Professional Documents
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Agri-Crop Grade 10 LM
Agri-Crop Grade 10 LM
Learner’s Material
GOVERNMENT PROPERTY
NOT FOR SALE
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First Year of Use: i
Source of Fund (Year included):
Technology & Livelihood Education – Grade 10
Agricultural Crop Production
Learner’s Material
First Edition, 2014
ISBN:
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ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE
Quarter I
MODULE 1 - ENTREPRENEURSHIP
PRE TEST
LESSON I
LESSON II
1 1
MODULE II - Agricultural Crop Work (Rice Production)
Quarter II
LESSON I
LESSON II
LESSON III
2 2
POST TEST
DEFINITION OF TERMS
LESSON IV
Seed Selection
QUARTER III
LESSON V
Seedling production
LESSON VI
Planting/Transplanting
3 3
LESSON VII
Nutrient Management
LESSON VIII
Water Management
QUARTER IV
LESSON IX
Pest Management
LESSON X
4 4
Harvesting , Threshing , Drying, Storing and Milling
LESSON XI
REFERENCES
5 5
QUARTER 1
Learning Material No. I
PERSONAL ENTREPRENEURIAL COMPETENCIES (PEC’S)
ACROSS MARKET AND ENVIRONMENT
6 6
Entrepreneurial Competencies (PECs)? Always remember that
“Successful
7 7
entrepreneurs continuously develop and improve their PECs.”
To begin with, let us first try to find out the competencies you will master
after finishing this module.
OBJECTIVES
At the end of this module, you are expected to:
Now that you have an idea about the enabling knowledge and skill that
you will develop/achieve and master, try to take the first challenge in this module
the preassessment.
PREASSESSMENT
A B
1. Creative a. makes a wise decision towards the
attainment of the set objectives
2. Profit Oriented b. strategic thinking and setting of goals
3. Discipline c. trusts in one’s ability
4. Decision Making d. adaptable to change
5. People Skill e. innovative, have edge over other competitors
6. Planner f. solid dedication
7. Self-confidence g. skillful in record keeping
8. Hardworking h. always sticks to the plan
9. Ability to accept change i. works diligently
10. Committed j effective and efficient communication skills
and relationship with people
k. always looks for income
8 8
Task 2: Guide Questions
Direction: The following are guide questions which encapsulate the entire
module. Write your answers on your assignment notebook, then share these in
class.
After all the guide questions have been answered to the best of your
knowledge and skills, share these with your classmates. You, too, may
compare your insights, personal knowledge, and relevant experiences on the
topic to make it more exciting and engaging.
After reading and understanding the objectives of this module and having
gone through pre-assessment and answering the guide questions, you will be
asked to set your own personal goals. These goals will inspire you to further
achieve the ultimate objective of this module. In the end, these goals would
motivate you to learn more about PECs.
Goals and Learning Ultimate
Targets Activities Goal
9 9
After setting your own personal goals and targets to achieve the objectives
of this module, check first your inherent knowledge of PECs. Try to answer the
following guide questions with the help of your classmates.
2. Are there other strategies or approaches where you can assess your PECs?
Explain how these would become more useful in selecting a viable business
venture.
10 10
5. What is the significance of evaluating PECs of a successful entrepreneur?
What helpful insights can you draw from this activity?
How was your experience in answering the guide questions together with
your classmates? Were you able to benefit from them? What insights have you
realized?
This time you’re going to study the lessons that will enrich your knowledge
about PECs. Read carefully all the important details about the succeeding topic.
Know
She toiled for several years experimenting and perfecting her sulfite-free
and low-sugar technology in processing indigenous fruits, primarily the Guimaras
mangoes.
11 11
Tagbanua was elected as President of the Guimaras, Producers and
Processors Association. In 2007, she was chosen as Magsasakang Siyentista
(Farmers Scientist), and elected as Secretary General of the National Scientists
Association. In addition, she was nominated as Gawad Saka Awardee, and
because of her numerous achievements, she was cited by former Agriculture
Secretary Arthur Yap in 2010 as one of the top 200 agri-entrepreneur of the
country.
12 12
Profit-Oriented: A person enters the world of business to generate
profit or additional income. Therefore, he must see to it that the
business would prosper.
Process
Directions: Using the PECs Checklist, assess yourself by indicating a check (/)
mark in either strengths and/or development areas column. Interpret the
results by counting the total number of check marks in each of the columns. After
13 13
accomplishing the checklist, form a group and share your insights and
experiences why you have come up with that personal assessment.
14 14
Table 1: PECs Checklist
Personal Assessment in terms of:
Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies Strength Development
of an Entrepreneur Areas
Hardworking
- Works diligently
Self-confident
- Confidence in one’s ability
Discipline
- Sticks to the plan
Committed
- Solid dedication
Ability to accept change
- Adaptable to change
Creative
- Innovative to have an edge over
other competitors
Profit-oriented
- Always looks for income
Planner
- Strategically thinks and sets goals
People Skills
- Has effective and efficient
communication skills and relationship
with people
Decision Making
- Makes a wise decision towards the
set objectives
TOTAL
Interpretation/Insights:
15 15
Reflect and Understand
How was your experience in discovering your strengths and the areas to
be developed? Did you gain valuable experience in exchanging insights with your
classmates? To learn more and deepen your understanding of PECs, do Task 5
below.
Task 5: Interview
Name of Proprietor/Practitioner:
Age: Number of Years in Business:
Business Name:
Business Address:
16 16
Note: Ask the needed information from the interview to supply answer/s
to Row 1 in the table below. Meanwhile, fill out the second row with
your PECs.
17 17
Personal
Entrepreneurial
Competencies Characteristics Attributes Lifestyles Skills Traits
Successful
Entrepreneur in the
province
My PECs
Using the information from the table above, analyze, and reflect on the
similarities and differences in your answers. Put your reflection on the
table below. Write your conclusion on the space provided on the next
page.
Personal
Entrepreneurial Similarities Differences
Competencies
Characteristics
Attributes
Lifestyles
Skills
Traits
Conclusion:
18 18
Transfer
Time Expected
Objective Area Activities Strategies
Frame Outcome
To align my
PECs with the Characteristics
PECs of a
successful
entrepreneur in
agri-
buisness/agri-
crop..
Skills
Attributes
Traits
19 19
Task 7: Essential Questions
Direction: Read and study the following questions below. You may use a
separate sheet of paper or your notebook to write your answers.
1. Why is there a need to compare and align your PECs with the PECs of a
successful entrepreneur?
2. How does your action plan help sustain your strong PECs and/or address
your development areas?
20 20
ENVIRONMENT AND MARKET (EM)
Content Standards Performance Standards
Module 2
Environment and Market
Introduction
Now that you have read some of the important things to consider to
succeed in any business, you are now ready to explore more about the
environment and market.
21 21
To begin with, let’s first try to find out the competencies that you will
master after finishing this module.
OBJECTIVES
At the end of this module, you are expected to:
- identify what is of “Value” to the customer;
- identify the customer to sell to;
- explain what makes a product unique and competitive;
- apply creativity and innovative techniques to develop marketable product;
and
- employ a Unique Selling Proposition (USP) to the product/service.
Now that you have an idea about the things you will learn, try to take the
first challenge in this module-- the pre-assessment.
PRE-ASSESSMENT
22 22
6. This is the introduction of a new idea to make the product and
services more attractive and saleable to prospective customers.
A. New Idea C. Product Development
B. Creativity D. Innovation
7. A managerial tool used to assess the environment in gathering important
information used for strategic planning.
A. Environmental Scanning C. WOTS Analysis
B. SWOT Analysis D. Survey Analysis
8. A marketing practice of creating name, symbol or design that identifies
and differentiate a product from others.
A. Product Naming C. Branding
B. Unique Selling Proposition D. Tagline
9. This is a meaningful and unforgettable statement that captures
the essence of your brand.
A. Product Naming C. Branding
B. Unique Selling Proposition D. Tagline
10. These are the things that people cannot live without.
A. Wants C. Requirements
B. Desires D. Needs
Directions: Read and study the guide questions below. You may use a
separate sheet of paper to write your responses to the guide
questions.
5. How can one effectively respond to the needs of the target customer?
23 23
After all the guide questions have been answered and skills have been
mastered, share them with your classmates. Discuss your insights, personal
knowledge of, and relevant experiences on the topic to make it more exciting and
engaging.
After setting your own personal goals and targets to achieve the objectives
of this module, you will have the opportunity to read and learn more about
environment and market. You, too, will also be given a chance to do practical
exercises and activities to deepen your understanding of the topic.
Know
Product Development
When we talk of product development, we are referring to a process of
making a new product to be sold by a business or enterprise to its customers.
Product development may involve modification of an existing product
or its presentation, or formulation of an entirely new product that satisfies a
newly defined customer’s needs and/or want and/or a market place.
There are basic, yet vital questions that you can ask yourself. When you
24 24
shall find acceptable answers to these, you can say that you are ready to
develop a product and/or render service.
1. For whom are the product/service aimed?
2. What benefit will the customers expect from it?
3. How will the product differ from the existing brand? Or from their
competitor?
Likewise, needs and wants of the people within the area should also be
taken into consideration. Everyone has his or her own needs and wants.
However, people have different concepts of needs and wants. Needs in
business are important things that every individual do without in a society. These
include:
1. Basic commodities for consumption
2. Clothing and other personal belongings
3. Shelter, sanitation and health
4. Education
Basic needs are essential to every individual so he/she may be able to live
with dignity and pride in the community of people. These needs can obviously
help you generate business ideas and subsequently to develop a marketable
product.
Wants are desires, luxury, and extravagance that signify wealth and an
expensive way of living. Wants or desires are considered above all the basic
necessities of life. Some examples are the eagerness or the passion of every
individual which are non- basic needs like fashion accessories, shoes, clothes,
travelling around the world, eating in an exclusive restaurant, watching movies,
concerts, plays, having luxurious cars, wearing expensive jewelry, perfume, living
in impressive homes, and others.
Needs and wants of people are the basic indicators of the kind of
business that you may engage into because they can serve as the measure of
your success. Some other good points that you might consider in business
undertakings are the people, their needs, wants, lifestyle, culture, and tradition,
and social orientation.
25 25
Concept development is a very critical phase in developing of a product.
From this stage, the needs of the target market are identified and competitive
26 26
products are reviewed before the product specifications are defined. The product
concept is selected along with an economic analysis to come up with an outline
of how a product is being developed. Below is a figure that shows the stages
of
concept development of a product.
