GNS 108

Concepts of a library

A Library is a collection of books and non-book materials, systematically organized through the use of
cataloguing codes (rules) and classification schemes for the provision of services for users or clientele. It
can also be defined as a designated building or space where information in print and non-print formats
are collected, organized, carefully prepared according to some specific or definite plan, and made
accessible for reading and consultation by all ages and interests. In a library, collection of information
resources are arranged by individuals familiar with the arrangement protocol and then made available
to stimulate individual learning.

According to Aina (2004) library can be described as a place where information materials of different
formats are systematically acquired, organized, stored, preserved, and disseminated to users at the
appropriate time to meet their information needs. Library contains records of human culture in diverse
formats and languages, preserved, organized, and interpreted to meet broad and varying needs of
individuals for information, knowledge, recreations, and aesthetic enjoyment.

UNESCO defines a library as an organised collection of printed books and periodical or any other graphic
or audio-visual materials by trained staff to provide and facilitate the use of such materials as are
required to meet the informational, research, educational, and recreational needs of users. Similarly,
Eberhart (2010) cited in American Library Association (ALA, 2019) defines a library as a collection of
information resources in a variety of formats that are organized by information professionals who
provide convenient physical, digital, bibliographic, and intellectual access to them with the aim of
entertaining, informing, and educating users to advance society as a whole.

Library houses different materials ranging from hard copies such as books, periodicals, journals,
encyclopedias, dictionaries, government publications, etc. Library also acquires information resources in
soft copy such as CD-ROM, databases, Internet resources, audio, and video materials among others. This
implies that today’s library can provide physical or digital access to materials. By extension, a library
could be a physical building or room, or a virtual space, or both. Irrespective of the form, the basic role
of a library is to provide information for educational, research, planning, and recreational purposes.

1. Definitions of a library
A Library is a collection of books and non-book materials, systematically organized through the use of
cataloguing codes (rules) and classification schemes for the provision of services for users or clientele. It
can also be defined as a designated building or space where information in print and non-print formats
are collected, organized, carefully prepared according to some specific or definite plan, and made
accessible for reading and consultation by all ages and interests. In a library, collection of information
resources are arranged by individuals familiar with the arrangement protocol and then made available
to stimulate individual learning.

According to Aina (2004) library can be described as a place where information materials of different
formats are systematically acquired, organized, stored, preserved, and disseminated to users at the
appropriate time to meet their information needs. Library contains records of human culture in diverse
formats and languages, preserved, organized, and interpreted to meet broad and varying needs of
individuals for information, knowledge, recreations, and aesthetic enjoyment.

UNESCO defines a library as an organised collection of printed books and periodical or any other graphic
or audio-visual materials by trained staff to provide and facilitate the use of such materials as are
required to meet the informational, research, educational, and recreational needs of users. Similarly,
Eberhart (2010) cited in American Library Association (ALA, 2019) defines a library as a collection of
information resources in a variety of formats that are organized by information professionals who
provide convenient physical, digital, bibliographic, and intellectual access to them with the aim of
entertaining, informing, and educating users to advance society as a whole.

Library houses different materials ranging from hard copies such as books, periodicals, journals,
encyclopedias, dictionaries, government publications, etc. Library also acquires information resources in
soft copy such as CD-ROM, databases, Internet resources, audio, and video materials among others. This
implies that today’s library can provide physical or digital access to materials. By extension, a library
could be a physical building or room, or a virtual space, or both. Irrespective of the form, the basic role
of a library is to provide information for educational, research, planning, and recreational purposes.

2. Components of a library

Some certain characteristics or components make up a library and absence of one or two of these
renders its definition incomplete. For a place to be regarded as a library, the following features must be
found:

2. Components of a library
2.1. Accommodation

It is important to make a convenient arrangement for a building, place or space where the library itself
will be housed;

Within the building, spaces should be provided for the book stacks, periodical stands, newspaper racks,
and catalogue cabinets among others;

In the premises, provision should also be provided for a store, staff offices, work-room and more
importantly, a reading room and a viewing cum storage space for audiovisual materials; and

Space for exhibition or displays of materials and of course public convenience.

2. Components of a library

2.2. Information materials

These refer to print and non-print materials comprising books, periodicals, pamphlets, reports, maps,
manuscripts, motion pictures, and all other forms of audiovisual records collected by library, processed,
stored, and retrieved for the use of the clientele.

Any particular library needs to house information materials that should be relevant and adequate for
the user community. A library ceases to be called so if information resources are not available and
accessible to the intended target users.

2. Components of a library

2.3. Organization

An administrative and functional structure.

It also means an arrangement according to a particular system.

It can also refer to as the idea of putting things together in a logical order, that is, a ystem of
arrangement or order, or a structure for classifying things.

Any given library must have information resources which should be appropriately organized in terms of
description (cataloguing) and arrangement by grouping (classification).

