deformations i n t h e v e r t i c a l loadbearing s t r u c t u r e

3.21 L o n g i t u d i n a l d e f o r m a t i o n i n s t e e l columns
The l o n g i t u d i n a l c h a n g e s i n s t e e l column l e n g t h are s l i g h t
and r e q u i r e compensatory m e a s u r e s o n l y i n e x t r e m e cases.

3.22 I n t e r a c t i o n of s t e e l columns and concrete w a l l s

The l o n g i t u d i n a l c h a n g e s i n t h e l e n g t h o f c o n c r e t e w a l l s
and s e r v i c e cores which a r e u s e d t o t r a n s m i t v e r t i c a l
loads a r e u s u a l l y much l e s s t h a n t h e c h a n g e s i n s t e e l
columns. I n t h e case of t a l l b u i l d i n g s , t h e r e f o r e , t h i s
d i f f e r e n c e i n s h o r t e n i n g f o r t h e t w o types of supporting'
e l e m e n t s must be c o n s i d e r e d . On t h e o t h e r h a n d ,
s h r i n k a g e and c r e e p of t h e c o n c r e t e w a l l s m u s t be t a k e n
into consideration.

31
 I

3.23 (commentary) :

I n t h e case of a s u s p e n d e d b u i l d i n g , t h e same s i t u a -
t i o n as i n t h e a b o v e example would r e s u l t i n m u t u a l
displacement of t h e suspenders with r e s p e c t to t h e
c o n c r e t e core a t t h e l e v e l of t h e l o w e s t s t o r e y , of
t h e following:

= 67 mn

4, = 11nTn

= 78 mm
hc

Ast
FIG, 3
3.3 (commentary) :
D i s p l a c e m e n t s i n beams w i t h p a r a l l e l f l a n g e s a r e as
follows:

f
FIG, 4

32
3.23 E r e c t i o n of suspended b u i l d i n g s

I n t h e c a s e of suspended b u i l d i n g s and s i m i l a r
s t r u c t u r e s , a t t e n t i o n must b e p a i d t o t h e f a c t t h a t t h e
deformations a r e cumulative i n nature for t h e support-
i n g members d e s i g n e d for t e n s i o n and for compression.

33
3.3 (commentary):
T h e f o l l o w i n g e q u a t i o n e x p r e s s e s t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p s among t h e
deflection ratio { , h
t h e beam d e p t h / s p a n r a t i o 7 I and
t h e e d g e stress U f o r t h e case o f a u n i f o r m l y l o a d e d
beam r e s t i n g o n t w o s u p p o r t s :

f = 0 1 10-6
( i n N/RUTI?).
I

T h e f o l l o w i n g e q u a t i o n a p p l i e s t o a c o m p o s i t e beam
(see F i g 6 ) :

f 21
U 10-6
I e
U

FIG, 6
For b o t h cases o f beams o n two s u p p o r t s ( F i g . 4 ) and o f
f i x e d - e n d o r c o n t i n u o u s beams ( F i g . S ) , t h e g r e a t e s t
t a n g e n t i a l a n g l e o f s l o p e i s g i v e n as a f u n c t i o n of t h e
maximum d e f l e c t i o n f a s f o l l o w s :

t a n a = 3.2 5
T h i s a n g l e i s found a t t h e s u p p o r t s f o r simply-sup-
p o r t e d beams, a t 0 . 2 o f t h e s p a n f o r f i x e d - e n d beams,
and a t a p p r o x . 0 . 1 o f t h e s p a n f o r c o n t i n u o u s beams.

Camber f o r beams
I n most cases, camber i s n o t p r o v i d e d f o r beams w i t h
short spans. I n t h e case o f s t e e l beams of c o n s i d e r a b l e
span, f a b r i c a t i o n techniques d i c t a t e t h a t t h e g i r d e r s
a r e " c r i m p e d " o n c e ( b ) o r twice ( c ) r a t h e r t h a n s m o o t h l y
arched ( a ) . See Fig. 7.

FIG, 7
3.3 Deformations in the roof and floor slab supporting
framework

The significant factors here are the maximum deflection

and/or the maximum tangential angle of slope to the
horizontal.

In the case of grid frameworks which consist of main

beams and secondary floor beams, the required camber
is determined by adding the camber of both beams (see
Fig. 8 ) .

f = fl +- f 2

FIG. 8

35
3.4 Deformation of vertical bracinu svstems

As a result of the shortening of the vertical supporting

members, the stiffening elements (vertical bracing,
shear walls, etc.) are subjected to constraints.
This can be accommodated in structural design by allotting
a lesser allowable load than is usual for the diagonals
of the vertical bracing.