Plan
Remaining
Analyze Perform Development
Competitive
Economic Project
Products Analysis
Concept Development
27 27
D. Generate Product Concepts - After having gone through with the previous
processes, you may now develop a number of product concepts to illustrate
what types of product/service are both technically feasible and would best
meet the requirements of the target consumers/market.
Finding Value
The value that you incorporate to your product is called value proposition.
Value proposition is “a believable collection of the most persuasive reasons
people should notice you and take the action you are asking for.” Value
is created by fulfilling deep desires and solving deep problems. This is what
gets the people moving, and keep them spending for your product/service.
Innovation
Innovation is the introduction of something new in your product/service.
This may be a new idea, a new method or a device. If you want to increase your
28 28
sales and profit you must innovate. Some of the possible innovations in your
products are change in packaging, improved taste, color, size, shape, and
29 29
perhaps price. Some of the possible innovations in providing services are
application of new improved methods, additional feature of product/ services,
and possibly, freebies.
Here's how to discover your USP and use it to increase your sales and
profit:
30 30
the information that motivates the customers in their decisions to purchase
your product/service.
31 31
Discover the actual and genuine reasons why customers buy your
product instead of that of your competitor's. Information is very
important in decision making. Competitive entrepreneur always endeavor
to improve his/her products/services and constantly provide satisfaction
and sustain patronage of customers. As your business grows, you should
always consider the process of asking your customers some important
information and feedback that you can use to improve your
product/services.
Process
Task 3: Interview
Directions: Select a successful entrepreneur/practitioner. Conduct an interview
by utilizing the sets of questions below. Document the interview and
present this to the class.
4. Did you consult somebody before you engage in this business? Cite
sample insights that you gained from the consultation.
5. What were your preparations before you started the actual business?
32 32
Reflect and Understand
33 33
Transfer
1. Identify
Customers
7. Prepare a Need 2. Target
Development - Specifications
Plan - -
- - -
- - -
- -
- -
- -
6. Refine 3. Analyze a
Product Competitive
Specification Product
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
5. Select a 4. Generate
Product Product
Concept Concept
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
34 34
Know
1. Examine the existing goods and services. Are you satisfied with the
product? What do other people who use the product say about it? How can it
be improved? There are many ways of improving a product from the way it is
crafted up to the time it is packed and sold. You can also improve the
materials used in crafting the product. In addition, you introduce new ways of
using the product, making it more useful and adaptable to the customers’
many needs. When you are improving the product or enhancing it, you are
doing an innovation. You can also do an invention by introducing an entirely
new product to replace the old one.
2. Examine the present and future needs. Look and listen to what the
customers, institution, and communities are missing in terms of goods and
services. Sometimes, these needs are already obvious and felt at the
moment. Other needs are not that obvious because they can only be felt in
the future, in the event of certain developments in the community. For
example, a province will have its electrification facility in the next six months.
Only by that time will the entrepreneur could think of agricultural products
which are made using electrically-powered tools or equipment.
3. Examine how the needs are being satisfied. Needs for the products and
services are referred to as market demand. To satisfy these needs is to
35 35
supply the products and services that meet the demands of the market. The
term market refers to whoever will use or buy the product or services, and
these include people or institutions such as other businesses, establishments,
organizations, or government agencies.
Businesses or industries in the locality also have needs for goods and
services. Their needs for raw materials, maintenance, and other services such
as selling and distribution are good sources of ideas for business.
A group of people in your neighborhood may have some special skills that
can be harnessed for business. For example, women in the Mountain Province
possess loom weaving skills that have been passed on from one generation to
the next. Some communities there set up weaving businesses to produce
blankets, decorative items, and various souvenir items for sale to tourists and
lowland communities.
Business ideas can come from your own skills. The work and experience
you may have in agricultural arts, industrial arts, home economics, and ICT
classes will provide you with business opportunities to acquire the needed skills
which will earn for you extra income, should you decide to engage in income-
generating activities. With your skills, you may also try on doing things during
your spare time. Many products were invented this way.
36 36
Listings of possible businesses to set up in an area may also be available
from banks or local non-government organizations.
37 37
Key Concepts of Selecting a Business Idea
You have to select the most promising one from among a hundred and
one ideas. It will be good to do this in stages. In the first stage, screen your
ideas to narrow them down to about five choices. In the next stage, trim down
the five choices to two options. In the final stage, choose between the two and
decide which business idea is worth pursuing.
Branding
38 38
Branding is a marketing practice of creating name, symbol or design that
identifies and differentiates product/service from that of the competitors. It is also
a promise to your customers. It tells them what they can expect from your
product/ service and it differentiates your offerings from other competitors. Your
brand is derived from who you are, who you want to be, and who people
perceive you to be.
Branding is one of the most important aspects of any business. An
effective brand strategy gives you a major edge in increasingly competitive
markets.
The features of a good product brand are as follows:
- delivers the message clearly
- confirms your credibility
- connects your target prospects emotionally
- motivates the buyer
- concretizes user loyalty
Write down your brand messaging. Select key messages you want
to communicate about your brand.
Process
39 39
Threats in your environment to ensure that the products/goods and service
you
40 40
are planning to offer will be patronized within the easy reach by your target
markets/consumers.
Keep your SWOT short and simple. Avoid complexity and over analysis
SWOT is subjective.
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
-
Opportunities (O) Threats (T)
- -
- -
- -
- -
-
-
41 41
Strategize:
Strategies/Activities:
Analysis:
Reading books and watching videos have been considered two of the
most effective educational activities that help learners deepen their
42 42
understanding of a certain topic. In this particular circumstance, you will be
asked to conduct extra readings and video viewings on the following topics:
Transfer
Direction: Generate a clear appealing product brand with logo and tagline.
Logo Tagline
43 43
GRADE 10 LEARNING MATERIALS
K TO 12 CURRICULUM
AGRICULTURAL CROP PRODUCTION NC I (RICE)
Quarter II
Learning Material No. II
Rice is the staple food of all the Filipinos hence, rice production is
an important industry in the Philippines. It is the backbone of Philippine
44 44
economy for it does not only give benefit to rice growers but also to other
industries like rice threshing, warehousing, milling, seed production, and
many others, that offer a lot of job opportunities. Being the prime
commodity, rice leads the growth of the agricultural sector. It is
indispensable to sustainable development. Rice accounts for the majority
of the total value of production in agriculture. This is primarily because
rice is the most preferred commodity of the population. Furthermore,
majority of the people depend on farm labor and rice-related businesses
for their livelihood.
PRE-ASSESSMENT
Let us find out how much you already know about rice production.
Read and understand the questions below. Choose the letter of the best
answer and write it on your answer sheet.
45 45
2. Which tool is used for cleaning the levees?
A. Bolo
B. Crowbar
C. Mattock
D. Shovel
46 46
9. Which of the following PPE is used to protect hands from injury?
A. Boots
B. Goggles
C. Gloves
D. Mask
10.Which of the following does not affect rice yield?
A. Climate
B. Location
C. Transportation
D. Soil
14.To prepare the land for planting upland rice, plowing and harrowing
should be done
A. 1 – 2 times.
B. 2 - 3 times.
C. 3 - 4 times.
D. 4 – 5 times.
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16.When is the best time to fix levees?
A. After the first harrowing
B. After the first plowing
C. Before the first plowing
D. Before the second harrowing
17.Which among the following is the recommended time of soaking rice
seeds before sowing?
A. 24 hrs.
B. 29 hrs.
C. 34 hrs.
D. 39 hrs.
19. Which of the following is one of the advantages of using the straight
row planting system?
A. It is the cause of overcrowding of plants.
B. It makes hand weeding difficult.
C. It makes mechanical weeding easy.
D. It provides uneven spaces for growing plants.
20. What is the average seeding rate per hectare using the dapog
method?
A. 22 kg
B. 33 kg
C. 44 kg
D. 66 kg
22. Which of the following is the recommended seedling rate per hill for
growing rice?
A. 2-3
B. 3-4
C. 4-5
D. 6-7
23. Replanting of missing hills should be done
48 48
days after
planting to complete the required plant population in a given area.
A. 3-5
B. 5-7
C. 7-9
D. 10-12
27. Below are ways by which irrigation water is lost except one:
A. evaporation
B. percolation
C. seepage
D. absorption
49 49
30. This is the most destructive rice pest which attacks the plant from
seedling stage to maturity .
A. rice stem borer
B. plant hopper
C. rice bug
D. maggot
31. This method of insect control utilizes the natural enemies of insects
to control the pest.
A. Biological
B. Cultural
C. Chemical
D. Physical
32. Which among the following is not needed in cleaning rice grains?
A. 1.5 mm fish net and stirrer
B. Canvas and winnowing basket
C. Blower and shifter
D. Sickle and reaper
50 50
LESSON 1
I. INTRODUCTION
The lesson is all about the farm tools and equipment used in rice
production. You will learn this within 12 days.
51 51
WHAT WILL YOU LEARN?
Know
HAND TOOLS
Hand tools are usually light and are used without the help of animals or
machines. They are being used in performing farm activities which involve
small yet important jobs to be done. Below are some of the examples:
52 52
FARM IMPLEMENTS
53 53
These are accessories which are being pulled by working animals or
mounted to machineries (hand tractor, tractor) which are usually used in the
preparation of large tract of land. These are usually made of a special kind of
metal.
Examples :
1. Plows. These are farm implements used in rice production operations either
pulled by a working animal or a tractor. The plow is specifically used for
tilling large areas, making furrows and ditches to facilitate irrigation and
drainage.
Plows pulled by working animals are made of either a combination of
metal or wood or pure metal . Due to intensive farm mechanization it is
becoming extinct in some regions. They are used to till areas with a
shallower depth than that of the disc plows which are pulled by tractors.
2. Harrow. The native wooden harrow is made of wood with a metal tooth and
pulled by a carabao while the disc harrow is a metal mounted to a tractor.
Harrows are used for tilling and pulverizing the soil in upland rice
production where the soil is tilled dry while waiting for the rain or water
supply.
Harrow
54 54
EQUIPMENT
55 55
Combine Harvester Rice Thresher
Photos Courtesy of Mr. Efrelito Jay M. Guittap, Faculty, College of Agriculture ,CLSU
LET US REMEMBER
Using the right tools and equipment for the specific farm operation
makes it easier and more economical.
After knowing the farm tools and equipment, continue the lesson in doing
pre-operative check-up of equipment.