Description and arrangement of materials are very paramount in the achievement of a library goal. This
is because, for library materials to be effectively utilized, they have to be well organized in a manner that
facilitates easy retrieval by the users.
2. Components of a library

2.4. Staff/personnel

These are a group of employed persons charged with carrying out assigned tasks in an organization.

For a library to qualify with that name it should have personnel or staff that will be responsible for the
management of various activities of the library.

The staff that are charged with the responsibility to select, acquire, process, and organize information
materials. Therefore, non-availability of quality staff renders the activities of a library useless.

2. Components of a library

2.5. Users

The word encompasses various terms such as patrons, clients, clientele, information users, information
seekers, consumers, readers, etc.

These terms can be used interchangeably because they all apply to those seeking the services of a
library.

Nwalo (2003) defined a user as anybody who visits a library to exploit its resources to satisfy his
information need. As such, a library is said to be productive when the library users are satisfied.

Therefore, the result of any particular library is for it to be patronized by users.

This shows that it will be a waste of resources if the materials gathered and organized are not effectively
utilized.

Forms of libraries

1. Introduction

There are particular ways in which libraries may appear or exist. Appearance of libraries determines the
nature and kinds of information services offered to the users. Libraries may appear or exist in physical or
virtual form depending on the objectives of the parent bodies or the level of target users. Three forms of
library commonly found anywhere are discussed in greater details as follows:

Forms of libraries

1. Introduction
1.1. Physical library

This is also called the traditional library that is common in society. It refers to the physical existence of a
structure designed for collection of materials in prints. In other words, it is a library in physical form that
contains collections of books, periodicals (newspapers, magazines, and journals) for reading, study, and
reference by the users. This kind of library may serve a dual purpose by providing physical and digital
access to materials in a physical building or room. In this case, it assumes the role of a hybrid library.
Physical library could be found as a public library, national library, special library, private library, school
library, and academic library. Kwara State University Library is an example of an academic library.

Significance of library in education

1. Significance of library

The following is a vivid summary of the significance of a library:

A library is a busy workshop where persons of all ages can seek and acquire knowledge

A library makes it possible for us to show the experiences of many other persons by reading about their
thoughts, ideas, feelings, opinions, and achievements.

The information sources in the holding of a library give us the ideas and facts that have been collected
for thousands of years.

Libraries provide up-to-date information in all fields with collections of books, journals, newspapers,
magazines, pamphlets, photographs, records, motion pictures, and other information technology-
related databases.

The Library system has been described as the memory of the human race. It is like a giant brain that
remembers all that scientists, historians, poets, philosophers, and others have thought and learned.

It is a meeting place for the ideas and words of persons who have influenced the human race and his
world.

It also serves as a place where the experience of the past can meet the needs of the present.

Libraries serve us in our school work, as an aid in our daily undertaking and for pleasure in our leisure
time, just as young people learn to use the library as part of their everyday school activities.

Libraries are one of the most conducive atmospheres for reading, studying and researching.

Library is one element in the total communication system by which a society is held together and a
culture is created and maintained.

History/Origin of Libraries

1. History of Libraries
The first libraries contained achieves of the earliest form of writing such as clay tablets in cuneiform
script discovered in 2600 BC. These written archives marked the end of prehistory and the beginning of
history. According to Zhang (2011) the earliest discovered private archives were kept at Ugarit. Also,
there was evidence of libraries at Nippur about 1900BC and at Nineveh about 700BC showing a Library
classification system. Private or personal libraries consisting of written books appeared in classical
Greece in the 5th century BC. In the 6th century, at the very close of the classical period, the great
libraries of the Mediterranean world were those of Constantinople and Alexandria. From the 15th
century in Central and Northern Italy, libraries of humanists and their enlightened patrons existed. The
oldest existing library in China was Tianyi chamber library which was founded in 1561 by Fan Qin during
the Ming Dynasty. It had a collection of 70,000 volumes of antique books. In North American, personal
collections of books were brought over to the continent by French settlers in the 16th century. The
oldest non-personal library on the North America continent was founded at the Jesuit College in Quebec
City in 1635.

: Role of libraries in education

1. Describe the Role of Libraries in Education

Education’ and ‘library’ are two inseparable—indivisible concepts, both being fundamentally and syn-
chronically related to and co-existent with each other. One cannot be separated from the other, and the
existence of one is impossibility without the other. None of them is an end in itself; rather both of them
together are a means to an ultimate end. One dies as soon as the other perishes. One survives as long as
the other exists. This inter-relation, this co-existence, this dependence of one upon the other have been
coming down from the birth of human civilization to the posterity through a process of evolution in
accord with varied needs, changes, and circumstances of various stages of human life.