The influence of temperature fluctuations must be taken

into consideration, especially if the supporting struc-
tures are extremely rigid. This will result in con-
siderable constraint forces.

Flexible diagonal members (e.g., steel flats, rods,

cables, etc.) belonging to vertical bracing systems
and acting only as tension members, must be permanently
connected to the supporting structure only after all
permanent loads have been applied. They must be pre-
stressed to take account of the effect of the live
loads to be expected-if not, they will become slack
under vertical loads and will not function as bracing
against horizontal loads until considerable deformation
has taken place.

Vertical bracing members should be arranged at the point

of greatest temperature fluctuation (see Fig. 9a):

FIG, 9~
If several bracing systems are arranged in one plane,
considerable constraint forces will occur as a result
of temperature fluctuations in the floor slabs-espe-
cially in the construction phase (see Fig. 9b). To alle-

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37
 viate this problem, it is recommended that one of the
two bracing systems (see Fig. 9b) should not be completed
until after the building has been enclosed with cladding.

F I G , QB
3.5 Joints in buildings

3.51 Types of joints

Joints between supporting structures and structural

members enable relative movements without constraint
between the building components. Joints divide the
building components by means of vertical planes. The
following differentiation must be made:

joints to compensate for length changes in floor

slabs and roofs as a result of.temperature fluctua-
tions, including fire (expansion joints);

joints to enable vertical displacement of the build-

ing components with respect to each other, as a
result of support settlement (settlement joints).

The movements mentioned above occur during the con-

struction phase and/or during the use of the build-
ing. Joints, however, disturb the homogeneity of the
supporting structure and.occasion additional costs.
The spacing of the joints should be as great as possible.

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39
3.524 (commentary):

First paragraph:
It,can be assumed that joints are spaced at 30... 50
meter intervals.

3.524 (commentary):

Second paragraph:

The intervals between expansion joints can be up to

100 meters, insofar as this is allowed by the trans-
fer of horizontal forces which occur as a result of a
raking support configuration for the columns.

40
3.52 Expansion j o i n t s

3.521 T h e s p a c i n g o f j o i n t s must b e a r r a n g e d i n such a

manner t h a t e x p a n s i o n a n d c o n t r a c t i o n i n t h e f l o o r
s l a b s a n d r o o f c a u s e no damage t o t h e s u p p o r t i n g
s t r u c t u r e as a r e s u l t of c o n s t r a i n t .

3.522 T e m p e r a t u r e s d u r i n g t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n p e r i o d .
Since t h e greatest temperature f l u c t u a t i o n s normally
o c c u r d u r i n g t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n phase, it c a n become n e c e s -
s a r y d u r i n g t h i s p e r i o d t o p r o v i d e f o r a d d i t i o n a l expan-
s i o n j o i n t s v h i c h w i l l t h e n be c l o s e d a f t e r c o m p l e t i o n
of t h e f i n i s h i n g s and services.

3.523 S h r i n k a g e o f c o n c r e t e .
Volumetric c h a n g e s i n c o n c r e t e a s a r e s u l t of s h r i n k a g e
h a v e a n e f f e c t s i m i l a r t o t h a t c a u s e d by t e m p e r a t u r e f l u c -
tuations.

3.524 S p a c i n g o f j o i n t s .
I n multi-storey steel s t r u c t u r e s , t h e spacing of j o i n t s
depends e s s e n t i a l l y on t h e t y p e of b r a c i n g used:

R i g i d frame s y s t e m s a r e s u b j e c t e d t o c o n s t r a i n t forces
as a r e s u l t o f e x p a n s i o n o f t h e f l o o r s l a b s .

0 S t e e l s t r u c t u r e s which a r e b r a c e d o n l y a t i n d i v i d u a l
f i x e d p o i n t s are o t h e r w i s e c o n s i d e r e d t o be p i n -
jointed. The c r o s s - s e c t i o n s of t h e columns a r e
u s u a l l y so s m a l l t h a t t h e d e f o r m a t i o n s w h i c h d o o c c u r
d o n o t r e s u l t i n s i g n i f i c a n t c o n s t r a i n t stresses.

3.525 J o i n t s i n t h e r o o f .
If t h e s t r u c t u r e of a f l a t r o o f i s s u c h t h a t g r e a t e r
s o l a r h e a t i n g of t h e r o o f - s u p p o r t i n g s y s t e m is e x p e c t e d

41
3.53 (commentary):

Sections of a building with varying weight result in

non-uniform loading of the foundation. If a continuous
raft foundation is provided, non-uniform settlanent
cannot occur (see Fig. 1 2 ) .