Activity#1
Safety Check: Walk around the tractor, hand tractor, thresher, reaper and any
attached implement checking the area for obstacles that may be under or
near the tractor which include stones, boards, children's toys etc. Make
56 56
sure there are no bystanders; remember this is a working area. Check
whether the wheels are free, or stuck in the ground. Check for any loose
57 57
parts or objects on the tractor such as tools on the platforms or around
brakes and other controls.
Inspect around: Walk around the tractor, hand tractor a second time to check
the equipment itself. This time look at the tires for wear and inflation, the
power take-off shaft for shielding and guarding (rotate the shield to make
sure it moves freely), the hitch for proper hitch pin and safety clip. Pay
particular attention to the ground under the tractor for any signs of
liquid leaks such as oil, coolant or fuel.
Check the oil of all engines attached to machineries to be used: Remove the
dipstick, wipe it clean, and check the oil level. If oil is required,
remember to wipe off the filler cap before you remove it to avoid dirt
falling into the engine. Use a clean funnel and clean the top of the oil can
to prevent rust or other foreign objects going in with the oil.
Check the radiator: Slowly remove the red cap and check the liquid level.
Check the air pre-cleaner and air cleaner. Remove and shake out any dirt.
Always check the fuel gauge. Fill if necessary, through it should have been filled
at the end of the last day the tractor was used.
Have a fire extinguisher. Your tractor should have a fire extinguisher in case of
fire during operation or refueling and in area of storage and milling .
Make sure it is charged and easily accessible.
Remember:
Hazardous activities
58 58
high pressure. The external signs
of oil injection may be slight, but the
internal damage is not and may
lead to surgery or amputation.
If checking for leaks, use something
(eg. a piece of card run along the
hose) to show where the leak is. Do
not use your hands.
Release the pressure before working
on the system
Sharpening When working on, for example a forage
harvester, only the actual sharpening
should take place with the machine in
motion. All activities before and after,
like. guard removal, should be done
with the machine stationary, even if
rundown takes a long time.
Beware of flying particles when
sharpening machinery. Use protective
equipment such as goggles.
Working under machines When working under raised machines,
jacks should be used and correctly
located, and additional support (eg
axle stands) provided.
When working on hydraulically-raised
equipment (eg. trailers) use props.
Never rely on the hydraulics.
49
wet or muddy conditions. Make sure
you know how to access machines
safely, especially large machines such
as combines.
Don’t clean with machines running
and with guards removed.
Blockages Many accidents happen while cleaning
machine blockages – often because
operators attempt to clear a blockage
while the machine is still powered.
Again, the key question to ask is:
“Have I been trained to do this job
properly?” If the answer is “no”, do not
attempt it.
Hard hats can protect workers from head impact, penetration injuries,
and high impact injuries such as those caused by falling or flying objects, fixed
objects, or contact with electrical conductors. It also prevents the long hair from
getting caught in machine parts such as belts and chains. Ordinary hats shall
be worn by a farmer whenever working in the farm to protect himself against
ultraviolet rays of the sun.
50 50
Protection from eyes and face injury
In some cases, workers must shield most of their bodies against hazards
in the workplace, such as exposure to heat and radiation, hot metals, scalding
liquids, body fluids, hazardous materials or waste, and others. In addition to
fire-retardant wool and fire retardant cotton, materials used in whole-body
personal protective equipment, include leather, synthetics, rubber, and plastic.
Respiratory Protection
Process
Activity #1
51 51
Conduct an interactive activity with the class by forming two
52 52
groups, one group will enumerate what farm operations will be
undertaken, and the other group will indicate what farm tools/equipment
to use together with the applicable PPE to wear and vice-versa. The group
with the highest score will be the winner.
Activity #2
Students will be asked to draw from the box containing the names
of farm tools and equipment and explain how and when it will be used in
accomplishing rice production activities.
Activity #3
Get your partner, list two farm equipment and make a research in
the internet on the different parts that need to be maintained, and the
procedure on how to do the maintenance.
Activity#4
Activity #1
Activity #2
Using the rice reaper of the nearest farm in the locality, make a report
about the conditions of the parts needed to be maintained. Are they in the
best condition? Why or why not? Share it with class.
Transfer
Activity#1
You are the farm manager of the San Pedro Apartado Multi-Purpose
Cooperative and tasked to prepare the farm equipment conditions
analysis. Make a list of the equipment; evaluate each equipment and
identify the parts that need maintenance.
53 53
List of equipment Condition Parts that need
maintenance
Activity # 2
Divide the class into groups and with the supervision of the teacher or
the farm technician or the owner of the combine harvester in the nearby farm in
the locality, let each group will conduct pre-operational check-up of the
combine harvester.
Summative Test
Glossary of Terms
Hand tools – tools that are usually light and are used to do minor
operation in the farm.
Prepare – to gather all the needed materials ready for a specific work.
54 54
circumstances and with the help of minimal ignition source
55 55
Ignition- cause of burning by providing heat or spark
56 56
LESSON II
Introduction
Like any other plant, rice needs an appropriate kind of soil as well as
good location to attain the highest possible yield.
The lesson is all about the factors to consider in site selection for
planting rice and doing soil analysis. You will learn this within twelve days.
57 57
Know
If given a chance to select a good site for rice production, here are the
important factors to consider to ensure optimum growth and development.
These are soil, climate, and location.
58 58
b. there should be available laborers in the different stages of
rice production.
59 59
c. good irrigation and drainage.
d. proximity to drying pavement and other post-harvest
facilities.
The success of rice production starts with knowing the kind of soil
where you are going to plant. The rice plant is nutrient sensitive; its ability
to produce good harvest depends on the nutrients present in the soil. Soil
sampling and analysis are important to determine the pH level and the
nutrients present in the soil. The result of the soil analysis will be the basis
of fertilizer application.
60 60
Take composite soil samples. After collecting the samples from
the different sampling areas,they will be pulverized and mixed
thoroughly in the container. Place the composite soil sample of about
61 61
½ kilogram, in a clean plastic bag. After which, it is now ready for
chemical analysis, using a simple Soil Testing Kit (STK) for qualitative
analysis of soil pH, nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium or by
running a complete chemical analysis in a soil laboratory. Results of
both test will serve as the basis for the farmers in making
recommendation on the amount of fertilizer materials to be applied to
satisfy the nutrient requirement of the crop.
Selecting the appropriate site plays a vital role in the success of rice
production.
Factors to consider in selecting the site
a. accessibility of the farm to the road
b. availability of good labor supply
c. good irrigation and drainage
d. proximity of threshing and drying pavement
Factors that affect growth and development of the crop
1. kinds of soil
2. climate
3. location
Soil pH for rice is from 6.2 to 7.0
Process
Activity#1
62 62
Score card in selecting the site
63 63
Name of Farmer:
Location:
Directions: Of the four sites visited, write the appropriate rating based on
the scale listed below, considering the adaptability of factors in selecting
the site.
Activity#1
Select four cooperating farmers in the locality, get the data on their
average harvest (number of cavans) for the past three years. Compare and
analyze to see if the differences were affected by the farm location.
Activity#2
Transfer
64 64
SUMMATIVE TEST
A. Answer the following questions in your quiz notebook. Write only the
letter of the correct answer.
1. There are three important factors that affect rice yield. Which of
the following is not among the factors?
A. Climate
B. Kind of soil
C. Location
D. Topography
65 65
Glossary of Terms
Soil - is a loose and friable material of the earth surface where plants
grow and develop.
66 66
LESSON III
INTRODUCTION
67 67
WHAT WILL YOU LEARN?
Know
68 68
Photo Courtesy of Bersamin Agro-Industrial High School
69 69
Photo Courtesy of Dr. Pedrito S. Nitural, Faculty, College of Agriculture, CLSU
Leveling the field can be done by scraping the mud from high
spots moving it to the low areas. A bamboo pole maybe attached to
the base of the harrow teeth to help in leveling.
Harrow the field at least twice with one week interval for
irrigated field and at least one day for rainfed field due to limited
supply of water. The first harrowing is done a week after plowing to
break the soil clods and to incorporate the stubbles. This will allow
dropped rice seeds during the previous cropping and weed seeds to
germinate. The second harrowing which is also the first levelling
should be done across the direction of the first harrowing. This
70 70
further incorporates the volunteer plants and allowing the remaining
dropped seeds and weed seeds to germinate. These practices help
reduce the initial pest host population and maintain the hardpan
which minimizes water seepage.
71 71
LET US REMEMBER
The best time to fix the levee is after the first plowing because
the upturned soil near the levees can be used for plastering in the
work. The following are the steps in repairing levees.
1. Clean the levees. Trim the thick portions of both sides of the
levees using a bolo. Patch all rat holes, breaks, and soft
spots.
2. Repair the levees by using soil which has been broken up
during the first plowing for patching soft spots and cracks.
Break up and rebuild the portion of the levees containing
rat holes.
3. Patch-up/cover/fill the levee with mud making sure that all
cracks are sealed properly.
4. Dikes must be cleaned to remove pest, compact to prevent
seepage, and maintain at 15 cm high x 20 cm wide to
prevent rat burrowing. Ditches will ensure even water
distribution and drainage.
72 72
Fields used solely for year-round rice production must be
allowed to rest or fallow for at least 30 days or more before plowing
for the next cropping season. This will break the life cycle of majority
of the insects.
Rainfed rice fields are often prepared during April and May.
Plow field after the first rain then harrow. Leave it for 7 or more days
to allow weed seeds to germinate, afterwhich the field will be plowed
and harrowed again to kill the emerging weeds. Plowing and
harrowing may be done 2-3 times until the field is ready for
transplanting.
Lowland rice requires well puddled and well prepared soil. This
ensures a soil surface that is weed-free, soft and leveled to
make transplanting of seedlings/planting of seeds easier. It
also facilitates mixing of organic matter such as rice straw,
weeds, and stubbles with the soil to hasten decomposition.
Proper land preparation is undertaken to level the field, for
uniform distribution of irrigation water, fertilizer, and
pesticides. It also prevents or minimizes water seepage from
the field.
Process
Activity #1
RATING
V Good Good Fair Poor
ACTIVITIES
91–100 81–90 75–80 70-74
73 73
1. Cleared the area before
plowing
74 74
2. Followed correct procedure in
plowing
3 Harrowed the field well
4.Repaired the levees
5.Observed proper use of
tools/equipment
6. Used PPE
Activity #2
Transfer
Activity#3
75 75
5. The land should be plowed and harrowed 4-5 times
alternately.
