Library

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For other uses, see Library (disambiguation).

The Library of the Palais Bourbon in Paris

Duke Humfrey's Library, Oxford, England

A library is a curated collection of sources of information and similar resources,

selected by experts and made accessible to a defined community for reference or
borrowing, often in a quiet environment conducive to study. It provides physical or digital
access to material, and may be a physical location or a virtual space, or both. A library's
collection can
include books, periodicals, newspapers, manuscripts, films, maps, prints, documents, m
icroform, CDs, cassettes, videotapes, DVDs, Blu-ray Discs, e-
books, audiobooks, databases, table games, video games and other formats. Libraries
range widely in size up to millions of items. The word for "library" in many modern
languages is derived from Ancient Greek βιβλιοθήκη (bibliothēkē), originally meaning
bookcase, via Latin bibliotheca.
The first libraries consisted of archives of the earliest form of writing—the clay
tablets in cuneiform script discovered in Sumer, some dating back to 2600 BC. Private
or personal libraries made up of written books appeared in classical Greece in the 5th
century BC. In the 6th century, at the very close of the Classical period, the great
libraries of the Mediterranean world remained those of Constantinople and Alexandria.
The libraries of Timbuktu were also established around this time and attracted scholars
from all over the world.
A library is organized for use and maintained by a public body, an institution, a
corporation, or a private individual. Public and institutional collections and services may
be intended for use by people who choose not to—or cannot afford to—purchase an
extensive collection themselves, who need material no individual can reasonably be
expected to have, or who require professional assistance with their research. In addition
to providing materials, libraries also provide the services of librarians who are experts at
finding and organizing information and at interpreting information needs. Libraries often
provide quiet areas for studying, and they also often offer common areas to facilitate
group study and collaboration. Libraries often provide public facilities for access to their
electronic resources and the Internet.
Modern libraries are increasingly being redefined as places to get unrestricted access
to information in many formats and from many sources. They are extending services
beyond the physical walls of a building, by providing material accessible by electronic
means, and by providing the assistance of librarians in navigating and analyzing very
large amounts of information with a variety of digital resources. Libraries are
increasingly becoming community hubs where programs are delivered and people
engage in lifelong learning.

Contents

 1History
 2Types
o 2.1Academic libraries
o 2.2Children's libraries
o 2.3National libraries
o 2.4Public lending libraries
o 2.5Reference libraries
o 2.6Research libraries
o 2.7Digital libraries
o 2.8Special libraries
 3Organization
 4Codes of conduct
 5Buildings
 6Usage
o 6.1Shift to digital libraries
o 6.2The Internet
 7Associations
 8International protection
 9See also
o 9.1Lists of libraries
 10References
 11Further reading
 12External links
History[edit]
Main article: History of libraries
The history of libraries began with the first efforts to organize collections of documents.
Topics of interest include accessibility of the collection, acquisition of materials,
arrangement and finding tools, the book trade, the influence of the physical properties of
the different writing materials, language distribution, role in education, rates of literacy,
budgets, staffing, libraries for specially targeted audiences, architectural merit, patterns
of usage, and the role of libraries in a nation's cultural heritage, and the role of
government, church or private sponsorship. Since the 1960s, issues of computerization
and digitization have arisen.[citation needed]

Types[edit]

Poet Laureate Rita Dove's definition of a library at entrance to the Maine State Library in Augusta, Maine,
United States

Many institutions make a distinction between a circulating or lending library, where

materials are expected and intended to be loaned to patrons, institutions, or other
libraries, and a reference library where material is not lent out. Travelling libraries, such
as the early horseback libraries of eastern Kentucky [1] and bookmobiles, are generally of
the lending type. Modern libraries are often a mixture of both, containing a general
collection for circulation, and a reference collection which is restricted to the library
premises. Also, increasingly, digital collections enable broader access to material that
may not circulate in print, and enables libraries to expand their collections even without
building a larger facility. Lamba (2019) reinforced this idea by observing that “today’s
libraries have become increasingly multi-disciplinary, collaborative and networked” and
that applying Web 2.0 tools to libraries would “not only connect the users with their
community and enhance communication but will also help the librarians to promote their
library’s activities, services, and products to target both their actual and potential users”.
[2]

Academic libraries[edit]
Main article: Academic library
The round reading room of Maughan Library, the main university library of King's College London, London,
England

Academic libraries are generally located on college and university campuses and
primarily serve the students and faculty of that and other academic institutions. Some
academic libraries, especially those at public institutions, are accessible to members of
the general public in whole or in part.