FIG, 12
If, on the contrary, the sections of a building rest on
a base-type foundation, non-uniform settlement must be
expected. In such cases, settlement joints between
building members of varying weights are necessary (see
Fig. 13).

FIG, 13
Building components which exert the same pressure,
but which rest on ground of varying compressibility,
can also be subject to support settlement of varying
degree, with the result that settlement joints at
these points are also required (see Fig. 1 4 ) .

42
 than for the floors, deformations will occur as shown
in Fig. 10. In such cases, it is recommended that
several additional expansion joints, be provided for
the top storey (see Fig. 1 1 ) .

FIG, 10 FIG, 11
3.53 Settlement joints

Structural members which cause differing degrees of

settlement should be separated from each other by
means of settlement joints.

43
B u i l d i n g s c o n s t r u c t e d i n m i n i n g s u b s i d e n c e areas
s h o u l d be' s u b - d i v i d e d i n t o r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l u n i t s by
t h e p r o v i s i o n of numerous e x p a n s i o n j o i n t s , and s h o u l d
be d e s i g n e d w i t h s t a t i c a l l y d e t e r m i n a t e s t r u c t u r a l
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systems.
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45
4, CONDITIONS OF COMPATIBILITYW I T H F I N I S H I N GAND SERVICE
ELEMENTS

4.1 Screed work

In the case of light steel girder floors, the weight

of the steel girder floor itself can be slight in com-
parison (up to 50%) to the overall constant load on
the floor. In cases of floors with broad spans, there-
fore, deformation caused by the weight of the screed
must be taken into account.

4.2 Horizontal installations

4.21 Sewage and run-off lines

Sewage lines installed in floor areas, which depend on

a natural slope for their functioning, are subject to
disturbance of their predetermined slope as a result
of deflections in the floor supporting structure. If
the specified form of the floor supporting structure
allows for constant deformations, then costs for the
girders and sewage lines must be inter-coordinated to
achieve the optimum solution. See Fig. 1 5 below.

FIG, 15
In the case of such broad-span floors, full design con-
sideration must be taken of any possible later changes
ih the constant deformations (i.e., through construc-
tion changes), as well as of any influences of variable
deformations. 47 Previous page
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4.22 Service ducts i n screed

I n t h e case of service d u c t s which w i l l l a t e r form a

p a r t of t h e f l o o r i n g , s i m i l a r c o n s i d e r a t i o n s m u s t b e
made as f o r t h e screed p r o b l e m s ( S e c t i o n 4 . 1 ) These
d u c t s must be i n s t a l l e d i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e c o n s t r u c -
t i o n p h a s e form of t h e b u i l d i n g i n s u c h a manner t h a t
t h e y c o i n c i d e w i t h t h e s p e c i f i e d form of t h e f l o o r ,
a f t e r a l l c o n s t a n t deformations have occurred.

4.3 Partition w a l l s

4.31 Influence of floor d e f l e c t i o n

B u i l d i n g d e f o r m a t i o n s m u s t be t a k e n i n t o a c c o u n t i n
t h e d e s i g n of non-load-supporting p a r t i t i o n w a l l s . This
e s p e c i a l l y a p p l i e s t o d e f l e c t i o n s of t h e floors under
perpendicular loads. T h i s h a s t h e f o l l o w i n g t w o con-
sequences:

1. I n o r d e r t h a t p a r t i t i o n w a l l s a r e u n d e r no c i r c u m -
s t a n c e s s u b j e c t e d t o l o a d s f o r which t h e y were n o t
d e s i g n e d , a l o a d e d beam l o c a t e d o v e r a p a r t i t i o n
w a l l m u s t be p r o v i d e d w i t h enough p l a y o v e r t h e
w a l l s o t h a t i t d o e s n o t come i n t o c o n t a c t w i t h
i t once t h e beam i s l o a d e d . F o r t h i s r e a s o n , lee-
way i s n e c e s s a r y - p o s s i b l y w i t h an elastic filler-
b e t w e e n t h e p a r t i t i o n w a l l and f l o o r (see F i g . 16).
Such a n e l a s t i c f i l l e r e l e m e n t must conform t o
r e q u i r e m e n t s p l a c e d o n t h e thermal and a c o u s t i c
insulation.