B. Answer briefly.
RESOURCES
1. Bolo
2. Moldboard plow
3. Harrow
4. Draft carabao
5. Shovel
6. Pick mattock
7. Hand tractor
8. Tractor
Glossary of Terms
76 76
LESSON IV SEED
SELECTION
Know
77 77
Using high quality seeds of a recommended rice variety will result
78 78
in a considerable increase in the yield.
The characteristics of certified seeds are the following:
1. pure
2. clean
3. with the same size and shape
4. 85% or higher percentage of germination
5. free from seed borne diseases
Seeds of improved variety should be certified by the National
Seed Quality Control Services (NSQCS). It could be proven through a
blue card attached to the sack. Good quality seeds could be availed
from agencies such as the PhilRice and other accredited seed
producers enumerated below.
1. PhilRice
2. Bureau of Plant Industry (BPI)
3. Agricultural Productivity Commission (APC)
4. Institute of Plant Breeding (IPB)
5. Seed Grower – cooperators in your locality
6. Reliable dealers of farm supplies
79 79
varieties intended for rainfed environment. Consider also
traditional or regionally preferred varieties for rainfed
environment knowing that crops can develop
adaptability in an area.
6. Farmers also often prefer new varieties, believing that
they yield better. However, a variety may be released
based on reasons other than yield (e.g. better grain
quality and resistance to pests). Thus, it is important to
know the characteristics of the varieties but, more
importantly, to conduct adaptability trials.
80 80
Irrigated Varieties
Variety Agronomic Characteristics Disease & Insect Pest Reactions
Ave. Max
Maturity Height Borer
Yield Yield Blast BLB Tungro BPH GLH
days (cm)
(Tons) (Tons)
10 Rc230H 6.7 10.6 108 103 I S S (S) I MR
NSIC 2010
Rc232H 7 10.7 110 110 I S S (S) MS I
NSIC 2010
Rc234H 6.5 9.8 115 119 I I S (S) I MS
NSIC 2010
Rc236H 6.2 10.9 114 115 I I S (S) MS I
NSIC 2011
Rc21 SR 4.5 7.3 122 90 I I S
NSIC 2011
Rc23 3 7.6 108 108 I I S I S
NSIC 2011
Rc244H 7 11.2 110 104 S S S I I
NSIC 2011
Rc246H 7.2 11.4 106 103 S S S I I
Rainfed Varieties
Variety Agronomic Characteristics Disease & Insect Pests Reactions
Ave. Max
Maturity Borer
Yield Yield Height Blast BLB Tungro BPH GLH
(Tons) days
(Tons)
RC100 4.1 4.1 118 111 I I S I S R
PSB
RC102 2.3 4.4 117 101 I I S I I I
PSB RC12 3.5 6 109 89 I I S I I MS
PSB RC14 3.6 6.1 110 92 I I S I I S
PSB RC36 3.1 5.3 127 121 I I MS S I MS
PSB RC38 3.2 5 127 119 I I MS S I I
PSB RC40 3.1 4.9 130 126 R I MS S I MS
PSB RC98 2.6 4.5 116 98 I I I/S R I I
Source:www.philrice.gov.ph
81 81
Legend: I - Insusceptible S-Susceptible MR- Moderately Resistant R-Resistant
MS-Moderately Susceptible
There are other factors to consider in the selection of good
seeds aside from the desirable characteristics, and these are:
1. Genetic purity. The seed should not be mixed with other rice
variety.
2. Physical purity of composition. Seeds should be free from inert
matter, chaff, and weed seeds. They must be clean.
3. Moisture content. The ideal moisture content of rice seeds for
sowing is 14%.
4. Capacity of the seed to germinate or viability. The international
standards for viability require a minimum of 80% germination.
There are two methods of testing the viability of seeds, the rag
doll and the seedbed. This should be done before sowing in seedbed
or before directly seeding in paddy.
82 82
1. Rag Doll Method
Examples:
83 83
If the percentage of germination is 80% or
above, use the seeds at the required quantity. If it
is below 80% germination, adjust the seed bulk to
84 84
the seeding rate. To adjust use the formula:
= 1.28 x 50 kg.
= 64.10 kg/ha.
85 85
IMPORTANT THINGS TO REMEMBER
To ensure high crop yield and good quality, viable seeds should
be selected. Desirable characteristics such as early maturing,
resistance to lodging and nitrogen responsiveness are not the only
factors to consider when buying rice seeds. Other factors such as
purity, physical composition, moisture content, and capacity of the
seed to germinate should be included.
Seed viability is a characteristic of rice essential to profitable
rice production because good quality seeds bring about a maximum
yield with minimum expenditure of time, money and effort.
Seed viability test should be done before the seed is sown in
seed beds or directly seeding in paddies following the rag doll or seed
box methods.
Process
Activity #1
1. Prepare the following and perform the rag doll method of
testing the viability of seeds.
a. 20.32cm X 30.48cm rag
b. handful of rice seeds
c. 25.4cm stick
d. water
2. After 5 days, open your rag doll and determine the viability
percentage of germination of your tested seeds. Write the result
in your activity notebook.
Activity#2
Transfer
86 86
Activity#3
87 87
Tie-up with the technician of the Department of Agriculture
and a cooperating farmer. Identify a certain farm lot along the road to
be used as demonstration farm for seed growing venture. Students
will act as junior technicians working and learning jointly with the
farmers.
88 88
seeds using the rag doll method. After 5 days he found out
that only 120 seeds germinated. What is the percentage
89 89
germination?
In case the percentage of germination is below 80% find
the adjusted amount of seeds if the seed bulk is 60 kgs and
the seeding rate is 50 kg.
RESOURCES
1. Seeds
2. Piece of cloth
3. Container on which to soak the seeds
Glossary of Terms
90 90
QUARTER III
LESSON V SEEDLING
MANAGEMENT
1. prepare seed bed, sow seeds and care for rice seedlings;
2. sow seeds in wet and dry seed bed;
3. practice proper care and management of rice seedlings; and
4. internalize the relevance of proper seedbed preparation, sowing
and care of seedlings.
Know
91 91
In rice farming, it is very important to know the varieties your
neighbor will be planting, as well as their expected date of sowing.
This will give you the best idea when to sow your seeds to have
92 92
almost a uniform date of harvesting, and for a more convenient
transport of farm equipment and harvest.
Once you have identified the best variety of rice suited to the
climatic conditions of the locality which is high yielding and with
high quality of harvest, you must decide on the method of raising
seedlings you will use based on the availability of water. The
following points should be considered:
1. Select a site far from the residential area and away from
wandering chicken. If not, protect the area against stray
animals with a nylon net or chicken wire.
2. The site must have undergone soil analysis to be able to
correct soil deficiency and to ensure healthy seed growth.
3. Make sure it is far from fields infected with tungro, grassy
stunt, and other diseases. It should not be lighted at night to
avoid attracting adult stem borers, brown plant hoppers, and
green leaf hoppers.
4. Monitor fields nearby to detect the presence of virus-infected
plants particularly from ratoon of previous crop.
5. Protect against insect vectors. If there is an abnormally high
incidence of virus infestation in the area, look for better site.
1. Wetbed Method
93 93
season. It is usually done 25-30 days before transplanting. The
steps in the wet-bed method are:
94 94
a. Plow and harrow the field a day before sowing of
seeds. Then prepare seed bed plots of any convenient
length, approximately 1-1.5 meter wide. Do this in 1
to 2 days. While harrowing, allow water to flow out of
the bed for some time. This will allow the weed seeds
to be carried out thus leaving lesser weeds to grow in
the seedbed.
b. Use mud around to raise the seedbed to about 4-5
cm. higher than the original soil level. Level the bed
and slightly incline to the side using a wooden plank.
This will facilitate irrigation and drainage, and to
ensure uniform growth of the seedlings.
c. Incorporate carbonized rice hull or organic materials
on bed for easier pulling of seedlings later.
d. Use a plot of about 400-500 sq. meters to sow 44 kg.
of inbred seeds and 20 kg. for hybrid seeds (adjust
seed bulk based on actual % of germination) for a
one-hectare field .
e. For seedbeds with poor soil, apply 60-100 grams of
nitrogen fertilizer before sowing. Then sow seeds
uniformly.
Photo Courtesy of Mr. Efrelito Jay M. Guittap, Faculty, College of Agriculture, CLSU
95 95
3. After soaking and putting in a half- filled sack, incubate
the seeds in a warm and shady place for 36-48 hours.
Moisten the seeds regularly by sprinkling with water to
speed up germination.
Photo Courtesy of Mr. Efrelito Jay M. Guittap, Faculty, College of Agriculture, CLSU
96 96
increasing the water depth to 5 cm. As a rule of thumb, you
have to visit your seedbed always to detect occurrence of insect
97 97
pests and diseases. Upon detection, immediately spray with
appropriate insecticide or fungicide, following the rate
recommended by the manufacturer. Transplant the seedlings
using the following guide: 16 - 18 days old for the early
maturing varieties harvestable after 116 days, and 20 - 25 days
old for varieties that are harvestable after 126 days or more.
2. Dapog Method
Photo Courtesy of Mr. Efrelito Jay M. Guittap, Faculty, College of Agriculture, CLSU
Preparation of Seedbed
Pre-germination of seeds
98 98
seeds
99 99
for one hectare field. Adjust seedbulk based on the
percentage of germination of the seeds.
3. Keep lining the roots in contact with the banana
leaves or
plastic to prevent the seedlings from drying.
THINGS TO REMEMBER
Process
Activity#1
100 100
4. Discuss how to take care of your seedlings.
101 101
Assign an observer group to fill up the rubric for scoring on
the table below to determine how good the work group manage their
activity, and vice-versa.
A. Seedbed preparation
Activities Rating
1 2 3 4 5
1. Cleared the area
2. Prepared seedbed about 4-5
cm
3. Leveled the seedbed surface
4. Selected the proper site for
seedbed
5. Sowed seeds uniformly with the
right thickness
B. Care of seedlings
Activities Rating
1 2 3 4 5
1. Visited the seedbed at least
once
2. Sprayed insecticides when
there was occurrence of insect
pests
3. Collected golden apple snail
(GAS) eggs
4. Removed weeds
5. Applied irrigation water at
recommended depth
Legend:
1 = 75-79% 2 = 80-85% 3 = 86-90% 4 = 91-95% 5 = 96-
100%
Activity#2
102 102
Present and discuss to the class the findings of the observer’s
group performed in the activity above. Prepare a plan of action on
how to improve one’s performance in doing the same task.