The University Library in Budapest, Hungary

Academic libraries are libraries that are hosted in post-secondary educational

institutions, such as colleges and universities. Their main function are to provide support
in research and resource linkage for students and faculty of the educational institution.
Specific course-related resources are usually provided by the library, such as copies of
textbooks and article readings held on 'reserve' (meaning that they are loaned out only
on a short-term basis, usually a matter of hours). Some academic libraries provide
resources not usually associated with libraries, such as the ability to check out laptop
computers, web cameras, or scientific calculators.
Academic libraries offer workshops and courses outside of formal, graded coursework,
which are meant to provide students with the tools necessary to succeed in their
programs.[3] These workshops may include help with citations, effective search
techniques, journal databases, and electronic citation software. These workshops
provide students with skills that can help them achieve success in their academic
careers (and often, in their future occupations), which they may not learn inside the
classroom.

The Robarts Library at the University of Toronto, Canada

The academic library provides a quiet study space for students on campus; it may also
provide group study space, such as meeting rooms. In North America, Europe, and
other parts of the world, academic libraries are becoming increasingly digitally oriented.
The library provides a "gateway" for students and researchers to access various
resources, both print/physical and digital.[4] Academic institutions are subscribing to
electronic journals databases, providing research and scholarly writing software, and
usually provide computer workstations or computer labs for students to access journals,
library search databases and portals, institutional electronic resources, Internet access,
and course- or task-related software (i.e. word processing and spreadsheet software).
Some academic libraries take on new roles, for instance, acting as an electronic
repository for institutional scholarly research and academic knowledge, such as the
collection and curation of digital copies of students' theses and dissertations. [5]
[6]
 Moreover, academic libraries are increasingly acting as publishers on their own on a
not-for-profit basis, especially in the form of fully Open Access institutional publishers.[7]
Children's libraries[edit]
"Children's library" redirects here. For the collection of digitized books, see Internet
Archive's Children's Library.

A children's library in Montreal, Quebec, Canada in 1943

Children's libraries are special collections of books intended for juvenile readers and
usually kept in separate rooms of general public libraries [citation needed]. Some children's
libraries have entire floors or wings dedicated to them in bigger libraries while smaller
ones may have a separate room or area for children. They are an educational agency
seeking to acquaint the young with the world's literature and to cultivate a love for
reading. Their work supplements that of the public schools. [8][9]
Services commonly provided by public libraries may include storytelling sessions for
infants, toddlers, preschool children, or after-school programs, all with an intention of
developing early literacy skills and a love of books. One of the most popular programs
offered in public libraries are summer reading programs for children, families, and
adults.[10]
Another popular reading program for children is PAWS TO READ or similar programs
where children can read to certified therapy dogs. Since animals are a calming influence
and there is no judgment, children learn confidence and a love of reading. Many states
have these types of programs: parents need simply ask their librarian to see if it is
available at their local library.[11]
National libraries[edit]
Main article: National library

National Library of Wales, Aberystwyth

A national or state library serves as a national repository of information, and has the

right of legal deposit, which is a legal requirement that publishers in the country need to
deposit a copy of each publication with the library. Unlike a public library, a national
library rarely allows citizens to borrow books. Often, their collections include numerous
rare, valuable, or significant works. There are wider definitions of a national library,
putting less emphasis on the repository character.[12][13] The first national libraries had
their origins in the royal collections of the sovereign or some other supreme body of the
state.
Many national libraries cooperate within the National Libraries Section of
the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) to discuss
their common tasks, define and promote common standards, and carry out projects
helping them to fulfill their duties. The national libraries of Europe participate in The
European Library which is a service of the Conference of European National Librarians
(CENL).
Public lending libraries[edit]
Main article: Public library
Raczyński Library, the public library of Poznań, Poland

A public library provides services to the general public. If the library is part of a
countywide library system, citizens with an active library card from around that county
can use the library branches associated with the library system. A library can serve only
their city, however, if they are not a member of the county public library system. Much of
the materials located within a public library are available for borrowing. The library staff
decides upon the number of items patrons are allowed to borrow, as well as the details
of borrowing time allotted. Typically, libraries issue library cards to community members
wishing to borrow books. Often visitors to a city are able to obtain a public library card.