2. I f t h e beam o n which t h e p a r t i t i o n w a l l rests i s

l o a d e d , a n d i f t h i s beam deflects, t h e n t h i s
r e s u l t s i n a m o d i f i c a t i o n of t h e support c o n d i t i o n s
of t h e w a l l . I f t h i s p a r t i t i o n w a l l c o n s i s t s of
r i g i d s e g m e n t s which c a n n o t be deformed i n t h e i r p l a n e ,
t h e n t h e g a p between them and t h e f l o o r must be
provided with a n elastic f i l l e r element w i t h s u f -
f i c i e n t f l e x i b i l i t y (see F i g . 17) .
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1
h
th
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FIG. 16
49
-/-
-t
Ic. 1i
4.32.1 (commentary):

The d i f f e r e n c e i n d e f l e c t i o n b e t w e e n t w o w a l l s e g m e n t s
Af i s g r e a t e s t a t t h e w a l l s u p p o r t (shown as A f l
below) and i s e q u a l t o t h e t a n g e n t i a l slope times t h e
w i d t h of t h e s i g m e n t , i . e . , A f l = b x t a n a.

4.32.2 (commentary) :

The f o l l o w i n g t a b l e g i v e s t h e v a l u e s of A f l and t h e
d e f l e c t i o n f f o r commonly o c c u r r i n g s p a n s ( t a b u l a t e d
values being i n mm), f o r various d e f l e c t i o n l i m i t s ( w i t h
r e d u c t i o n t o o n e - t h i r d o f t h e l i v e l o a d ) , and f o r a s e g -
ment w i d t h of b = 1 . 2 0 m .

2 = 6.0 7.2 8.4 9.6 12.0

fI l/3 p VSfA 1
l/3 f '/3 f l/3 f l/3 f l/3 f

1/200 1/600 6.4 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 20.0

1/300 1/900 4.3 6.7 8.0 9.3 10.7 13.4
1/500 1/1500 2.6 4 .O 4.8 5.6 6.4 8.0
1/800 1/2400 1.6 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0
1/1000 1/3000 1.3 2.0 2.4 2.8 3.2 4.0

TABLE 2

4.32.3 (commentary) :

T h e sum o f t h e c h a n g e i n t h e j o i n t w i d t h i s 2 6 =
2h t a n a. T h e c h a n g e i n o n e of n j o i n t s i s =

-2 6- -
n
-n .
11
t a n a. See F i g . 19.

50
'4.32 Prefabricated partition walls

4.32.1 Such partition walls areespeciallywell suited to

accommodate the deflections of the floor. They con-
sist of individual panels with joints which allow for
displacement to follow vertical deflections. See
Fig. 18.

4.32.2 Only part of the live load

-- can actually be considered
as transient loading. See Clause 2 . 1 2 .

4.32.3 Variation in the joint width.

The deformation pattern shown in Fig. 1 9 will occur
for elastic vertical joints between the panels of
such partition walls.

51
 I I

FIG, 19
4.32.3 (commentary c o n t i n u e d ) :

The c h a n g e i n t h e j o i n t w i d t h of 1 0 p a n e l s e g m e n t s
w i t h w i d t h b = 1 , 2 0 m ( i . e . , a s p a n of 12.00 m ) , w i t h
c l e a r s t o r e y h e i g h t h = 3.00 m , and w i t h

1
€I = ? 3. x -
500

is therefore

t a n a = 3.2 x f
: I
= 3.2 x -
500
and

6 = h x t a n a = 3000 3.2 = 6.4 at

1500
e a c h end.

Therefore, f o r the e n t i r e w a l l length,

2 6 = 1 2 . 8 mm.
P

D i s t r i b u t e d o v e r 9 j o i n t s , t h i s means a c o m p r e s s i o n p e r
j o i n t of a p p r o x .

12.8
= 1 . 4 mm.
9

52
4.33 Rigid p a r t i t i o n walls

The a b o v e - d e t a i l e d f a c t o r s i n d i c a t e t h a t r i g i d w a l l s
(e.g., made of b r i c k w o r k ) w i l l c r a c k i f u s e d on wide-
span f l o o r s . See Fig. 20. Subdivision of t h e w a l l
i n t o segments w i t h f l e x i b l e connections (e.g., with
j o i n t s t r i p p i n g ) i s a better s o l u t i o n , even f o r s u c h
w a l l s , i f c r a c k s a r e t o be a v o i d e d . Such c r a c k s a r e
n o t only unsightly-they a l s o i m p a i r t h e sound i n s u l a -
tion.