103 103
Transfer
Activity #3
Direction: Choose the correct answer and write the letter on your
quiz notebook.
4. Five days after sowing, the seedbed is irrigated for two days
at a depth of
a. 1-2 centimeter. c. 3-4 centimeters.
b. 2-3 centimeters. d. 4-5 centimeters.
104 104
6. Which among the following methods of raising rice seedlings
is more economical?
a. Dapog c. Seed bed
b. Dry bed d. Seed box
Resources
105 105
Glossary of Terms
106 106
LESSON VI
Just like any other crop, raising rice seedlings needs extra care
during planting and transplanting. This lesson discusses the steps in
pulling seedlings, the system of transplanting, and direct seeding.
You will these within twelve days.
107 107
Know
108 108
Proper Transplanting of Seedlings
Right after the final harrowing, level the field using a wooden
plank attached to a harrow. Then allow the mud to subside. With the
aid of a wooden planting guide prepare lines by pulling on the
leveled field. These lines will serve as guides in transplanting at a
uniform p distance of planting. An example is 20 cm x 20 cm or any
desired distance depending on the variety. This is to allow the plant
to attain its maximum tillering and it also facilitates weed control
later, using a rotary weeder.
109 109
resume planting. Handle seedlings carefully before
110 110
transplanting to avoid injury. In case there is a delay in
transplanting, it is suggested to increase the number of
seedlings per hill by one for each day that transplanting is
delayed. This compensates the reduced tillering capacity once
the seedlings get older due to transplanting delay.
For inbred varieties of rice, transplant 2-3 seedlings per
hill and 1-2 seedlings for the hybrid varieties at a depth of 2-3
centimeters. Transplant early maturing varieties 16-20 days
after sowing while medium maturing ones at 16-30 days after
sowing.
If transplanting is delayed up to 30 days for early
maturing and 35 days for medium maturing varieties, increase
the seedling rate to 5 – 8 seedlings per hill.
For highland rice culture, cold tolerant traditional
varieties are transplanted 30 – 45 days at a distance of 15 cm x
20 cm with 2 – 3 seedlings per hill
Random transplanting
Photo Courtesy of Mr. Efrelito Jay M. Guittap, Faculty, College of Agriculture,
CLSU
111 111
2. Random transplanting.This method of transplanting has no
specific distance in planting. However, planters tend to plant
112 112
too close or too far which sometimes adversely affect the
potential yield of the variety and the use of rotary weeder. This
method is faster but it requires use of more seeds (66 to 68
kg/ha.). It is economical, however, because it does not entail
high cost of labor.
Direct Seeding
113 113
Photo Courtesy of Dr. Pedrito S. Nitural, Faculty, College of Agriculture, CLSU
114 114
Direct seeding of pre-germinated seeds using the drum seeder
saves seeds and facilitates mechanical weeding. Drum seeder
regulates plant distance with fairly low rate of seeds at 50-100 kg per
hectare.
A mechanical seeder
Photo Courtesy of Dr. Pedrito S. Nitural, Faculty, College of Agriculture, CLSU
115 115
Process
Activity #1
1. Divide the class into two groups. The first group will pull
seedlings while the second group will transplant seedlings.
2. Demonstrate direct seeding by broadcast system.
Activities
Hold Pull Clean and Follow
Name of students seedlings seedling bundle proper
close to gently seedlings distance
ground and rate of
planting
1.
2.
3.
Legend:
1 = 75-79%
2 = 80-85%
3 = 86-90%
4 = 91-95%
5 = 96-100%
Activity#2
Transfer
Activity#3
116 116
Organize a small farmer learning cell and act as an agent of
change in the community. Demonstrate the use of transplanter and
seeder technologies in the locality. Each student should have at least
117 117
five farmer- learners/cooperators.
POST-TEST/SUMMATIVE TEST
A. Answer the following test items. Write the letter of your choice in
your quiz notebook.
118 118
RESOURCES
1. references
2. seedlings raised in seed bed
3. pre-germinated seeds
4. string (planting guide)
5. dibbler
Glossary of Terms
119 119
LESSON VII
NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT
This lesson will equip you with the knowledge on the macro
and micro elements of the soil and their functions, the kinds of
fertilizer materials, and amount of fertilizer to apply, methods of
applying fertilizer, and the time to apply it. You will learn these
within thirteen days.
120 120
Know
Proper application of fertilizer will give you more returns from your
rice crop at less cost. For maximum returns, fertilizer should be
applied at the right amount, place, and at the time the crop needs it.
Indiscriminate application of fertilizer will result in plant over growth
which will make the plant susceptible to pests and diseases causing
it to be less productive.
The result of the soil analysis explained and discussed in
Lesson 2 should be the basis in determining the right amount of
fertilizer to be applied.
The assigned Municipal Agricultural Officer in your locality
could be tapped to provide assistance in case the soil intended for
rice production has not been analyzed.
In the absence of soil analysis, refer to any available Fertilizer
Recommendation Maps in your locality. Follow the average general
recommendation and time of application.
The Macro and Micro Elements of the Soil and their Functions
Nitrogen (N)
Functions:
Stimulates growth of the leaves and stems
It gives dark green color to plant
Deficiency symptoms:
Pale yellow in color
Lower leaves will die early
Short and stunted plant
Excess of nitrogen causes the plant to lodge before
booting which will cause decrease in the yield of rice. If you
observe the plants to be dark green it is already prone to
lodging. Do not apply nitrogenous fertilizer anymore.
121 121
Sources of Nitrogen
1. Ammonium sulfate (21 – 0 – 0)
2. Ammonium phosphate (16 – 20 – 0)
3. Urea (46 – 0 – 0)
4. Organic fertilizer
5. Liquid fertilizer
Phosphorous (P)
Functions:
1. Encourages root growth
2. Hastens maturity of the plant
3. Helps in the production of seeds
Deficiency symptoms:
Not enough tillers per hill
Sources:
1. Superphosphate (0-20-0)
2. Ammonium phosphate(16-20-0)
3. Triphosphate(0-45-0)
4. Complete fertilizer (14-14-14)
5. Liquid fertilizer
6. Organic fertilizer
Potassium (K)
Functions:
1. Increases the vigor of the plant.
2. Plant becomes more resistant to disease.
3. Stalks become stronger.
4. Grains become bigger and plump.
Deficiency symptoms:
Plant growth, root development, and seed development
are usually reduced.
Sources:
1.Muriate of potash (0-0-60)
2.Complete fertilizer (14 – 14 – 14)
122 122
Kinds of Fertilizer
123 123
Preparing soil mixture using organic fertilizer as one of the
component
124 124
Courtesy of Pedrito S. Nitural, Faculty ,College of Agriculture, CLSU
125 125
All the commercial fertilizers are manufactured to meet the
126 126
demands of different crops and different soil types. They provide the
plants with ready concentrated amount of nutrients for plant growth,
the same elements found in an organic fertilizer but greater in
percentage. But its excessive use results in depleted organic matter
and losses in soil friability and its ability to resist drought.
Commercial fertilizers should be supplements but never as
replacements for compost and manures. It will be best to use a
combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers to be able to preserve
and improve the quality of the soil.
At EPI: At EPI:
0.5 bag 0-0-60 1 bag 0-0-60
First application: First application:
Only P is deficient 3-3.5 bags 14-14-14-12S + 4-4.5 bags 14-14-14-12S +
0.5 16-20-0 1 bag 16-20-0
For fine-textured soil: For fine-textured soil:
First application: First application:
3-3.5 bags 14-14-14-12S + 4-4.5 bags 14-14-14-12S +
0.5 bag 0-0-60 1 bag 0-0-60
127 127
WHEN TO APPLY FERTILIZER
Photo Courtesy of Mr. Roger C. Nazareno, Farmer, San Pedro Apartado Multi-Purpose Cooperative,
Pangasinan
128 128
development, and attainment of the yield potential of a given variety.
TRANSPLANTED
MATURITY 18 – 21 days TRANSPLANTED
Panicle initiation (DAYS) 25 – 28 days
Irrigated VEM
(100 – 105) IR
-56, IR-58
IR – 36, IR – 60,
BPI R; 10
UPL R, -4 48 – 56
MM (115 – 130)
IR – 42, IR – 64
BPI R; 4,
IR – 46, IR – 52 58 – 66 48 -56
RAINFED MM
(120 – 130) C –
22 58 -66 48 – 56
Wagwag 75 - 80
Legend: VEM = Very early maturity
MM = Moderate Maturity
Formula # 1
129 129
Formula # 2
Example # 1
The recommended rate for Nitrogen is 100–0–0/ha. Convert the
weight of fertilizer using the formula:
= 100 kg x 100
46
= 100 kg
.46
= 217.39 kg
= 217.39 kg
50 kg/bag
= 4.35 or 4.4 bags
130 130
Therefore, approximately 4.4 bags of urea per hectare are
131 131
needed to supply the fertilizer recommended rate of 100-0-0.
Example # 2
Step 1. Determine the amount of fertilizer to use to meet the
recommended rate for phosphorous 0-70-0. The
recommendations could be supplied with super phosphate (0 –
20 -0 ):
= 70 kg x 100
20
= 70 kg or 3.5 x 100
.20
= 350 kg
= 350 kg
50 kg/bag
= 7 bags
Example # 3
Step 1. Determine the amount of fertilizer to use to meet the
recommended rate for potassium 0-0-40. The
recommendations could be supplied with muriate of potash (0-
0-60 ):
= 40 kg x 100
60
= 40 kg or 0.6666 x 100
.60
= 66.67 kg
= 66.67 kg
50 kg/bag
= 1.33bags
132 132
Therefore, approximately 1.33 bags per hectare are
133 133
needed to supply the fertilizer recommended rate of 0-0-60.
Example # 4
Step 2. If you use two single element fertilizers follow the same
sequence as example 1. If ammonium phosphate is to be used
(16–20-0) or superphosphate (0-20-0)
= 50 kg x 100
20
= 30 kg
.20
= 250 kg
= 250 kg
50 kg/ha
= 5 bags
134 134
Therefore, 250 kg of 16–20–0 will supply 40–50–0
nutrient weight.
= 40 kg x 100
46
= 36 kg
.46
= 86.96 kg
= 86.96 kg
50 kg/bag
= 1.74 bags
Example # 5.
