]RIGZ FDMFPFMR

―\[FDZF\ MGZG[ \BDIB[OGGD JNC\NRDMFDI–

MFZRZRD NEBA ?

HGMBH ZRGZ]FDF (M7G776<<7)

\[NI[GC Z]RMF \BDMFMFHGD \[N@BZFNDGE G\N]BHB[  

RDFPB[ZF]GZ CBIG[B_HV CGHGZZG[

;<;<
 

\[FDZF\ MGZG[ \BDIB[OGGD JNC\NRDMFDI

G. Hbga
Hbgaefg
efgd
d Mgsg
Mgsgr 
r 

Zggt sbnrgdi gpntbhbr cbeghuhgd jncpnudmfdi tbrmgpgt aukudigd

ygdi ebkfa mbhgt gdtgrg sbnrgdi gpntbhbr mbdigd pgsfbd ygdi cbdbrfcg

nkgt rgjfhgd mfkgdmfdi mbdigd pgsfbd ygdi agdyg cbdbrfcg nkgt hncbrsfe,

hgrbdg sbcghfd kgdygh nkgt ygdi mfrgjfh mgegc sugtu rbsbp cghg sbcghfd

tfdiif
tfdiif pueg
pueg tfdihgt
tfdihgt pbegygdg
pbegygdgd
d hb`g
hb`grcgs
rcgsfgd
fgd ygdi mfkbrfhg
mfkbrfhgd
d udtuh sbnrgdi
sbnrgdi

pgsfbd (Vgdjby mhh., ;<<1).

Hbgaefgd mgsgr gpntbhbr mgegc prnsbs jncpnudmfdi gmgega sbkgigf kbrfhut?

7. Cbcfe
Cbcfefhf
fhf ghsb
ghsbs
s fd`nrc
fd`nrcgsf
gsf tbrk
tbrkgru
gru

;. Cgcpu
Cgcpu cbdyfcp
cbdyfcpgd
gd kgagd
kgagd smf
smfggd
ggd nkgt
nkgt ygdi
ygdi sbsug
sbsugff mb
mbdig
digd
d sf`
sf`gt
gt `fsfhg
`fsfhg

hfcfg kgagd

:. Cbcpu
Cbcpudyg
dygff hbgae
hbgaefgd
fgd fecu mgsg
mgsgrr `grcgs
`grcgsff sbafd
sbafdiig
iig cgcpu
cgcpu cbeghu
cbeghuhgd
hgd

prnsbs jncpnudmfdi ygdi kbdgr 

Neba
Neba sbkgk
sbkgk ftu
ftu,, sbnrgd
sbnrgdi
i gpntbh
gpntbhbr
br mf Fdmnds
Fdmndsfg
fg agrus
agrus cbcbd
cbcbduaf
uaf

stgdmgr hncpbtbdsf gpntbhbr ygdi mf kugt neba Fhgtgd Gpntbhbr Fdmndbsfg,

mgegc
mgegc cbeghuhg
cbeghuhgd
d mfspbdsf
mfspbdsfdi
di gpntbhbr
gpntbhbr agrus
agrus cbdiugsg
cbdiugsgff hncpbtbd
hncpbtbdsf
sf fdtf

mg
mgegc
egc cbegh
cbeghuh
uhgd
gd mfspb
mfspbdsf
dsfdi
di.. Hncpb
Hncpbtbd
tbdsf
sf fdt
fdtff tbrsbk
tbrsbkut
ut gmgeg
gmgega
a sbkgi
sbkgigf
gf

kbrfhut (Fhgtgd Gpntbhbr Fdmndbsfg, ;<70).

7. Cgcpu cbeghuhgd pbdyfgpgd sbmfggd `grcgsf sbsugf stgdmgr, mbdigd

rfdjfgd

g. Cbcutushgd ebigeftgs mgd hbebdihgpgd gmcfdfstrgtf` rbsbp.

k. Cbeghuhgd gdgefsfs hbsbsugfgd `grcgsbtfh.

 

j. Cbeghuhgd gdgefsfs hncpgtfkfeftgs mgd stgkfeftgs nkgt.

m. Cbe
Cbeghu
ghuhgd
hgd hgehu
hgehuegs
egsff mnsfs,
mnsfs, sbrtg
sbrtg hndvbr
hndvbrsf
sf hb
hbhug
hugtgd
tgd mgd kbdtuh
kbdtuh

sbmfggd nkgt mbdigd tbpgt.

b. Cb
Cbdb
dbtg
tgph
phgd
gd `nrc
`nrcue
uegs
gsff sb
sbmf
mfgg
ggd
d `g
`grc
rcgs
gsff yg
ygdi
di cbck
cbckut
utua
uahg
hgd
d

pbdgdigdgd hausus, sbmfggd stbrfe mgd sftnstgtfhg.