FIG, 20
53
4.4 Outside walls

4.41 Deformation phenomena of the outside wall

The followingdeformation phenomena must be inves-

tigated in the design of an outside wall:

0 for the external wall connections: the relative

movements of the external wall with respect to
the building;

for the external wall joints: the movements of the

facade elements with respect to each other.

4.42 Deformation of the building

4.421 For the outside walls, the significant factor is the

relative movements of the outside wall points of fixity
with respect to each other-and n o t the absolute
movements of the building itself. This includes the
following:

vertical movements by virtue of variations in the dis-

tance between successive floor slabs;

0 horizontal movements by virtue of changes in length

of the floor slabs:

rotational movements of the floor slabs; and

displacement of the floors with respect to each

other by virtue of the lateral deflection of the
building due to wind.

4.422 Variations in the distance between floor slabs

Changes in spacing in the floor planes with respect

to each other result from deflection of the floors under
imposed loads, and from strains in the columns due to
live loads, wind, and temperature.

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55
4.422 (commentary):

Fig. 24 shows the influence of floor deflection on

the external wall.

FIG, 24

4.423 (commentary):

+ 10°C in
For a maximum temperature fluctuation of -
the interior of a building, a panel of, say, 7.20 m
width will experience a change in length of -+ 0.7 mm.

56
4 . 4 22 (continued) :

The g r e a t e r i n f l u e n c e , however, i s t h e d e f l e c t i o n of
t h e f l o o r s (see F i g . 21).

FIG, 21
I n t h e case of a c a n t i l e v e r , a t t e n t i o n must be p a i d
t o t h e f a c t t h a t t h e l o a d e d c a n t i l e v e r d e f l e c t s down-
ward, and t h a t t h e u n l o a d e d c a n t i l e v e r d e f l e c t s up-
ward when t h e a d j a c e n t s p a n i s . l o a d e d . For a f a c a d e
f l o o r , t h e r e f o r e , both d e f l e c t i o n s can be cumulative.
The end s e c t i o n s of t h e c a n t i l e v e r s (see F i g . 22)
undergo a n g u l a r r o t a t i o n .

FIG, 22

4.423 Changes i n l e n g t h of t h e f l o o r s l a b s

E x p a n s i o n a n d c o n t r a c t i o n i n t h e f l o o r s are n o t s i g -
nificant for the outside w a l l . Even i f t h e o u t s i d e
edge o f t h e f l o o r s l a b i s d i r e c t l y exposed t o t h e
o u t s i d e climatic c o n d i t i o n s , t h e i n s i d e p a r t s of t h e
f l o o r s l a b p r e v e n t any s i g n i f i c a n t movement. Changes
i n l e n g t h i n t h e r o o f , however, c a n be c o n s i d e r a b l y
greater.

F I G , 23

57
4.424 Connection of outside wall to floor slab or to
column

An outside wall can be attached to a floor slab or

to a column. Connection to a column, however, is to
be preferred, since the fixing points here are sub-
ject to considerably lesser displacement. In the case
of connection to a floor slab, those deformation con-
ditions which the floor slab has assumed at the time
of facade installation must be taken for purposes of
joint dimension design.

If-in the case of buildings with long cantilever

floor slabs-the entire outside wall is intended
to be connected to the uppermost level, then pro-
vision must be made for a sliding connection between
the floors and the outs’ide walls.

4.43 Deformation of the outside wall

4.431 In accordance with their intended function, of course,

the outer layers of the outside wall are inherently
affected by weather conditions, and the inner layers,
by the indoor temperature. The outer layers are sub-
jected to great temperature fluctuations ( - 3 0.. .
+8OoC),
whereas the inner layers experience only small dif-
ferences (+15 .. .
+2SoC) .This can have varying
effects on the elements of the outside wall. In the
case of a ventilated facade-which avoids direct solar
radiation onto paneling and structural members, and
which provides for beneficial dissipation of heat
accumulation-constraint does not occur.

4.432 Uprights, rails, and frames (see Fig. 2 3 )

1. Members located outside the thermal insulation

zone experience great strains by virtue of their full

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59
4.432 (continued):

exposure t o t h e weather.

2. S e c t i o n s i n t h e w a l l w i t h e x p o s u r e t o b o t h o u t s i d e and
i n s i d e c o n d i t i o n s have d i f f e r i n g temperatures on
t h e i r o p p o s i t e sides and t h e r e f o r e form h e a t b r i d g e s .
U n i n s u l a t e d s e c t i o n s bend t o w a r d t h e warmer s i d e .