Education is an ‘aggregate of all the processes by means of which a person develops abilities, altitudes,
and other forms of behaviour positive value in the society in which he lives. It is a ‘social process by
which people are subjected to the influence of a selected and controlled environment (especially that of
the school) so that they may attain social competence and optimum individual development. Education
is thus the result of acquired knowledge and the accumulation of observations and experiences, while a
library is both the fountain and source, and the protector and storehouse of that knowledge and
experience. Education cannot exist alone in the absence of library, and library has no meaning if it
cannot impart education. Education is an eye-opener to a human being ; it gives him perfect, adequate
knowledge, creates civic and rational sense, withdraws him from the subjection of low habits, selfish
passions, and ignoble pursuits, and thus educes him from abysmal darkness to limpid and perspicuous
enlightenment, while library is an instrument of self-education, a means of knowledge and factual
information, a centre of intellectual recreation, and a beacon of enlightenment that provide
accumulated—preserved knowledge of civilization which consequently enrich ones mental vision, and
dignify his habit, behaviour, character, taste, attitude, conduct, and outlook on life. Library makes
available all the records of knowledge of the past and ‘present, whereas a man acquires that conserved
knowledge to choose as between good and bad, the right or wrong, which distinguish him from the
other animals who have no rational power or thinking.
Nature and types of libraries

1. Types of libraries

There are different types of libraries based on the nature of the users, the kind of information materials,
and the services they provide. They include school library, private library, special library, public library,
national library, and academic library. They are discussed as follows:

1. Types of libraries

1.1. School library

A school library also called a media resource centre is a library established in nursery, primary and
secondary schools devoted to supporting their educational programmes which are learning and teaching
by the pupils/students, and their teachers. A school library collection includes books, periodicals,
fictions, toys, and educational visual materials. The major objectives of school libraries are to: promote
and encourage reading habits of the pupils/students; develop their language skills; and improve their
ability to learn and become independent learners; A school library is usually managed by a school
librarian who may also be called a media specialist.

Nature and types of libraries

1. Types of libraries

1.2. Private Library

It is a type of library that is personally owned and funded by an individual. The owner of a private library
aims to provide reading materials that can enhance their personal development, that of their family, and
close associates. Libraries owned by individuals arise out of either the owners’ educational, political or
economic activities or out of the desire to offer services to the public on a commercial basis. Few
examples of prominent and notable individuals that owned private libraries include:

President Thomas Jefferson of the United States of America who owned a private library numbering
over 6000 volumes and sold it to the Library of Congress in 1814;

Dr. Namdi Azikiwe who before his death donated his private library to the University of Nigeria, Nsukka,
after the library was burnt down during the Nigeria-Biafra War; and

Chief Obafemi Awolowo owned a private library called “Sopolu Library” later bequeathed to Olabisi
Onabanjo University.

President Olusegun Obasanjo has a private library named “Olusegun Obasanjo Presidential Library” in
Abeokuta, Ogun State.

Justice Mustapha Akanbi has a well-functioning private library in Ilorin, Kwara State.
1. Types of libraries

1.3. Special library

A special library is a type of library established to meet highly specialized information requirements of
professionals in a particular organization through the provision of specialized information resources and
services to them based on the objectives of the parent organization. They are usually established by
research institutes, professional bodies, government agencies, industries, financial institutions, etc. A
library can be said to be special if it serves information resources to only a particular group of users such
as doctors, engineers, lawyers, etc. The information needs of these groups of users are highly specific,
that is they have definable or specified subject interests which are usually narrow in scope. Special
libraries are also known as research libraries. Examples of special libraries are:

Nigerian Institute of International Affairs Library, Lagos,

Michael Imodu National Institute for Labour Studies, Ilorin. Kwara State,

International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) Library, Ibadan,

Institute for International Affairs (NIIA) Library, Lagos,

Central Bank of Nigeria Library,

Mobil Library,

Chevron Library, etc.

1.4. Functions of Public library

Public library provides information materials free of charge to meet the informational, educational, and
recreational needs of all the people in the community. The following are some of the specific functions
of a public library:

collects, organizes, and preserves diverse information resources for its heterogeneous users;

provides free and equal access to information and knowledge to foster life-long learning and personal
advancement;

engages in activities relating to information literacy skills for its clientele to foster in them the ability to
easily access, retrieve, and use information resources for their information needs;

provides free and equal access to fiction materials for entertainment in diverse formats;
collects, preserves, and disseminates resources suitable to meet the information needs of its different
categories of patrons such as children, students, adults, civil servants, retirees, artisans, literates, and
even the illiterates;

engages particularly in activity relating to the translation of information products’ contents into
indigenous languages to render information services to the illiterate group of users.

promotes the civic and cultural activities of the immediate community.

creates and strengthens reading habits in children from childhood.

supports self-conducted education as well as formal education at all levels.