A community library in Ethiopia

Many public libraries also serve as community organizations that provide free services
and events to the public, such as reading groups and toddler story time. For many
communities, the library is a source of connection to a vast world, obtainable knowledge
and understanding, and entertainment. According to a study by the Pennsylvania
Library Association, public library services play a major role in fighting rising illiteracy
rates among youths.[14] Public libraries are protected and funded by the public they
serve.

Bates Hall, the main reading room of the Boston Public Library, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
As the number of books in libraries have steadily increased since their inception, the
need for compact storage and access with adequate lighting has grown. The stack
system involves keeping a library's collection of books in a space separate from the
reading room. This arrangement arose in the 19th century. Book stacks quickly evolved
into a fairly standard form in which the cast iron and steel frameworks supporting the
bookshelves also supported the floors, which often were built of translucent blocks to
permit the passage of light (but were not transparent, for reasons of modesty). The
introduction of electrical lighting had a huge impact on how the library operated. The
use of glass floors was largely discontinued, though floors were still often composed of
metal grating to allow air to circulate in multi-story stacks. As more space was needed,
a method of moving shelves on tracks (compact shelving) was introduced to cut down
on otherwise wasted aisle space.
Library 2.0, a term coined in 2005, is the library's response to the challenge of Google
and an attempt to meet the changing needs of users by using web 2.0 technology.
Some of the aspects of Library 2.0 include, commenting, tagging, bookmarking,
discussions, use of online social networks by libraries, plug-ins, and widgets.[15] Inspired
by web 2.0, it is an attempt to make the library a more user-driven institution.
Despite the importance of public libraries, they are routinely having their budgets cut by
state legislature. Funding has dwindled so badly that many public libraries have been
forced to cut their hours and release employees. [16]
Reference libraries[edit]

Main Reading Room of the New York City Public Library on 5th Avenue ca, 1910–1920

A reference library does not lend books and other items; instead, they can only be read
at the library itself. Typically, such libraries are used for research purposes, for example
at a university. Some items at reference libraries may be historical and even unique.
Many lending libraries contain a "reference section", which holds books, such as
dictionaries, which are common reference books, and are therefore not lent out. [17] Such
reference sections may be referred to as "reading rooms", which may also include
newspapers and periodicals.[18] An example of a reading room is the Hazel H. Ransom
Reading Room at the Harry Ransom Center of the University of Texas at Austin, which
maintains the papers of literary agent Audrey Wood.[19]
Research libraries[edit]
Main article: Research library
Quaid-e-Azam Library in Bagh-e-Jinnah, Lahore, Pakistan

A research library is a collection of materials on one or more subjects. [20] A research