Suppose the fertilizer recommendation is 100–60–60 per
hectare. In this case, you may use complete fertilizer 14–14–14 and
urea (46–0–0) to come up with the recommendation.
= 60 kg x 100
14
= 60 kg
0.14
135 135
= 428.6 kg
136 136
Step 2. Convert the weight of fertilizer material into number of
bags by dividing the weight of fertilizer material per
hectare by 50 kg.
= 428.6 kg
50 kg/ha
= 8.6 bags
= 40 kg x 100
46
= 86.96 kg
= 86.96.2 kg
50 kg/bag
= 1.74 bags
LET US REMEMBER
137 137
Undersupply and untimely application slow down the growth of
seedlings, lower number of tillers, and lower grain weight.
138 138
The macro elements are nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium
(NPK).
The two kinds of fertilizers are the organic and inorganic.
The methods of applying fertilizers are basal, top dress, and
foliar .
Fertilizer computation formulas:
Formula # 1
Formula # 2
Process
Activity#1
Activity#2
139 139
Transfer
Activity#3
POST TEST
RESOURCES
Reference
Fertilizer samples
a. Organic
b. Inorganic
Glossary of Terms
140 140
Micro elements - substances or nutrients needed by plants in
small quantities
141 141
Organic fertilizer - a fertilizer that comes from decomposed
plant and animal residues
Inorganic fertilizer - a commercially prepared and in
concentrated form of plant food which may be complete or
incomplete. It is complete when the three macro elements
are present (NPK); incomplete when one or two elements are
lacking
Fertilizer ratio - the relative percentage of N, P2O5 and K2O in a
fertilizer grade. Example: 14–14-14 has a ratio of 1.1.1
NPK
Fertilizer recommendation - the recommended rate of
fertilizer application expressed in kilograms N,P and K per
hectare
Example: 90–50–30 fertilizer recommendation
indicates that in a certain kind of soil you need to apply 90
kg N, 50 kg P2O5 and 30 kg K2O per hectare.
Fertilizer formula - the quantity and analysis of fertilizer
materials which make up a mixed fertilizer
Example: ammonium sulfate, urea, super phosphate
and muriate of potash
Fertilizer grade - the minimum guarantee of the nutrient
content in terms of percent N, P and K.
Example: If urea is 46 percent N that means 46 kg of
every 100 kg of the fertilizer material (46%) is available N.
142 142
LESSON VIII
WATER MANAGEMENT
143 143
Know
Water Management
144 144
c. At tillering stage, keep water depth at 2 - 3
centimeters.
d. Maintain the water depth at 3–5 cm during panicle
initiation stage.
e. At ripening stage, maintain deep inflow of water 20
days after flowering then drain the field 2 – 3 weeks
before harvesting.
145 145
a. Reservoir type. A large dam or a small water impounding dam
is constructed across a stream of river where water is
impounded for irrigation and for domestic use. The flow of
irrigation water is dependent on the selection of the methods of
water distribution to meet the water needs of the service area.
The rotation method is usually employed to ensure even
distribution of available water supply and to ensure that a
wider area will be supplied with irrigation water.
146 146
Irrigating the field using water pump , at the panicle initiation stage of rice where
water supply is very important.
1. Rice variety. You may need more water for the late maturing
varieties than early maturing varieties.
2. Season. Wet season crops need less water than dry season
crops.
3. Types of soil. Clay or clay loam soil needs less water than light
soil such as sand.
4. Presence of weeds. Flooding the field always prevent the
growth of weeds.
147 147
Well-puddled rice paddies minimize percolation and tend to
hold water efficiently.
The six stages of rice growth when the rice field has to be
drained:
1. during transplanting
2. early stage of growth
3. weeding
4. fertilizer application
5. maximum tillering stage
6. two weeks before harvesting
148 148
o Achieve 3-5 cm water depth every irrigation time from
early tillering until 1-2 weeks before crop maturity or
harvest.
A water depth of about 3-5 cm will be maintained from
10 DAT or 10-15 DAS to near crop maturity will ensure
water status for optimum crop growth and yield.
However, under field conditions, irrigation water supply
may be insufficient to maintain a flooded soil condition
or a certain surface water depth. While a certain flood
water depth can control weeds, saturated soil condition
at an early crop growth stage can reduce snail mobility
and damage.
Process
Activity#1
Activity#2
Transfer
Activity#3
149 149
As an offshoot of your research papers that you had presented
in the class, demonstrate the technology selected in the assigned
150 150
area in the school farm. Encourage your farmer-cooperators/learners
to explore the fun of cooperative work and learn with you.
POST TEST
Resources
1. References
2. Foot rule to measure the depth of water
3. Irrigation pump, if necessary
Glossary of Terms
151 151
124
QUARTER IV
LESSON IX PEST
MANAGEMENT
125125
4. explain the methods of applying chemicals to control pests;
5. explain the integrated pest management (IPM)
6. observe safety measures in handling chemicals; and
7. cite the potential loss in production due to pests.
Know
Weeds are plants that grow in places where they are not wanted.
Weeds reduce rice yields by competing with rice plants for sunlight,
moisture, space, and soil nutrients. They also serve as alternate
hosts of insect pests and diseases. They are more serious in upland
and direct seeded wet land than in transplanted irrigated rice
paddies.
126126
The types of weeds commonly found in rice fields are:
127127
b. Cyrperus iria (L)
Common name: payong-payong (Iloc.), umbrella sedge
(Eng.)
c. Scirpus maritimus( L)
Common name: bawang-bawang, marilango,
marabawang or buslig (Iloc.), apulid (Tag.), bulrush
(Eng.)
d. Cyperus difformis (L.)
Common names: marabutones, ballayang (Iloc.), payong-
payong, tagataga (Tag.)
e. Cyperus rotundus (L.)
Common name: barsanga (Iloc.), mutha (Eng.)
f. Schenoplectus grossus (L.) Palla
Common names: bilid-bilid (Iloc.), giant bulrush (Eng.),
Tikiw (Tag.)
128128
Monochoria vaginalis Sphenochlea zeylanica Gaertn
129129
are difficult to control with herbicide. This can be prevented by
hand or mechanical weeding periodically. Herbicides are
130130
applied either pre-emergence (before weeds germinate) or post-
emergence (after weeds have germinated) in granular or
sprayable form.
Pre-emergence application of granular or sprayable
herbicides controls most annual weeds. This is applied 3-5
DAT in a water depth of 3-5 centimeters.
Post-emergence herbicides control annual broadleaf
weeds and sedges. This is applied 20-25 DAT. Drain water from
the paddy before spraying. Reflood the paddy the following day
to a depth of 5-7 cm. to suppress late germinating weeds.
In spraying herbicides always follow the recommended
rate of application so as not to incur damage to the growing
plant.
131131
Knapsack sprayer
132132
In controlling insect pests, use of chemicals should always be the
last recourse. Visit the farm regularly to detect presence of insect
133133
pests. If negligible apply natural ways of controlling either biological
or organic method. A combination of the methods below should be
considered:
There are about 100 species of insects that infest the rice
plant. However, only 15 of these are of major significance and are
regularly occurring. Some of the most destructive insects are: rice
whorl maggot, rice caseworm, common army worm, cutworms, rice
stemborer, rice leaf folder, green leafhopper, brown planthopper and
the newly discovered black bugs in some parts of the country.
134134
The adult moth is white with wings that are marked with
a few light brown to black specks and 2 - 3 dull brownish
135135
yellow bands located below the margin (Figure 27). Eggs are
laid in 1 or 2 adjacent rows in the lower surface of the leaves or
on the leaf sheath near the water surface. After 2-4 days, eggs
hatch into pale cream minute larvae.
The caseworm derives its name from the larva’s habit of
wrapping itself in a section of a leaf and attaching itself to the
rice plant. It feeds on the upper portion of the leaf. The larva
undergoes five instars. It changes its leafcase after each
morning.
136136
central leaf whorl is affected and white head when base of the
panicles are severed (Figure below).
137137
The adult of most stemborer species are positively strong
fliers. They mate in the evening.
138138
Photo Courtesy of Mr. Efrelito M. Guittap, Faculty, College of Agriculture, CLSU
For illustration
139139
Extent of Damage of Insect Pests.
FOR ILLUSTRATION
140140
d. Cutworm a. The larva feeds at base 1. Spray appropriate insecticides
141141
(Spodoptera of the plant and when ETL is reached.
litura) devour the entire plant
e. Rice a. Presence of hold on 1. Do not transplant severely
stemborers the stems infested seedlings.
a. Yellow b. Borer cuts off the 2. Observe clean culture to
stemborer growing parts from the eliminate all possible alternate
(Tryporyza youngest leaves to dry host plants.
inertulas) up deadhearts 3. Use recommended resistant
b. Striped varieties.
stemborer 4. Use systematic insecticides
(Chilo when ETL is reached.
suppressalis) 5. Harvest at ground level and
row immediately after harvest
to remove larvae.
f. Rice leaf folder a. Leaf is folded into 1. Avoid planting in shaded
(Cnaphalocrosis tabular structures areas
medinalis b. Longitudinal white 2. Remove weeds from rice fields
Masamia transparent streaks on and surrounding borders to
patmalis) the leaf blades prevent build up of alternate
c. Heavily damaged hosts.
leaves become dry 3. Apply only the recommended
amount of nitrogen fertilizer.
Split nitrogen application.
4. Apply only foliar insecticides
when ETL is reached.
g. Green a. The pest sucks leaf 1. Use resistant varieties
leafhopper sap causing the leaves 2. Create crop-free period of at
(Nephotetix to turn light yellow to least 6 weeks between crops.
spp) orange 3. Rogue or pull and bury
infected plants during the first
6 weeks of crop growth
slightly infected areas.
4. Remove volunteer rice plants
and weeds that look like
alternate hosts.
5. Construct seedbeds away from
artificial light so as not to
attract hoppers.
6. Avoid excessive use of
nitrogen fertilizers.
7. Apply systemic insecticides.
h. Brown plant- a. Directly damages the 1. Grow only two rice crops per
hopper crop by sucking plant year.
(Nilaparvata sap causing gradual 2. Use resistant varieties.
lugens) yellowing followed by 3. Plant early maturing varieties
sudden drying of plant to create a rice-free period
forming circular during the year.
patches in the field 4. Plow under ratoons after
(hopper burn) harvest
5. Drain the field for 3-4 days
during infestation.