1.5. Functions of National library

National library has the highest standing status and is expected to provide leadership for all types of
libraries in a country. In many cases, it is within the jurisdiction of the executive arm of government as it
is the case in Nigeria. Its functions include:

Providing necessary literature support for intellectual efforts in all activities directed towards
progrmmmes and development;

Ensuring the availability of a comprehensive collection of the recorded materials and guaranteeing full
access to such treasury both within and outside the nation’s boundaries;

Generating free flow of information between the nation and others, thereby ensuring Nigeria’s
participation in the community of nations that depend on information for survival in a world of rapid
advancement and competition of ideas;

Organizing and storing information materials that are important for the country development;

Stimulating library development in the country through its leadership role, bibliographic and training
activities;

Serving as the main custodian of government publications;

Conducting leadership promotion programmes for citizenry;

Engaging in co-operate loans system with serous organizations like libraries of universities and
parastatals;

Serving as the library of last resort to the nation.

1.6. Functions of Academic library

Academic library helps the parent institution meet its academic goals which are teaching, research, and
community development activities. In carrying out its functions effectively, academic library:acquires
and organizes relevant information materials required to support academic programmes of the parent
institutions;

preserves and transmits knowledge through bibliographical instruction and proper organization of the
library collections;

designs web site to give students a guided tour of its library to be familiar with, and be able to search,
printed and electronic information resources available;

provides conducive reading environment and facilities;

providing sources of recreation to the users;

preserving knowledge paramount to the cultural heritage of the past for present and future generations;

promoting and preserving the culture and traditions of the immediate community where it is located;

offering Current Awareness Services (CAS) to keep users up to date with the latest information including
new arrivals in the library;

providing Selective Dissemination of Information (SDI) services to individual users based on their
research interests; and

providing Internet facility to its users to access its collections through Online Public Access Catalogue
(OPAC).

Introduction to library resources

1. Introduction

Library resources are the information materials which the library users come to consult, read or borrow
from the library. They are many and varied. They are made up of books and other information bearing
media. Library resources are the stock in trade of the librarians. They are the materials which enable
librarians to carry out their functions effectively. Library resources are also known as information
resources.

Library resources could be categorized into groups according to their Function and Format

According to Function: Study/Teaching Materials or Research Materials

According to format: Printed Library Resources, Non-Printed Library Resources

Printed resources in a library fall into two major groups namely, Reference materials and Non-Reference
Materials

1.1. Reference Materials

Reference materials are library information materials which are meant only for consultation. They are
not meant to be read from cover to cover. They are shelved in a different section called the Reference
Section. In most cases they are not loan out, they are used within the library. Examples include:
dictionaries, encyclopaedias, directories, Dictionaries, etc.

1.2. Non Reference Materials

Non reference materials are library information materials which are meant to be read from cover to
cover. They consist of textbooks and other complimentary study materials. They are available on all
subjects known in the world today. Examples include textbooks on various subjects like Accounting,
Biology, English, Mathematics, Statistics, Computer Sc., Engineering, Agriculture, Business
Administration, Political Science, Tourism, etc. Non-reference materials are loanable.

: Good Study Skills

1. Steps for good study skill

There are steps you must take in order to develop good study skills. They include:

1. Making and Keeping a Study Schedule

Students must have a functional reading schedule where specific hours are set aside for reading each
day. This schedule must be faithfully kept from day-to-day. The amount of time needed for study will
vary for each individual. An average of four hours of study each day is recommended.

2. Studying in an Appropriate Setting — Same Time, Same Place, Every Day

A conducive environment such as a library, or/and a study room at home is recommended for study.
This will facilitate comprehension since it is expected that the environment is not only quiet but cool and
has all necessary facilities for study. Have a specific place for your study.

3. Equipping Your Study Area with All the Materials You Need

Ensure that when you visit the library that you go with all necessary reading materials/resources such
as: Recommended textbooks, e-resources on your laptops, pencils, pens, erasers, etc. With your
materials at hand, you can study without interruption. Put your phone on silence and take only
emergency calls. Studying is a serious business. You can return the calls after you have finished studying.

4. Not Relying on Inspiration for Motivation

Students must not leave studying time to when they feel like. You must stick to your daily schedule for
studying whether you are motivated or not. Get yourself motivated. One method of doing this is by
moving from the known to the unknown or by reading for pleasure then move on to actual study. As an
athlete in-training cannot wait for inspiration to practice in preparation for an event so you cannot wait
for inspiration to study for examinations or assignments. Like the athlete, you must get into training for
tests and examinations by doing the assignments and preparing daily through review to be ready for the
action.

5. Keeping a Well-Kept Notebook Improves Grades

According to researchers there is a correlation between orderliness and high grades. Knowing where to
find your materials when you need them is crucial. There is no time to waste in searching for your
reading materials and your thought flow must not be disrupted while already reading. Students
therefore, should keep a special section for each subject in their notebook as well as a semester
calendar so that they can write down the dead-lines of all assignments as they are uploaded in their
portals. Having all of this information together in one place is vital to their success. A well-kept notebook
is a part of good time management.