3 . I n t h e case of s a n d w i c h p a n e l s w i t h t h i n i n t e r m e d i a t e
i n s u l a t i o n l a y e r s , e x p a n s i o n or c o n t r a c t i o n o f t h e
p a r t s varies, and d i s p l a c e m e n t o f t h e p a r t s w i t h
r e s p e c t t o each o t h e r occurs.

4. S e c t i o n s l o c a t e d i n s i d e t h e . t h e r m a l i n s u l a t i o n demon-
s t r a t e o n l y s l i g h t movement owing t o t h e c o n s t a n t
i n s i d e temperature.

4.433 Cladding used as paneling, p a r a p e t s , or p r e f a b r i c a t e d

c o n c r e t e w a l l p a n e l s (see F i g . 2 5 )

1 . T h e s e members a r e deformed d u e t o t h e v a r y i n g t e m -
p e r a t u r e s on t h e i r o u t s i d e and i n s i d e s u r f a c e s , i n
accordance w i t h t h e i r composition, and as d e t a i l e d
i n t h e following.

2. I f t h e o u t e r l a y e r i s s e c u r e d by i n d i v i d u a l sup-
p o r t s (sometimes a l l o w i n g f o r f r e e e x p a n s i o n o n l y
i n t h e m i d d l e o f t h e p a n e l ) , and i f t h e i n s u l a t -
i n g core t r a n s m i t s no s h e a r i n g forces, t h e n t h e
o u t e r l a y e r i s deformed i n d e p e n d e n t l y o f t h e i n n e r
layer. The i n n e r l a y e r h a s t h e s u p p o r t i n g f u n c -
t i o n and i s f i x e d t o t h e b u i l d i n g , o r t o u p r i g h t s .

3 . I f t h e p a n e l h a s a n i n n e r i n s u l a t i n g core w h i c h d o e s
n o t t r a n s m i t shear forces, t h e n t h e o u t e r l a y e r w i l l
be deformed almost i n d e p e n d e n t l y o f t h e i n n e r l a y e r .
The p a n e l w i l l bow s l i g h t l y .

4..If t h e p a n e l c o n s i s t s of o n l y o n e m a t e r i a l ( e . g ,

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61
 aerated concrete), or if their layers are rigidly
connected together (e.g., by means of a peripheral
strip), then temperature differences will bend
or bow the panel. Changes in length will also
occur, since the middle layer will adjust to a tem-
perature between the two extremes.

In addition to all of the above, wind can also cause

the panels to bend under pressure.

FIG, 25
4.434 Glazing
Panes of glass must not be subjected to any constraint.
The panes should each be simply supported at two
points, or, in the case of thermopane glazing, they
should be installed in accordance with the manu-
facturer's instructions.

4.44 Superposition of the deformations

Superposition must be employed for the deformations

of the frames and panels of the exterior wall and
for the displacements of the fixing points of the wall
due to building movements, in order to determine the
relative movements of the elements. Connections,
joint composition, and joint widths must therefore
be properly designed. In the case,of completely
welded metal facades, temperature differences result
in constraint stresses, and not in changes in form.

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63
4.4 5 (commentary) :

Schematic example o f a column f o r a n o u t s i d e w a l l

a t t a c h e d t o e n a b l e s l i d i n g i n e v e r y d i r e c t i o n and
r o t a t i o n by v i r t u e o f a system of a n g l e b r a c k e t s w i t h
s l o t t e d h o l e s (see F i g . 2 8 ) .

Examples of a f a c a d e s u p p o r t i n g system w i t h s l i d i n g
f i t t i n g s : r o t a t i o n i n every d i r e c t i o n i s p o s s i b l e
through a s i n g l e s u p p o r t i n g b o l t system (see F i g .
29).

FIG, 26 F I G , 27

F I G , 28 FIG, 29

64
4.45 Compensation for deformation and tolerance

It is the purpose of the joints in the outside wall

to compensate for deformation and production toler-
ances in the facades, and for construction tolerances
in the unfinished building shell.

The fixing point of the outside wall to the unfin-

ished building shell can be displaced in three direc-
tions, and rotated about three axes with respect to
the specified position, in accordance with the fol-
lowing system of six cases of freedom of movement
(see Figs. 26 and 27 in the commentary):

6X
= displacement parallel to the exterior wall

6 = offset from the wall surface

Y
6 = vertical displacement
2

= rotation about the horizontal x axis

aX

a = rotation about the horizontal y axis

Y
a2 = rotation about the vertical z axis

5, UT I L I ZAT I ON REQU I REMENTS

5.1 Deflection of roofs and unroofed floor areas

Roofs and unroofed floor areas can be laid u t U

s l o p e for the runoff of surface water-or, they
can be designed w i t h o u t U s l o p e . In both cases, how-
ever, attention must be paid to the deflection of the
roof or floor supporting structures.