6. Split nitrogen application into
three..
7. Practice clean culture
137
8. Spray insecticides when ETL
is reached.
138138
When to apply insecticides
Growth Insect pests Spray insecticide when
stage
Seedling Caseworm 50% of the leaves damaged
Army worm
Cutworm
Vegetative Whorl maggot 15% whorl maggot-damaged leaves +
5% leaves damaged chewing insects at
5 DAT
Green leafhopper None in the areas with RTV
Brown leafhopper 20 hoppers/hill or 1 hopper/tiller
Stemborer More than 20% dead heart or 1%
Leaffolder white head
30% of leaves damaged or cut
Caseworm 30% of leaves damaged or cut
After panicle Brown planthopper 20 hopper/hill or 1 hopper/tiller
initiation Green leafhopper None in the areas with RTV
Other Pests
139139
Photo Courtesy of Mr. Efrelito M. Guittap, Faculty, College of Agriculture, CLSU
Rat Control
140140
Various agents acting singly or in combination under favorable
conditions cause disease in rice plants. These diseases are readily
141141
recognized by their symptoms. Among the major diseases prevailing
are tungro, yellow dwarf, grassy stunt, bacterial leaf blight, bacterial
leaf streak, rice blast, sheath blight, brown spot, cercosporal leaf spot
and stem rot. The table shows rice diseases, symptoms, and their
preventive and control measures.
142142
4. Bacterial leaf a. Lesions begin at the tip or 1. Minimize seedling injury
blight margins of the leaf and during pulling and
(Xanthomonas develop rapidly parallel to transplanting.
campestris) healthy regions. Entire leaf 2. Plant only recommended
blade becomes yellowish to varieties.
dirty white and eventually 3. Do not prune seedlings;
dies. apply only the
b. Bacterium may enter the recommended amount
growing point of the young of nitrogenous
tiller, causing infection fertilizers.
known as “kresek”. 4. Remove or destroy
diseased stubbles and
straws.
5. Bacterial leaf a. The bacterium attacks the 1. Plant only the
streak parenchymatous tissues in recommended varieties.
(Xanthomonas between the veins of the 2. Apply recommended
campestris pv. leaves through the stomata. amount of nitrogen
Oryzicola) b. Appearance of fine fertilizer.
interveinal, long and short
lines that are water-soaked
and grayish.
c. As lesions coalesce leaves
turn yellow orange
throughout the field.
6. Rice blast a. Spindle-shaped lesions that 1. Use only resistant
(Pyricularia are wide at the centers and varieties.
oryzae) pointed towards either ends 2. Spray recommended
appear on the leaf nodes, fungicides like Brestan
panicles and grain leaves die and Benlate.
when lesions coalesce. 3. Practice good water
b. Rings of brown to black management.
spots develop near the joints 4. Apply only
of the rachille and rachis of recommended amount
maturing panicles. Center of of nitrogen fertilizer.
spots is usually gray or
white.
c. Infected nodes turn blackish
and break easily.
7. Cercospora a. Narrow, short brown spots 1. Follow strictly the
leafspot or appear on leaves. Leaf spots recommended amount
narrow brown are reddish brown with the of nitrogen.
spot color fading at the edges.
(Sphaerulina
oryzina Hara)
142
8. Brown spot a. The fungus attacks 1. Seed treatment with
or Helmin germinating seeds, leaves fungicides like Brestan,
thosporium and developing grains. Benlate or Fungitox or
(Helmin b. The typical leaf spot is small, hot water treatment (52-
thosporium dark, oval or circular with 54⁰ C) for 15 minutes.
oryzae) whitish centers; evenly 2. Apply recommended
scattered on the leaves. kind and amount of
Lesions coalesce causing fertilizer.
entire leaf to dry up. 3. Practice crop rotation
4. Practice field sanitation.
5. Practice good water
management.
9. Stem rot a. Lesions are small black and 1. Do not allow irrigation
(Helmin irregular on the outer leaf water to flow from
thosporium sheath near the water line. infected field.
sigmoideum) b. Infection of the culm causes 2. Plant short, stiff-
lodging that results to strawed varieties
immature grains. resistant to lodging.
3. Apply only
recommended amount
of nitrogen fertilizer.
10. Sheath a. Spots on the leaf sheath are 1. Spray fungicides like
blight ellipsoid or ovoid and Brestan or Vitigram
(Rhizoctonia greenish gray. Blue on the leaf sheath
solani) b. Center of spots becomes when infection occurs at
grayish white with brown the maximum tillering
margin. stage and at the booting
c. Spots are first observed near stage.
the water line in the fields.
11. Sheat rot a. Rot occurs on the upper 1. Observe clean culture to
(Sarocladium most leaf sheath enclosing eliminate all possible
oryzae the young panicles. alternate host plants.
Sawada) b. Lesions start as oblong or 2. Use recommended
somewhat irregular spots resistant varieties.
with brown margins and 3. Use recommended
gray centers or grayish- insecticides to control
brown throughout. the occurrence of stem
c. Whitish powder growth are borer.
found inside affected sheath 4. Harvest at ground level
causing the panicles to rot. and plow immediately
d. Young panicles remain in after harvest to remove
the sheath or emerge only larvae of stem borers.
partly
e. Browning of grains.
143
Precautionary Measures in Handling Chemicals
FOR ILLUSTRATION
Viral Diseases
144144
Nephotettix virescens, N. nigropictus and Resilia dosalis.
Nephotettix virescens is the most destructive vector. Tungro
145145
occurs from seedling to booting stages (Figure 12). It is
prevalent in the whole country except inBatanes during the wet
season from July to November. Figure 13 presents the
transmission cycle of rice tungro.
Bacterial Diseases
146146
Source: http:/1.bpblogspot.com FOR ILLUSTRATION
Fungal Diseases
147147
Source: http:/1.bpblogspot.comFOR ILLUSTRATION
2. Cercospora leafspot (Sphaerulina oryzina Hara). The long axis
of this spot is parallel with the veins of the leaf. This disease is
also known as narrow brown spot. It seldom infects seedlings
or grains. In susceptible varieties, the spot may be slightly
wider in light, narrow centers. It causes harm by reducing the
effective leaf area of the plant. The disease is favored by low
nitrogen level in the soil.
148148
Source: http:/1.bpblogspot.comFOR ILLUSTRATION
149149
Source: http:/1.bpblogspot.comFOR ILLUSTRATION
150150
Use varieties resistant to pests prevalent in the locality. The
use of resistant varieties is the first line of defense in pest
management and is compatible with biological control. Change
or rotate varieties every 2 - 4 cropping to disrupt insect pest
and disease adaptation, thereby preventing build up of virulent
pathogens and insect pests.
Adopt a synchronous planting scheme after a fallow period in
the locality.
Conserve beneficial organisms. There are rich communities of
beneficial organisms in the rice ecosystem in the absence of
natural-enemy killing pesticides. The indiscriminate use of
pesticides reduces biodiversity and disrupts the natural
balance of insect pests and beneficial organisms. Conservation
of these beneficial organisms is safe, economical, and
permanent. For example, long-horned grasshopper feeds on the
egg mass of stem borers while spiders feed on the nymphs and
adults of leafhoppers and plant hoppers.
Weeds are destructive, they reduce rice yield by competing for
sunlight, moisture, and soil nutrients.
Three types of weeds are grasses, sedges,
. and broadleaves.
The methods of controlling weeds are:
a. Preventive method
b. Physical/mechanical method
c. Cultural method
d. Chemical method
Pointers for effective use of herbicide:
a. Apply at the right time
b. Use the right dosage
c. Spray during fair weather
d. Distribute spray solution accurately
Process
Activity #1
Activity #2
151151
1. Prepare a gallon of water, mixed with the recommended dosage
based on the manufacturer’s recommendations and
demonstrate proper spraying. Students’ performance will be
evaluated using the rating scale below.
Activities Rating
5 4 3 2 1
1. prepare a gallon of clear water
2. measure the recommended dosage
3. mix herbicide/insecticide based on
procedure
4. demonstrate proper spraying
5. use personal protective equipment
Legend:
1 = 75-79% 2 = 80-85% 3 = 86-90% 4 = 91-95% 5 = 96-
100%
Activity #3
Transfer
Activity #4
152152
A. Multiple Choice: Choose the correct answer. Write only the
letter of the correct answer on your quiz notebook
1. Weed growth in the rice field cannot be controlled by
a. herbicides.
b. insecticides.
c. flooding.
d. hand-weeding.
2. Weeds, if not controlled, can reduce the rice production
to as high as:
a. 10 - 30 percent.
b. 20 - 38 percent.
c. 24 - 48 percent.
d. 30 - 50 percent.
3. Echinochloa crusgali or bayakibok is a weed belonging to
the type called
a. grasses.
b. sedges.
c. broadleaved weeds.
d. narrow leaved weeds.
4. In irrigated fields, weeds can be controlled with less cost
through:
a. flooding.
b. herbicides.
c. hand pulling.
d. mechanical weeder.
5. When preparing liquid herbicides, remember to.
a. pour herbicides before the water.
b. pour herbicides and water at the same time.
c. never pour herbicide ahead of water.
d. pour water ahead of herbicide.
Answer the following questions to find out how much you have
learned. Write the answers on your notebook.
153153
a. Cultural
154154
b. Chemical
c. Biological
d. Use of resistant varieties.
RESOURCES
Herbicide/Insecticides, sprayer, face mask, gloves.
155155
Glossary of Terms
156156
LESSON X
157157
Know
Harvesting
158158
In dry season harvest, an optimum time of harvest 28 - 35
days after heading gives best grain germination and head rice. In wet
season harvest, optimum time is 32 - 38 days after heading.
159159
Manual harvesting of rice
Photo Courtesy of Mr. Efrelito Jay M.Guittap, Faculty, College of Agriculture, CLSU
160160
3. Standard Harvests, High output, Higher cost
combine harvest threshes, timelines Less effective in
and cleans attained partially lodged crop
crop Produces
mechanicall clean grain
y Spread straw
Transport back in the
harvested field, which
grains in will ensure a
convenient good source of
area. organic
material to
the farm.
Note: Avoid burning of rice material wastes such as the hays, hulls,
and other materials. Farm wastes burning is regarded as one of the
big contributors to global warming.
Threshing
Photo Courtesy of Mr. Efrelito Jay M.Guittap, Faculty, College of Agriculture, CLSU
161161
Timing of threshing is very essential. Ideally, threshing should
162162
begin immediately after cutting . Immediate threshing reduces the
exposure of crops to insects, birds and rodents, disease, and molds.