6. Taking Good Notes as Insurance against Forgetting

Students must learn to take good notes efficiently as their instructor’s stress important points in class
and as they study. Good notes are a “must” for just-before-test/examination reviewing. Without notes,
you will need to reread and review the entire course material or textbook before an examination or test.
With notes, you can recall the main points in just a short time. The time you spend in note taking is not
lost, but in fact, is a time-saver.

7. Over- learning Material Enhances Memory

According to Psychologists you must over-learn a concept for it to be internalized. This calls for constant
reading in order to over-learn what you already know. Experts suggest that after you can say, “I know
this material,” that you should continue to study that material for an additional one-fourth of the
original study time. Manipulate the material as many different ways as possible by writing, reading,
touching, hearing, and saying it. In an experimental study, students who over-learned material retained
four times as much after a month than students who didn’t overlearn.

Concept of a library catalogue

1. Introduction

Library catalogue is seen as a complete organized record of all libraries’ contents. In other words, it is a
list of all bibliographic items found in a library or group of libraries.

The library catalogue can be likened to a book index. Just as the purpose of a book index, is to point the
reader to an information in the book without reading the whole book, similarly, the library catalogue
points the reader to the exact location of the book on the shelf without having to search through all
volumes of books on the shelves.

The librarians, when processing a resource material provides the information with many access points as
required by library users who may look for the information in the library.

Concept of a library catalogue

2. Physical Form of Library Catalogue

Types of physical form of library catalogues are:

a. Book catalogue

b. Card catalogue
c. Microform catalogue

d. Online catalogue.

Classification schemes

1. Introduction

1.2. Library of Congress Classification Scheme (LC)

Most academic libraries use library of congress classification scheme. For example, Kwara State
University Library uses this scheme. Library of congress classification scheme consists of 21 classes (A-Z).
The scheme is based on the collection of library of congress in United States. It was mixed notation. This
means that it uses both letters and numbers. It also uses cutter numbers to further specify a document.
Cutter numbers are special numbers given to individual authors. The notations and cutter numbers
together form the class mark or call number of a book.

Classification schemes

1. Introduction

1.3. The Main Classes of LC

A General works

B - BJ Philosophy, Psychology

BL - BX Religion

C Auxiliary Sciences of History

D History: General and Old World (Eastern Hemisphere)

E- F History: America (Western Hemisphere)

G Geography, Anthropology, Recreation

H Social Sciences

J Political Science

K D Law of the United Kingdom and Ireland

K F Law of the United State

L Education

M Music, Books on Music

N Fine Arts

P-PA General Philosophy and Linguistics

PA Supplement Classical Languages and Literature; Mediaeval

and Modern Literature

P B – PH Modern European Language

PG Russian Literature

PJ – PM Languages and Literature of Asia, Africa, Oceanic,

American Indian Languages, Artificial Language

PN, PR, PS, PZ General Literature, English and American

Literature, Fiction in English; Juvenile Literature

P Q Part 1 French Literature

P Q Part 2 Italian, Spanish and Portuguese

PT Part 1 German Literature

PT Part 2 Dutch and Scandinavian Literature

Q Science

R Medicine
S Agriculture

T Technology

U Military Science

V Naval Science

Z Bibliography; Library Science

A typical book classified, using the Library of congress classification scheme will have its class mark or
call number as follows:

Title: Understanding Politics: ideas, institutions and issues

Author: Thomas M. Magstadt

Class Mark (call number): JA/LC Class mark

66

M 33/cutter number

2011/date of publication

The class mark is found at the spine of every book in the library or at the left upper side of a book.
[7/31, 2:46 PM] Class Rep Tuntun: Citation

2. Reasons for citation

The following are the reasons for citation:

Proper citation allows readers to locate the materials you have used by themselves to follow up and
learn more about the topic if they desire.

You can use other people’s ideas to reinforce your arguments.

Other people’s ideas are their intellectual property. Hence, you may face serious consequences if you
fail to cite the source from where you got an idea.

A well-referenced work places the authors’ argument in the proper knowledge context (Penders B,
2018).

Citing certain sources legitimizes your ideas, and establishes your claims as facts (Penders B, 2018).

Proper citation confers authority and credibility on your work.

Citation gives proper credit to the authors of the ideas you incorporated into your work.

[7/31, 3:15 PM] Class Rep Tuntun: Forms of citation

1. Introduction

There are three forms of in-text citation namely, summarizing, paraphrasing, and direct quotation. They
are discussed one after another as follows:

1.1. Summarizing

A summary is a concise sum up of the main ideas from a source in your own words. When you are
summarizing, you are focusing on identifying and sharing the main elements of a source. This is when
you paraphrase the concepts and put them in your own words. By doing this you demonstrate you have
a firm understanding of the concepts presented and can incorporate them into your academic paper.
Note that if you are summarizing a major idea that occurs throughout the source material, the page
number is not needed.