library supports scholarly or scientific research and will generally include primary as well
as secondary sources; it will maintain permanent collections and attempt to provide
access to all necessary materials. A research library is most often
an academic or national library, but a large special library may have a research library
within its special field, and a very few of the largest public libraries also serve as
research libraries. A large university library may be considered a research library; and in
North America, such libraries may belong to the Association of Research Libraries.[21] In
the United Kingdom, they may be members of Research Libraries UK (RLUK).[22]
A research library can be either a reference library, which does not lend its holdings, or
a lending library, which does lend all or some of its holdings. Some extremely large or
traditional research libraries are entirely reference in this sense, lending none of their
materials; most academic research libraries, at least in the US and the UK, now lend
books, but not periodicals or other materials. Many research libraries are attached to a
parental organization and serve only members of that organization. Examples of
research libraries include the British Library, the Bodleian Library at Oxford
University and the New York Public Library Main Branch on 42nd Street in
Manhattan, State Public Scientific Technological Library of the Siberian Branch of the
Russian Academy of Science.[23][24]
Digital libraries[edit]
Main article: Digital library
Digital libraries are libraries that house digital resources. They are defined as an
organization and not a service that provide access to digital works, have a preservation
responsibility to provide future access to materials, and provides these items easily and
affordably.[25] The definition of a digital library implies that "a digital library uses a variety
of software, networking technologies and standards to facilitate access to digital content
and data to a designated user community." [26] Access to digital libraries can be
influenced by several factors, either individually or together. The most common factors
that influence access are: The library's content, the characteristics and information
needs of the target users, the library's digital interface, the goals and objectives of the
library's organizational structure, and the standards and regulations that govern library
use.[27] Access will depend on the users ability to discover and retrieve documents that
interest them and that they require, which in turn is a preservation question. Digital
objects cannot be preserved passively, they must be curated by digital librarians to
ensure the trust and integrity of the digital objects. [28]
One of the biggest considerations for digital librarians is the need to provide long-term
access to their resources; to do this, there are two issues requiring watchfulness: Media
failure and format obsolescence. With media failure, a particular digital item is unusable
because of some sort of error or problem. A scratched CD-Rom, for example, will not
display its contents correctly, but another, unscratched disk will not have that problem.
Format obsolescence is when a digital format has been superseded by newer
technology, and so items in the old format are unreadable and unusable. Dealing with
media failure is a reactive process, because something is done only when a problem
presents itself. In contrast, format obsolescence is preparatory, because changes are
anticipated and solutions are sought before there is a problem. [29]
Future trends in digital preservation include: Transparent enterprise models for digital
preservation, launch of self-preserving objects, increased flexibility in digital
preservation architectures, clearly defined metrics for comparing preservation tools, and
terminology and standards interoperability in real time. [29]
Special libraries[edit]
Main article: Special library

Bookshelf at the Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library. The top floor contains 180,000 volumes. Since
1977, all new acquisitions are frozen at −33 degrees to prevent the spread of insects and diseases.

All other libraries fall into the "special library" category. Many private businesses and
public organizations, including hospitals, churches, museums, research laboratories,
law firms, and many government departments and agencies, maintain their own libraries
for the use of their employees in doing specialized research related to their work.
Depending on the particular institution, special libraries may or may not be accessible to
the general public or elements thereof. In more specialized institutions such as law firms
and research laboratories, librarians employed in special libraries are commonly
specialists in the institution's field rather than generally trained librarians, and often are
not required to have advanced degrees in a specifically library-related field due to the
specialized content and clientele of the library.
Special libraries can also include women's libraries or LGBTQ libraries, which serve the
needs of women and the LGBTQ community. Libraries and the LGBTQ community have
an extensive history, and there are currently many libraries, archives, and special
collections devoted to preserving and helping the LGBTQ community. Women's
libraries, such as the Vancouver Women's Library or the Women's Library @LSE are
examples of women's libraries that offer services to women and girls and focus on
women's history.

The Long Room of the Trinity College Library in Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland. It is a legal deposit or
"copyright library" and is entitled to receive a copy of all books published in the UK.

Some special libraries, such as governmental law libraries, hospital libraries, and
military base libraries commonly are open to public visitors to the institution in question.
Depending on the particular library and the clientele it serves, special libraries may offer
services similar to research, reference, public, academic, or children's libraries, often
with restrictions such as only lending books to patients at a hospital or restricting the
public from parts of a military collection. Given the highly individual nature of special
libraries, visitors to a special library are often advised to check what services and
restrictions apply at that particular library.
Special libraries are distinguished from special collections, which are branches or parts
of a library intended for rare books, manuscripts, and other special materials, though
some special libraries have special collections of their own, typically related to the
library's specialized subject area.
For more information on specific types of special libraries, see law libraries, medical
libraries, music libraries, or transportation libraries.

Organization[edit]

Library shelves in Hong Kong, showing numbers of the classification scheme to help readers locate works in
that section

Most libraries have materials arranged in a specified order according to a library

classification system, so that items may be located quickly and collections may be
browsed efficiently.[30] Some libraries have additional galleries beyond the public ones,
where reference materials are stored. These reference stacks may be open to selected
members of the public. Others require patrons to submit a "stack request", which is a
request for an assistant to retrieve the material from the closed stacks: see List of
closed stack libraries (in progress).
Larger libraries are often divided into departments staffed by both paraprofessionals
and professional librarians.