Crops that are piled over a period of time generates heat that will
serve as an ideal medium for growth of molds, disease, and pests.
Piling for several days will lead to grain discoloration, germinated
grains, and spoilage.
1. After harvesting, thresh the rice immediately. Threshing is the
process of detaching and separating rice grains from the
panicle.
2. Threshing can be performed manually or mechanically. The
manual methods of threshing are treading by feet, flail treading
and beating stalks against tubs, threshing board, or racks.
3. In treading by feet, rice grains spread on the threshing floor is
trampled upon by human feet. The continuous treading action
of one person separate about 14 kg of grain from the straw in
one hour.
4. In animal treading the harvested rice is laid around a stake or
pole with the panicles toward the stake. A team of animals
(carabao, cow) is driven slowly around the stake to trample the
grain off the straw. The palay is raked occasionally until the
grain is completely threshed, and all the straw have been
removed. Many of the grains may be damaged due to the hard
hooves and heavy weight of the carabao.
5. In flail treading, grain separation is done by beating the paddy
with a stick or hinged device called flail.
6. Another method is through the impact of rice heads beaten
against a solid object (hampasan method). A simple way to do
this is to beat the rice panicles with a stick. The method can
thresh 20-60 kg of palay per person per hour.
7. One low-cost mechanical thresher you can use is the pedal-
powered model. It has a low initial cost and one worker can
thresh about 1-2 cavans per hour with this model.
8. Another low-cost model is the throw-in axial flow thresher.
This is portable, weighs about 100 kg and requires a 5-7
horsepower engine. It has a higher output of up to 600
kg/hour.
9. The most commonly used mechanical thresher are lightweight
which could be drawn by a carabao or a tractor in a muddy
field powered by a diesel engine and could finish threshing
harvest of 2 ½ hectare in one day, if it is dry, and 1 ½ hectare
if wet. Be sure to lay plastic sheet in the area to minimize grain
losses.
10.Using the combine harvester, it could finish harvesting and at
the
same time threshing with a minimum of 3 hectares per day.
163163
Factors to consider in choosing the appropriate system of
threshing:
a. availability of labor
b. capital outlay of the farm
c. timeliness of harvesting
d. field layout and field accessibility (combine harvester requires a
certain field layout and access)
e. rice variety (some varieties are more prone to lodging)
f. demand for quality rice
g. demand for straw (some threshers damage the straw making it
less available).
164164
a wooden frame to direct air blasts against the grain or foreign
matter that falls from the hopper.
Methods of Cleaning
165165
3. Blowing.Using the thresher or mechanical blower to clean the
rice grains and using its blower to remove all unfilled grains ,
weed seeds, and chaff.
166166
Photo Courtesy of Mr. Efrelito Jay M.Guittap, Faculty, College of Agriculture, CLSU
Drying
Methods of drying
167167
market roads, sun drying is now a minimal problem. In solar
drying, spread the cleaned grains in a layer 2-4 cm thin on
168168
various surfaces such as fish nets, canvases, threshing floors
or on pavement. Stir the grains regularly (30 min. interval) to
allow uniform drying. Dry grains under the sun for 1-2 days
frequently turning over the grains for uniform drying.
Traditionally, farmers determine the right moisture content by
biting the grain if it is brittle. This method usually results in a
lot of losses because grains were pulverized and thrown away
when vehicles pass.
2.
Sundrying of grains along the concrete farm to market road and using net.
Photo Courtesy of Mr. Efrelito Jay M.Guittap, Faculty, College of Agriculture, CLSU
Storing
169169
insect pests and type of storage facilities. Moisture content greatly
affects the keeping quality of rice. High moisture during storage
170170
generates heat which makes rice grains susceptible to insect pests
and molds as well as yellowing and discoloration. Mold growth in rice
causes loss of luster, bad odor, loss of viability, and the production of
mycotoxins, which poison animals and pose health hazard to people.
Reducing moisture content, however, is not sufficient to guarantee
long and safe storage, because rice absorbs or gives off moisture
depending upon the temperature and relative humidity in the storage
area. Thus, suitable containers and structures should be used. In
order to prevent heavy losses during storing, here are the guidelines
to follow:
1. After drying the rice grains, store them properly if you are not
going to sell immediately. Safe storage involves the
preservation of the quality and quantity of grain for future use.
Thus, protect your harvest from bad weather, pests,
microorganisms, chemicals, moisture, and other types of
contamination.
2. Clean sacks before use to remove insect pests.
3. Do not stack the sacks of rice on a concrete floor, it will
accumulate moisture. Use a stacking tray made of wood.
4. Separate old and new grain stocks.
5. Separate and mark different varieties by storing them in
different sacks. Handle sacks with care to avoid damage and
spillage.
6. Cover the stacked bags of rice with plastic sheet or other
covering materials.
7. Clean bodega/warehouse prior to new grain storage and
maintain cleanliness of the surroundings to discourage
rodents’ infestation.
8. Visit the storage area regularly to observe any grain damage,
changes in grain temperature, increase in moisture content,
and any indication of grain deterioration.
9. Avoid storing fertilizer and insecticides near the rice stock to
ensure safety and maintain market quality.
10. Make use of a bait for rodents if necessary.
171171
Milling
172172
Manual Harvesting
When cutting crop with a sickle, always hold the stems with
thumb pointing upward, away from the sickle/scythe. Be extra
careful in pulling the scythe to prevent injury. Always have a piece of
long sleeved clean cloth, hat, and sunglass, as protections from
excessive heat of the sun
Machine Threshing
Combine Harvesting
173173
2. Do the operational check-up before operating.
174174
3. When operating around machinery, wear work clothes that fit
and have no loose ends.
4. Do not allow anyone to climb onto the machine while it is in
motion.
5. Keep children at a safe distance from the machine.
6. Do not operate when very tired. Change operators during the
day.
7. Always have a fire extinguisher at hand on engine-operated
equipment.
8. Ensure that the fuel system has no leaks.
9. While refueling, stop the engine and do not smoke.
Process
175175
Activity #1
Activity #2
Transfer
Activity #3
176176
2. Which are the four basic operations in harvesting?
a. Cutting, handling, threshing, and cleaning
b. Cutting, stacking, drying, storing
c. Cutting, threshing, cleaning, storing
d. Stacking, threshing, cleaning, storing
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9. Below are guides in storing except one. Which is it?
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a. Observe good housekeeping before storing in bodega
b. Separate the old from new harvest when piling
c. Store fertilizer near pile of rice grain
d. Store rice grain after drying
RESOURCES
1. PPE
2. Sickle/Scythe
3. Rack and stick
4. Canvas
5. Winnower
6. Sacks
7. Stirrer
8. Tying material
9. Solar dryer (if available)
10. Thresher
Glossary of Terms
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Drying - the reduction of moisture content from newly
harvested
Rice grain to a desired moisture content.
Storing - the process of keeping the grains for future use.
Milling - the removal of hulls and bran from rice grain to
produce
polished or white rice
MC – moisture content, the condition of dryness of a grain
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LESSON XI
RECORD KEEPING
I. Introduction:
II. Objectives
III. Pre-Test
A. Direction: Choose the best answer and write the letter in your
activity notebook.
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2. What record tells the farmer how much she/he gained in the
venture?
a. Cash
b. Cost and profit
c. Sales
d. Stock
What to Know
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Record keeping is very important in any venture especially in
agricultural enterprise. It provides substantial information important
in decision-making. Data gathered from farm records also help in
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planning and budget preparation. It is a source of data in obtaining
credit, insurance, and in preparing tax returns and reports required
by the government. It is also useful in marketing farm produce and
in other farming activities. Farm records determine the value of the
project. Agricultural managers use them as collaterals in obtaining
loans from banks and other financing entities. Or if the owner wants
to sell the farm, this could be used as document in presenting the
performance of the farm to would be buyers.
To facilitate effective record management, the following records
can be kept.
1. Cash records. This is a record of the cash accounts in a project.
It can be seen in one record or this may be a special cash record
wherein the cash received journal and cash payments journal are
separately recorded transactions.
Sample Combined Cash Record
Cash Received Cash Paid
Date Amount Receip Remarks Amount Receipt Remark
t No. No. s
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March 2 rice 50 cavans P 800.00 P40,000.00
March 3 glutinous 5 cavans 1,000.00 5,000.00
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November Beans P2,000.00 P8,000.00 90 grams P6,000.00
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to
December
Total P10,500.00 P40,500.00 P30,000.00
From the sample above, it may be noted that the total annual
income of the farm for that year gained P30,000.00. However, the
amount does not include its remaining stocks.
3. Cost and Profit Analysis. This record tells the farmer how
much profit he/she will gain for the project undertaken. It
contains a list of all the farming activities that were done in a
season and the expenses incurred per farming activity. It also
indicates the cost of supplies and materials used for the
cropping season. The cost and return analysis helps the farmer
get the total cost of production and estimate the net return
he/she will gain depending on the crop yield or the mode of
production.
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2. Crop Management
Sowing and Care P200 2 persons P 400.00
of seedlings
Pulling and P200
bundling seedlings
4 persons P 800.00
Transplanting P200
Weeding (Manual) P200 15 persons P3,000.00
Irrigation 5 persons P1,000.00
Application of P200
herbicides 1 person 200.00
Application of P200 4 persons 800.00
insecticides
Application of P200
Fertilizers (Basal and 4 persons 800.00
Side dressing
3. Other Major
Operations
Harvesting, contract 4,500/ha P4,500.00
threshing, 7 cavan/ha @ P14.00/kg 4,900.00.
winnowing, and
hauling (contractual @5/cavan 550.00
basis)
Drying and hauling @5/cavan @ 110 cavans/ha 550.00
Sub total P10,500.00
Agricultural Inputs
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Total expenses = P35,335.00
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Total Income = P77,000.00
Net Income = P41,665.00
ROI (return of investment) = 117.91%
(Net income/total cost of production x 100)
B. Process
D. Transfer
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Cropping Description Cost of Total Remaining Net
season of the Production Sales stock Income
commodity
V Summative Assessment
VI. Summary/Synthesis/Feedback
REFERENCES
CBLM Year 3
Technology and Home Economics III
PHILRICE, Palay Check
Crop Establishment_PhilRice-IRRI RSSP.ppsx
www.pinoyrkb.com
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