[7/31, 3:15 PM] Class Rep Tuntun: 1.2. Paraphrasing

To paraphrase means that you focus on integrating and blending external sources into your ideas. In
paraphrasing, you restate ideas from a source using the author’s own words and sentence structures. If
you are paraphrasing a more specific idea, you may consider including the page number from where the
idea was obtained.

[7/31, 3:15 PM] Class Rep Tuntun: 1.3. Direct quotation

A direct quotation involves incorporating another person's work words for words into your writing. A
direct quotation is also when you repeat sentences or ideas from another person’s work without
changing any of the words. When incorporating a direct quotation into your work, you must place
quotation marks around the quoted words and as well include the citation and page number in
parenthesis. The elements within parenthesis must be separated by commas. A direct quotation may be
short or long.

1.4. Short quotation

You use a short quotation when you decide to include much less of someone else’s ideas in your
academic writing. A short quote can be one word or a phrase or complete sentences that are fewer or
not more than four lines of the quoted material. Generally, a short quotation is one that is less than 40
words. A short quote is usually incorporated within a sentence or a paragraph in your work

[7/31, 3:15 PM] Class Rep Tuntun: 1.5. Long quotation

A quote is long if the sentences quoted are four lines or more. Put differently, a long quote is when the
quotation comprises 40 words or more, without quotation marks. A long quotation must start from a
new line and should be indented (one inch for MLA or ½ inch for APA) from the left margin while
maintaining double spacing. The citation for the long quote should be provided after the period.

[7/31, 3:15 PM] Class Rep Tuntun: Formats for in-text citation

1. Introduction
There are four major standard formats for citing sources correctly and they are the Harvard or
author/date format, Modern Language Association (MLA) in-text citation format, Chicago in-text citation
format, and the Numeric system also known as the Vancouver System. There are variations in the four
formats, therefore you should know which format your department or faculty requires. This can be
obtained from the departmental student handbook or by asking your course adviser.

1.1. Harvard in-text citation format

Harvard citation format also known as the author-date system consists of the authors' surname and the
year of publication, and page number(s) if the words are directly quoted. The citation may appear at the
start, middle, or end of your sentences.

Examples:

1.Citation at the start of a sentence(s):

Ibeun (2020) submits that plagiarism is an academic theft and is considered a serious offence in
academic writing.

2.Citation at the middle of a sentence(s)

According to Ibeun (2020), plagiarism is an academic theft and is considered a serious offence in
academic writing.

3.Citation at the end of a sentence(s)

Plagiarism is an academic theft and is considered a serious offence in academic writing (Bakare, 2020).
1.2. Modern Language Association (MLA) in-text citation format

MLA format follows the author-page method of in-text citation. This means that the in-text citation
format includes the author's last name and the page number.

Example:

……..(Bakare 50). There should not be punctuation between the author's name and the page number.
However, if the author’s name appears in the body of your work, use just the relevant page number in
the parenthesis. For example, Bakare in a study claimed that..... (50).

[7/31, 3:15 PM] Class Rep Tuntun: 1.3. Chicago in-text citation format

Chicago style allows you to use note to cite your source, instead of in-text citation. Comparatively, a
note specifies more details about each source you use than an in-text citation. A note in CMOS consists
of two parts: a superscript Arabic number (1) placed after a sentence in the text; and a note containing
the citation, placed either at the bottom of the page (footnote) or the end of the paper (endnote), or
both. While footnote must appear at the bottom of the page that contains the citation, endnotes must
appear on a separate page (endnotes page) at the end of your chapter and before the bibliography
page.

To cite a work using Chicago citation format, place a superscript Arabic number at the end of a
sentence(s) after punctuation marks (period, quotation mark, and parenthesis). Your first citation should
be 1, followed by 2, and so on. You should note that the citation numbers should appear in sequential
order such that each number corresponds to a numbered footnote or endnote.

Example:

Plagiarism is an academic theft and is considered a serious offence in academic writing.1 Similarity and
differences exist among the terms digital, electronic, and virtual libraries.2 Digital librarians have a duty
to preserve their professional integrity. Commitment to professional ideals in carrying out various
information dissemination activities is sacrosanct.3
Foot/Endnote

1. Florence Ajani, Use of Library: Cataloguing and Classification System (Malete: KWASU
Press, 2015), 51-60.

2. Cot Blanshard, Awolowo: A Heroic Life (New York: Penguin Press, 2015), 51.

3. Bilqees Na’Allah, The Presidential Debate: The Past and The Future (Malete: KWASU
Press, 2020), 15-20.

[7/31, 3:16 PM] Class Rep Tuntun: 4. Numeric System in-text citation format

In the Numeric System also known as the Vancouver System, each citation is given a number in
parenthesis in the order in which they appeared in the text. You should start numbering in-text citations
from 1 before any punctuation. In other words, your first citation starts at 1, then 2, and so on. If the
same source is referred to again in the text, use the same number. You should also note that the
reference list of all the works cited is to be arranged in sequential numerical order at the end of your
document.