 Circulation (or Access Services) – Handles user accounts

and the loaning/returning and shelving of materials. [31]
 Collection Development – Orders materials and maintains
materials budgets.
 Reference – Staffs a reference desk answering questions
from users (using structured reference interviews),
instructing users, and developing library programming.
Reference may be further broken down by user groups or
materials; common collections are children's
literature, young adult literature, and genealogy materials.
 Technical Services – Works behind the scenes cataloging
and processing new materials and deaccessioning weeded
materials.
 Stacks Maintenance – Re-shelves materials that have been
returned to the library after patron use and shelves
materials that have been processed by Technical Services.
Stacks Maintenance also shelf reads the material in the
stacks to ensure that it is in the correct library classification
order.

Card used by a user to sign out a book

Basic tasks in library management include the planning of acquisitions (which materials
the library should acquire, by purchase or otherwise), library classification of acquired
materials, preservation of materials (especially rare and fragile archival materials such
as manuscripts), the deaccessioning of materials, patron borrowing of materials, and
developing and administering library computer systems. [32] More long-term issues include
the planning of the construction of new libraries or extensions to existing ones, and the
development and implementation of outreach services and reading-enhancement
services (such as adult literacy and children's programming). Library materials like
books, magazines, periodicals, CDs, etc. are managed by Dewey Decimal Classification
Theory and modified Dewey Decimal Classification Theory is more practical reliable
system for library materials management.[33]
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has published several
standards regarding the management of libraries through its Technical Committee 46
(TC 46),[34] which is focused on "libraries, documentation and information centers,
publishing, archives, records management, museum documentation, indexing and
abstracting services, and information science". The following is a partial list of some of
them:[35]

 ISO 2789:2006 Information and documentation—

International library statistics
 ISO 11620:1998 Information and documentation—Library
performance indicators
 ISO 11799:2003 Information and documentation—
Document storage requirements for archive and library
materials
 ISO 14416:2003 Information and documentation—
Requirements for binding of books, periodicals, serials, and
other paper documents for archive and library use—
Methods and materials
 ISO/TR 20983:2003 Information and documentation—
Performance indicators for electronic library services

Codes of conduct[edit]
Libraries may have rules which limit noise levels, the use of mobile phones, and/or the
consumption of food and drink.[36]
In UK local authority libraries, this has been challenged recently as toddler 'bounce and
rhyme' sessions have been held.[37] Noise levels in public libraries have become a matter
of controversy.[38][39]

Buildings[edit]
National Library of Finland, Helsinki, est. 1640.

National Library of India, Kolkata, est. 1836

Librarians have sometimes complained[40] that some of the library buildings which have
been used to accommodate libraries have been inadequate for the demands made
upon them. In general, this condition may have resulted from one or more of the
following causes:

 an effort to erect a monumental building;[vague] most of those

who commission library buildings are not librarians and
their priorities may be different
 to conform it to a type of architecture unsuited to library
purposes
 the appointment, often by competition, of an architect
unschooled in the requirements of a library
 failure to consult with the librarian or with library experts
Much advancement has undoubtedly been made toward cooperation between architect
and librarian,[when?] and many good designers have made library buildings their specialty;
nevertheless it seems that the ideal type of library is not yet realized—the type so
adapted to its purpose that it would be immediately recognized as such, as is the case
with school buildings.[when?] This does not mean that library constructions should conform
rigidly to a fixed standard of appearance and arrangement, but it does mean that the
exterior should express as nearly as possible the purpose and functions of the interior. [41]

Usage[edit]
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Until the advent of digital catalogues, card catalogues were the traditional method of organizing the list of
resources and their location within a large library.

Dynix was an early, but long-lasting and popular, digital catalogue.