65
5.11 S l o p i n g r o o f s a n d u n r o o f e d f l o o r areas

The a l l o w a b l e p e r m a n e n t d e f l e c t i o n s and t h e t r a n s i e n t
d e f l e c t i o n s ( e s p e c i a l l y t h o s e a r i s i n g from snow l o a d s )
m u s t be s u p e r i m p o s e d u s i n g a s e l e c t e d s l o p e y for
t h e roof or f l o o r areas. A c h e c k m u s t be c a r r i e d , o u t
t o e n s u r e t h a t t h e minimum p r a c t i c a l slope U i s i n
f a c t provided a t t h e m o s t unfavorable p o s i t i o n . In
t h i s case, t h e t a n g e n t i a l s l o p e of d e f l e c t i o n m u s t
be a s follows:

a 5 y - U (see F i g . 3 0 ) .

FIG, 30
5.12 F l a t r o o f s and f l o o r areas

T h i s t y p e of c o n s t r u c t i o n means t h a t a c o n s t a n t f i l m
of m o i s t u r e m u s t be t a k e n i n t o a c c o u n t . I n indi-
v i d u a l cases, o n e m u s t e x a m i n e w h e t h e r p o n d i n g c a n
b e p e r m i t t e d i n d e p r e s s i o n s made by d e f l e c t i o n . If
n o t , t h e n t h e s p e c i f i e d form m u s t be f l a t .

I f p o n d i n g c a n t a k e place, a c h e c k m u s t be made t o
d i s c o v e r w h e t h e r t h e e x t r a w e i g h t s h o u l d be i n c l u d e d
i n the structural calculations.

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67
5.2 Deflection of floor slabs

5.21 Compatibility with finishings and services

The allowable permanent deformations (specified form)

and transient deformations must be compatible with the
finishings and services (see Section 4 ) .

5.22 Maximm deflection and maximum slope of the floors

The absolute degree of variable static deflection

is, in most cases, of less significance in the use
of the building than a change in slope of the floor
in the vicinity of supports.

Attention must be paid to the deflection of floor

slabs in the design of the height of vehicle entrances
and parking levels.

5.3 Vibrations of floor slabs

5.31 The cause of vibrations

People moving about in buildings can cause vibrations

in the floor slabs.

Walking can cause a rhythmic movement with a maximum

of 2 Hz.

: Jumping or dancing can result in a maximum of 4 Hz.

5.32 Limitation of vibrations

Vibrations can have disadvantageous results if the

source frequency lies near the level of the natural
frequency of the floor slabs (danger of resonance).
Limitation of vibrations becomes necessary in the fol-
lowing cases:

if the safety of the floor is impaired by resonance

Previous page
is blank
69
 From report:
1.B.B.C.-T.N.O. :
BI-67-107 [52]

LIMITS FOR' DYNAMIC

MOVEMENT

Acceleration
maximum

L
Effective value =
' / z v 7 x maximum

1 10 100
-.f r e q u e n c y i n Hz
-------------------
FIG. 31

Description of
t h e perception
I persons i n t h e
buildings . I
C l a s s i f i c a t i o n f o r General e v a l u a t i o n
of the influence
on t h e s t r u c t u r e
Examples:

Not allowed

e a r a n c e of

A C C E L E R A T I O N L 1 , M I T S FOR P E O P L E AND D W E L L I N G S
TABLE 3

70
 (gymnasiums, d a n c e f l o o r s , e t c . ) ; or

i f t h e v i b r a t i o n s are d i s t u r b i n g for o t h e r people.

A vibration i s d i s t u r b i n g i f t h e a c c e l e r a t i o n per-
ceived by a p e r s o n s t a n d i n g s t i l l i s g r e a t e r t h a n
0 . 5 m/s2. The r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n f r e q u e n c y and
a c c e l e r a t i o n c a n be s e e n i n F i g . 3 1 and T a b l e 3 .
Vih-rrnLions c a u s e d b y w a l k i n g o r moving v e h i c l e s o n
f l o o r areas which are n o t p a r t o f f a c i l i t i e s i n
which people p e r m a n e n t l y s t a y ( e . g . , car p a r k s , s t o r -
a g e areas, e t c . ) are g e n e r a l l y n o t d i s a d v a n t a g e o u s
and r e q u i r e c a l c u l a t i o n s o n l y i f r e s o n a n c e i s a d a n g e r .