Example:

Plagiarism is an academic theft and is considered a serious offence in academic writing (1). Similarities
and differences exist among the terms digital, electronic, and virtual libraries (2). Digital librarians must
preserve their professional integrity. Commitment to professional ideals in carrying out various
information dissemination activities is sacrosanct (3).

[7/31, 3:16 PM] Class Rep Tuntun: Referencing styles and reference formatting

1. Introduction

There are 4 major referencing styles used in academic reporting. They are:
American Psychological Association (APA), often referred to as Harvard Style,

Modern Language Association (MLA),

Chicago Manual of Style also called The Kate Turabian Style, and

The Numeric System also known as the Vancouver System.

1.1. American Psychology Association (APA) referencing style

APA is the most widely used referencing style in the world. Most often APA is used in disciplines such as
Psychology, Education, and Sciences.

APA reference formatting for a book

The elements in the APA reference formatting are:

The author’s last name with coma, first and middle name as initial

Year of publication in bracket

Title of the book in italics and

Publisher’s name

Example:

Aina, L. O. (2004). Library and information science text for Africa. Third World Information Services
Limited.
APA reference formatting for an edited book

For an edited book, the elements are as follows:

Author's last name, first and middle name as initial.

(Publication year).

Title of chapter.

In author's first Initial. middle initial. last name (Eds.),

Title of book

(page number/s).

Publisher.

Example:

Bakare, A. (2020). Personality and social behavior. In M. O. Ibeun (Eds.), Sociological perspectives (pp.
23-41). KWASU Press.

APA reference formatting for a journal article

For a journal article, the elements are:

Author last name, Initial

Year of publication

Article title

Volume (issue), page numbers

Digital object identifier (DOI)

[7/31, 3:16 PM] Class Rep Tuntun: Hardware Components

.0 Definition of Computer System

A computer system is a collection of interconnected devices that process, store, and input data and
information. At least one digital processing unit is used in today's computer systems.

1.1 Components of Computer System

Computer hardware - Are physical parts/ intangible parts of a computer. eg Input devices, output
devices, central processing unit and storage devices

Computer software - also known as programs or applications. They are classified into two classes namely
- system software and application software

Liveware - is the computer user. Also kwon as humanware. The user commands the computer system to
execute instructions.

1.2 Computer Hardware

Hardware refers to the physical, tangible computer equipment and devices, which provide support for
major functions such as input, processing (internal storage, computation and control), output, secondary
storage (for data and programs), and communication.

1. Input Devices

Hardware Components

A computer system is a set of integrated devices that input, output, process, and store data and
information. Computer systems are currently built around at least one digital processing device. There
are five main hardware components in a computer system: Input, Processing, Storage, Output and
Communication devices.

A. Input Devices

Are devices used for entering data or instructions to the central processing unit. Are classified according
to the method they use to enter data.

a) Keying Devices

Are devices used to enter data into the computer using a set of Keys eg Keyboard, key-to- storage and
keypad.

i) The keyboard

Keyboard (similar to a typewriter) is the main input device of a computer . It contains three types of
keys-- alphanumeric keys, special keys and function keys. Alphanumeric keys are used to type all
alphabets, numbers and special symbols like $, %, @, A etc. Special keys such as <Shift>, <Ctrl>, <Alt>,
<Home>, <Scroll Lock> etc. are used for special functions. Function keys such as <Fl>, <F2>, <F3> etc. are
used to give special commands depending upon the software used e.g.F5 reloads a page of an internet
browser. The function of each and every key can be well understood only after working on a PC. When
any key is pressed, an electronic signal is produced. This signal is detected by a keyboard encoder that
sends a binary code corresponding to the key pressed to the CPU. There are many types of keyboards
but 101 keys keyboard is the most popular one.
How the keys are organized

The keys on your keyboard can be divided into several groups based on function:

Typing (alphanumeric) keys. These keys include the same letter, number, punctuation, and symbol keys
found on a traditional typewriter.

Special (Control) keys. These keys are used alone or in combination with other keys to perform certain
actions. The most frequently used control keys are CTRL, ALT, the Windows key, and ESC.

Function keys. The function keys are used to perform specific tasks. They are labelled as F1, F2, F3, and
so on, up to F12. The functionality of these keys differs from program to program.

Cursor Movement (Navigation) keys. These keys are used for moving around in documents or WebPages
and editing text. They include the arrow keys, HOME, END, PAGE UP, PAGE DOWN, DELETE, and INSERT
and ARROW KEYS.

Numeric keypad. The numeric keypad is handy for entering numbers quickly. The keys are grouped
together in a block like a conventional calculator or adding machine.