Some patrons may not know how to fully use the library's resources. This can be due to
individuals' unease in approaching a staff member. Ways in which a library's content is
displayed or accessed may have the most impact on use. An antiquated or clumsy
search system, or staff unwilling or untrained to engage their patrons, will limit a library's
usefulness. In the public libraries of the United States, beginning in the 19th century,
these problems drove the emergence of the library instruction movement, which
advocated library user education.[42] One of the early leaders was John Cotton Dana.
[43]
 The basic form of library instruction is sometimes known as information literacy.[44]
Libraries should inform their users of what materials are available in their collections
and how to access that information. Before the computer age, this was accomplished by
the card catalogue—a cabinet (or multiple cabinets) containing many drawers filled
with index cards that identified books and other materials. In a large library, the card
catalogue often filled a large room.
The emergence of the Internet, however, has led to the adoption of electronic catalogue
databases (often referred to as "webcats" or as online public access catalogues,
OPACs), which allow users to search the library's holdings from any location with
Internet access.[45] This style of catalogue maintenance is compatible with new types of
libraries, such as digital libraries and distributed libraries, as well as older libraries that
have been retrofitted. Large libraries may be scattered within multiple buildings across a
town, each having multiple floors, with multiple rooms housing their resources across a
series of shelves called bays. Once a user has located a resource within the catalogue,
they must then use navigational guidance to retrieve the resource physically, a process
that may be assisted through signage, maps, GPS systems, or RFID tagging.
Finland has the highest number of registered book borrowers per capita in the world.
Over half of Finland's population are registered borrowers. [46] In the US, public library
users have borrowed on average roughly 15 books per user per year from 1856 to
1978. From 1978 to 2004, book circulation per user declined approximately 50%. The
growth of audiovisuals circulation, estimated at 25% of total circulation in 2004,
accounts for about half of this decline.[47]
Shift to digital libraries[edit]
See also: Digital library

Interior of the Bibliotheca Alexandrina, Alexandria, Egypt, showing both stacks and computer terminals

In the 21st century, there has been increasing use of the Internet to gather and retrieve
data. The shift to digital libraries has greatly impacted the way people use physical
libraries. Between 2002 and 2004, the average American academic library saw the
overall number of transactions decline approximately 2.2%. [48] Libraries are trying to keep
up with the digital world and the new generation of students that are used to having
information just one click away. For example, the University of California Library System
saw a 54% decline in circulation between 1991 and 2001 of 8,377,000 books to
3,832,000.[49]
These facts might be a consequence of the increased availability of e-resources. In
1999–2000, 105 ARL university libraries spent almost $100 million on electronic
resources, which is an increase of nearly $23 million from the previous year.[50] A 2003
report by the Open E-book Forum found that close to a million e-books had been sold in
2002, generating nearly $8 million in revenue.[51] Another example of the shift to digital
libraries can be seen in Cushing Academy's decision to dispense with its library of
printed books—more than 20,000 volumes in all—and switch over entirely to digital
media resources.[52]
Stacks of the José Vasconcelos Library in Mexico City, Mexico

One claim to why there is a decrease in the usage of libraries stems from the
observation of the research habits of undergraduate students enrolled in colleges and
universities. There have been claims that college undergraduates have become more
used to retrieving information from the Internet than a traditional library. As each
generation becomes more in tune with the Internet, their desire to retrieve information
as quickly and easily as possible has increased. Finding information by simply
searching the Internet could be much easier and faster than reading an entire book. In a
survey conducted by NetLibrary, 93% of undergraduate students claimed that finding
information online makes more sense to them than going to the library. Also, 75% of
students surveyed claimed that they did not have enough time to go to the library and
that they liked the convenience of the Internet. While the retrieving information from the
Internet may be efficient and time saving than visiting a traditional library, research has
shown that undergraduates are most likely searching only .03% of the entire web. [53] The
information that they are finding might be easy to retrieve and more readily available,
but may not be as in depth as information from other resources such as the books
available at a physical library.
In the mid-2000s, Swedish company Distec invented a library book vending machine
known as the GoLibrary, that offers library books to people where there is no branch,
limited hours, or high traffic locations such as El Cerrito del Norte BART
station in California.
The Internet[edit]