Floor s l a b v i b r a t i o n s c a n be l i m i t e d by:

changing t h e n a t u r a l frequency of t h e f l o o r s .

T h i s n a t u r a l f r e q u e n c y depends on t h e f o l l o w i n g :

t h e s p a n o f t h e f l o o r ; and

t h e moment o f i n e r t i a o f t h e f l o o r s u p p o r t i n g
structure.

The n a t u r a l frequency also has a r e l a t i o n s h i p with

t h e d e f l e c t i o n of t h e f l o o r s l a b .

The n a t u r a l frequency of t h e floor supporting s t r u c -

t u r e s c a n be i n f l u e n c e d by:

c h a n g i n g t h e d e s i g n o f t h e b u i l d i n g by m o d i f i c a -
t i o n of t h e f l o o r spans; and/or

i n c r e a s i n g t h e moment of i n e r t i a .

R e d u c t i o n of v i b r a t i o n s c a u s e d by w a l k i n g c a n i n most
cases be more e c o n o m i c a l l y a c h i e v e d by t h e i n s t a l l a -
t i o n of f l o o r i n g w i t h a cushioning effect.

71
 ECCS EUROPEAN CONVENTION FOR CONSTRUCTIONAL STEELWORK
CECM CONVENTION E U R O P ~ E N N EDE LA CONSTRUCTION METALLIQUE
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17. EUROPEAN CONTRACT CONDITIONS - CONDI- of 388 pp of whole report) which was held in four
TIONS ET CLAUSES USUELLES DES MARCHES sessions: in Tokyo (Sept. 1976), and Liege (April
DE TRACAUX DE TRAVAUX EN EUROPE - 1977), in Washington (May, 1977) and in Budapest
EUROPAISCHE VERTRAGSBEDINGUNGEN - (Oct. 1977).
ECCS-CC-76-2EFD Consulting and structural engineers and researchers
This publication deals in PART I with CURRENT will find the Manual a useful reference work.
CON.DITIONS and PRACTICE and gives in PART I I
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the ECCS RECOMMENDATIONS on the subject
state-of-the-art surveys of the relevant subjects.
matter.
CONTENTS :
PART I comprises 6 chapters:
PART I - Criteria for analysis and design
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Ch.5 Modifications to Contracts ally supported and unsupported
Ch.6 Export Guarantee and Insurance beams, plate and box girders, beam
columns).
PART I I has two chapters:
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Ch.7 Recommended Tendering Procedures
transmissions, towers, shells).
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Appendix - Design of Composite Steel-Concrete
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73
27. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE CALCULATION
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buckling analysis of unstiffened circular cylinders
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30. EUROPEAN RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE
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Level 1: Calculation of the Fire Resistance of Load
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to the Standard Fire.
During the last decade, there has been important
progress in the development of analytical methods
for the calculation of the behaviour of fire-exposed
steelwork. In several countries, these methods are
now being used when appropriate, as an alternative
to the conventional classification directly based on
the results of standard fire resistance tests.
This book contains the European Recommendations
- composed within the European Convention for
Constructional Steelwork by Technical Committee 3
- for the calculation of the fire resistance of load
bearing steel elements and structural assemblies ex-
posed to the standard fire, providing an alternative to
the standard fire resistance test. This corresponds to
the majority of national building regulations or codes,
in which the requirements are expressed as required
time of fire duration, i.e. the fire resistence time, dir-
ectly related to the standard fire.
The Recommendations offer a comprehensive variety
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1: tabulated design data
2: simple calculations using average values of thermal
properties for insulating materials and steel, and
variation of yield stress with temperature
3: more detailed calculations, allowing for variation
of thermal properties with temperature and com-
plete stress strain relationships for steel a t elevated
temperatures
Thus the Recommendations provide a reference docu-
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objective of achieving a single European Code.
CONTENTS
1. Scope
2. Steel Properties a t Elevated temperatures
3. Steel Temperature Development Under Standard
Fire Conditions
4. Structural Behaviour a t Elevated Temperature
5. Limit States and Critical Temperature.
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UND DUNNWANDIGE VOLLWANTRAGER -
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Empfehlungen
German, 1977
Verlag von Wilhelrn Ernst & Sohn, Berlin - Munchen
- Dusseldorf.
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75
 Structural

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76
 !