B. Pointing Devices

Are devices that enter data and instructions into the computer using a pointer that appears on the
screen. The items to be entered are selected by either pointing to or clicking on them.e.g mice, joystick,
touch sensitive screen, trackballs

i) THE MOUSE

A mouse is a small device used to point to and select items on your computer screen. Although mice
come in many shapes, the typical mouse does look a bit like an actual mouse. It's small, oblong, and
connected to the system unit by a long wire that resembles a tail and the connector which can either be
PS/2 or USB. Some newer mice are wireless.

A mouse usually has two buttons: a primary button (usually the left button) and a secondary button.
Many mice also have a wheel between the two buttons, which allows you to scroll smoothly through
screens of information.
When you move the mouse with your hand, a pointer on your screen moves in the same direction. (The
pointer's appearance might change depending on where it's positioned on your screen.) When you want
to select an item, you point to the item and then click (press and release) the primary button. Pointing
and clicking with your mouse is the main way to interact with your computer. There are several types of
mice: Mechanical mouse, optical mouse, optical-mechanical mouse and laser mouse.

[7/31, 3:16 PM] Class Rep Tuntun: Hardware Components

.0 Definition of Computer System

A computer system is a collection of interconnected devices that process, store, and input data and
information. At least one digital processing unit is used in today's computer systems.

1.1 Components of Computer System

Computer hardware - Are physical parts/ intangible parts of a computer. eg Input devices, output
devices, central processing unit and storage devices

Computer software - also known as programs or applications. They are classified into two classes namely
- system software and application software

Liveware - is the computer user. Also kwon as humanware. The user commands the computer system to
execute instructions.

1.2 Computer Hardware

Hardware refers to the physical, tangible computer equipment and devices, which provide support for
major functions such as input, processing (internal storage, computation and control), output, secondary
storage (for data and programs), and communication.

[7/31, 3:16 PM] Class Rep Tuntun: 1. Input Devices

1.1. Scanning Devices

Scanning Devices

These are devices that capture an object or a document directly from the source. They are classified
according to the technology used to capture data e.g. Scanners and Document readers.

i) Scanners

Used to capture a source document and converts it into an electronic form.

Example are - FlatBed and HandHeld scanners.

Figure 1.3 Examples of Scanner

[7/31, 3:16 PM] Class Rep Tuntun: Central Processing Unit

Central processing unit (CPU)

The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is referred to as the “brain” of a computer system, which converts
data (input) into meaningful information (output). It is highly complex, extensive set of electronic
circuitry, which executes stored program instructions. A CPU controls all internal and external devices,
performs arithmetic and logic operations, and operates only on binary data, that is, data composed of
1sw and 0s. in addition, it also controls the usage of main memory to store data and instructions, and
controls the sequence of operations. The Central Processing Unit has three parts:

1. Central Processing Unit

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

The CPU Is the brain or the heart of a computer. Is also known as processor and consist of three units
namely -

Arithmetic logic Unit ( A L U)

Control Unit ( C U)

Main Memory unit ( M M U)

1. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): this unit performs the arithmetical (add, subtract) and logical operations
(and, or) on the stored numbers. The data is transferred from the memory unit to the arithmetic logic
section, processed, and returned to internal storage. Before the completion of the processing, data may
be transferred back and forth between these two sections, several times. Subsequently, the results are
transferred from internal storage to an output device.

2. Control Unit: this unit checks the corrections of sequence of operations. It fetches the program
instruction from the primary storage unit, interprets them, and ensures correct execution of the
program. It also controls the input/output devices and directs the overall functioning of the other units
of the computer.

3. Memory Unit: this unit holds the intermediate results during the course of calculations and provides
the data as and when required. It stores the program instructions and data on which the processor is
currently working. This internal storage section is also called as primary memory, or main memory. The
storage section takes the data from an input device and stores it until the computer is ready to process
it. It also stores processed data and intermediate results. When the processing is finished, it transfers
the final results to an output device. Note: as a whole, we can summarize a CPU as the heart (Memory
Unit), brain (ALU) and nervous system (Control Unit) of the computer.

[7/31, 3:17 PM] Class Rep Tuntun: Output Devices

OUTPUT DEVICE IS ANY PIECE OF COMPUTER HARDWARE EQUIPMENT WHICH CONVERTS

INFORMATION INTO HUMAN READABLE FORM. IT CAN BE TEXT, GRAPHICS, TACTILE, AUDIO, AND
VIDEO. SOME OF THE OUTPUT DEVICES ARE VISUAL DISPLAY UNITS (VDU) I.E. A MONITOR, PRINTER
GRAPHIC OUTPUT DEVICES, PLOTTERS, SPEAKERS ETC.

1. Output Devices

An output device is any piece of computer hardware equipment which converts information into human
readable form. It can be text, graphics, tactile, audio, and video. Some of the output devices are Visual
Display Units (VDU) i.e. a Monitor, Printer graphic Output devices, Plotters, Speakers etc.