British Museum Reading Room

A library may make use of the Internet in a number of ways, from creating their
own library website to making the contents of its catalogues searchable online. Some
specialised search engines such as Google Scholar offer a way to facilitate searching
for academic resources such as journal articles and research papers. The Online
Computer Library Center allows anyone to search the world's largest repository of
library records through its WorldCat online database.[54] Websites such
as LibraryThing and Amazon provide abstracts, reviews, and recommendations of
books.[54] Libraries provide computers and Internet access to allow people to search for
information online.[55] Online information access is particularly attractive to younger
library users.[56][57][58][59]
Digitization of books, particularly those that are out-of-print, in projects such as Google
Books provides resources for library and other online users. Due to their holdings of
valuable material, some libraries are important partners for search engines such
as Google in realizing the potential of such projects and have received reciprocal
benefits in cases where they have negotiated effectively. [60] As the prominence of and
reliance on the Internet has grown, library services have moved the emphasis from
mainly providing print resources to providing more computers and more Internet access.
[61]
 Libraries face a number of challenges in adapting to new ways of information
seeking that may stress convenience over quality,[62] reducing the priority of information
literacy skills.[63] The potential decline in library usage, particularly reference services,
[64]
 puts the necessity for these services in doubt.
Library scholars have acknowledged that libraries need to address the ways that they
market their services if they are to compete with the Internet and mitigate the risk of
losing users.[65] This includes promoting the information literacy skills training considered
vital across the library profession.[63][66][67] However, marketing of services has to be
adequately supported financially in order to be successful. This can be problematic for
library services that are publicly funded and find it difficult to justify diverting tight funds
to apparently peripheral areas such as branding and marketing. [68]
The privacy aspect of library usage in the Internet age is a matter of growing concern
and advocacy; privacy workshops are run by the Library Freedom Project which teach
librarians about digital tools (such as the Tor Project) to thwart mass surveillance.[69][70][71]

Associations[edit]
See also: List of library associations
The International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) is the
leading international association of library organisations. It is the global voice of the
library and information profession, and its annual conference provides a venue for
librarians to learn from one another. [72]
Library associations in Asia include the Indian Library Association (ILA),[73] Indian
Association of Special Libraries and Information Centers (IASLIC), [74] Bengal Library
Association (BLA), Kolkata,[75] Pakistan Library Association,[76] the Pakistan Librarians
Welfare Organization,[77] the Bangladesh Association of Librarians, Information Scientists
and Documentalists, the Library Association of Bangladesh, and the Sri Lanka Library
Association (founded 1960).
National associations of the English-speaking world include the American Library
Association, the Australian Library and Information Association, the Canadian Library
Association, the Library and Information Association of New Zealand Aotearoa, and
the Research Libraries UK (a consortium of 30 university and other research libraries in
the United Kingdom). Library bodies such as CILIP (formerly the Library Association,
founded 1877) may advocate the role that libraries and librarians can play in a modern
Internet environment, and in the teaching of information literacy skills.[66][78]
Public library advocacy is support given to a public library for its financial and
philosophical goals or needs. Most often this takes the form of monetary or material
donations or campaigning to the institutions which oversee the library, sometimes by
advocacy groups such as Friends of Libraries and community members. Originally,
library advocacy was centered on the library itself, but current trends show libraries
positioning themselves to demonstrate they provide "economic value to the community"
in means that are not directly related to the checking out of books and other media. [79]

International protection[edit]
Libraries are considered part of the cultural heritage and are one of the primary
objectives in many state and domestic conflicts and are at risk of destruction and
looting. Financing is often carried out by robbing valuable library items. National and
international coordination regarding military and civil structures for the protection of
libraries is operated by Blue Shield International and UNESCO. From an international
perspective, despite the partial dissolution of state structures and very unclear security
situations as a result of the wars and unrest, robust undertakings to protect libraries are
being carried out. The topic is also the creation of "no-strike lists", in which the
coordinates of important cultural monuments such as libraries have been preserved. [80][81]
[82][83]

See also[edit]

 Schools portal

 Society portal

 Chinese Library Classification (CLC)

 Controlled vocabulary
 Dewey Decimal Classification
 Digital reference
 Document management system
 Federal Depository Library Program
 Green library
 Information technology
 Integrated library system
 Interlibrary loan
 International Standard Book Number
 Libraries and the LGBTQ community
 Libraries in fiction
 Library anxiety
 Library assessment
  Library of Congress Classification
 Library of Congress Subject Headings
 Library portal
 Library Services and Construction Act
 Little Free Library
 National Library Service for the Blind and Physically
Handicapped
 Private library
 Public library
 Public libraries in North America
 Roving reference
 Trends in library usage
Lists of libraries[edit]
Main articles: List of libraries, List of national and state libraries, and List of libraries in
the ancient world

References[edit]
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Further reading[edit]
 Barnard, T.D.F. (ed.) (1967). Library Buildings: design and
fulfilment; papers read at the Week-end Conference of the
London and Home Counties Branch of the Library
Association, held at Hastings, 21–23 April 1967. London:
Library Association (London and Home Counties Branch)
 Terry Belanger. Lunacy & the Arrangement of Books, New
Castle, Del.: Oak Knoll Books, 1983; 3rd ptg
2003, ISBN 978-1-58456-099-9
  Bieri, Susanne & Fuchs, Walther (2001). Bibliotheken
bauen: Tradition und Vision = Building for Books: traditions
and visions. Basel: Birkhäuser ISBN 3-7643-6429-7
 Ellsworth, Ralph E. (1973). Academic Library Buildings: a
guide to architectural issues and solutions. 530 pp.
Boulder: Associated University Press
 Fraley, Ruth A. & Anderson, Carol Lee (1985). Library
Space Planning: how to assess, allocate, and reorganize
collections, resources, and physical facilities. New York:
Neal-Schuman Publishers ISBN 0-918212-44-8
 Irwin, Raymond (1947). The National Library Service [of
the United Kingdom]. London: Grafton & Co. x, 96 p.
 Lewanski, Richard C. (1967). Lilbrary Directories [and]
Library Science Dictionaries, in Bibliography and
Reference Series, no. 4. 1967 ed. Santa Barbara, Calif.:
Clio Press. N.B.: Publisher also named as the "American
Bibliographical Center".
 Robert K. Logan with Marshall McLuhan. The Future of the
Library: From Electric Media to Digital Media. New York:
Peter Lang Publishing.
 Mason, Ellsworth (1980). Mason on Library Buildings.
Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press ISBN 0-8108-1291-6
 Monypenny, Phillip, and Guy Garrison (1966). The Library
Functions of the States [i.e. the US]: Commentary on the
Survey of Library Functions of the States, [under the
auspices of the] Survey and Standard Committee [of the]
American Association of State Libraries. Chicago:
American Library Association. xiii, 178 p.
 Murray, Suart A.P. (2009). The Library an Illustrated
History. New York: Skyhorse Publishing. ISBN 978-0-
8389-0991-1.
 Orr, J.M. (1975). Designing Library Buildings for Activity;
2nd ed. London: Andre Deutsch ISBN 0-233-96622-6
 Thompson, Godfrey (1973). Planning and Design of Library
Buildings. London: Architectural Press ISBN 0-85139-526-0
 Herrera-Viedma, E.; Lopez-Gijon, J. (2013). "Libraries'
Social Role in the Information Age". Science. 339 (6126):
1382. Bibcode:2013Sci...339.1382H. doi:10.1126/science.
339.6126.1382-a. PMID 23520092.

External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations
related to: Libraries
Wikimedia Commons has
media related to Library.

Look up library in
Wiktionary, the free
dictionary.

 Libraries at Curlie
 LIBweb—Directory of library servers in 146 countries via
WWW
 Centre for the History of the Book, hss.ed.ac.uk
  Wikisource. The Free Library
  Texts on Wikisource:
o Dana, John Cotton (1920). "Libraries, Special,
Commercial and Industrial". In Rines, George Edwin
(ed.). Encyclopedia Americana.
o Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920). "Library
Data". Encyclopedia Americana.
o Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920). "Library
Publications". Encyclopedia Americana.
o Walter, Frank K. (1920). "Rural
Libraries". Encyclopedia Americana.
o Tedder, Henry Richard; Brown, James Duff (1911).
"Libraries". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.).
o Paton, James Morton; Charles Alexander
Nelson; Melvil Dewey; James Hulme Canfield (1905).
"Libraries". New International Encyclopedia.
o A Library Primer by John Cotton Dana (1899)
o Champlin, John D. (1879). "Library". The American
Cyclopædia.
 Libraries: Frequently Asked Questions, ibiblio.org
 A Library Primer, by John Cotton Dana, 1903, setting out
the basics of organizing and running a library. (from Project
Gutenberg)
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Libraries and library science

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