`. Cbeghuhgd pbdyfgpgd sbmfggd dnd-stbrfe, pbdjgcpurgd sbmfggd stbrfe

(f.v.
(f.v. gm cfxtur
cfxturb)
b),, stbrfe
stbrfefsg
fsgsf
sf sbmfgg
sbmfggd
d `grcgs
`grcgsff & gegt
gegt hbsba
hbsbagtg
gtgd,
d, &

pbdyfgpgd sftnstgtfhg sbsugf stgdmgr mgd pbmncgd.

i. Cb
Cbdy
dyffgphg
gphgd
d btfh
tfhbt mgd eg
egk
kbe sb
sbsu
sug
gf hb
hbk
kutu
tua
agd,
gd, tb
tbrc
rcgs
gsuh
uh

pbdyfcpgdgd, BM (Bxpfrgtfnd Mgtb) gtgu KRM (Kbyndm Rsb Mgtb ).

a. Cbdibcgs sbmfggd `grcgsf mgegc wgmga ygdi tbpgt udtuh cbdogig

cutu mgd cbdiafdmgrf hbsgegagd pbdiiudggd.

f. Cbcvgefmgsff sgefdgd rbsbp.

Cbcvgefmgs

 o. Cbrgdjgd
Cbrgdjgdi,
i, cbck
cbckugt
ugt mgd cbcutghaf
cbcutghafrhgd
rhgd mnhucbd
mnhucbd pbdinkgt
pbdinkgtgd
gd

pgsfbd (\C[) kbsbrtg sbcug pbrukgagd mgd tfdmghgd gtgs rbsbp.

;. Cg
Cgcp
cpu
u cbdy
cbdybr
brga
gahg
hgd
d sbmf
sbmfgg
ggd
d `grc
`grcgs
gsff mgd
mgd gegt
gegt hbsb
hbsbag
agtg
tgd,
d, sbrtg
sbrtg

cbckbrfhgd fd`nrcgsf tbrhgft sbmfggd `grcgsf mgd gegt hbsbagtgd hbpgmg

pgsfbd, mbdigd rfdjfgd

g. Cbcgstfhgd hbsbsugfgd fmbdtftgs pgsfbd sbrtg hbwbdgdigd

hbwbdgdigd pbdbrfcg

sbmfggd `grcgsf mgd/gtgu gegt hbsbagtgd ygdi mfrbsbphgd.

mfrbsbphgd.

k. Cb
Cbcg
cgst
stfh
fhgd
gd hbsb
hbsbsu
sugf
gfgd
gd gdtg
gdtgrg
rg sbmf
sbmfgg
ggd
d `g
`grc
rcgs
gsff mgd/
mgd/gt
gtgu
gu gegt
gegt

hbsbagtgd ygdi mfsfgphgd mbdigd ygdi mfcfdtg mgegc rbsbp.

j. Cbeghuhgd pbdybrgagd sbmfgg `grcgsf mgd gegt hbsbagtgd mbdigd

sfhgp rgcga, tbrkuhg, hncudfhgtf`, mgd gsbrtf` mbdigd cbcpbragtfhgd

btfhg prn`bsf.
 

m. Cbck
Cbckbrfh
brfhgd
gd pbdobegs
pbdobegsgd
gd tbdtgdi
tbdtgdi `udisf
`udisf gtgu hbiudggd
hbiudggd,, `rbhubdsf
`rbhubdsf,,

wghtu mgd jgrg pbdiiudg

pbdiiudggd,
gd, kgtg
kgtgsgd
sgd pbdiiudg
pbdiiudggd,
gd, b`bh sgcpfdi
sgcpfdi

pntbdsfge
pntbdsfge,, sbrtg jgrg pbdyfcpg
pbdyfcpgdgd
dgd sbmfggd
sbmfggd `grcgsf
`grcgsf mgd/gtgu
mgd/gtgu gegt

hbsbagtgd.

b. Cbdo
Cbdobeg
begshgd
shgd fmbdtftgs
fmbdtftgs nkgt mgd hgrghtbrfs
hgrghtbrfstfh
tfh kbdtuh
kbdtuh sbmfggd
sbmfggd ygdi

mfiudghgd pgsfbd.

`. Cbcgstfhgd pgsfbd cbcgagcf fd`nrcgsf ygdi mfkbrfhgd.

i. Cbd
Cbdmn
mnhuc
hucbd
bdtgs
tgsfhg
fhgd
d hb
hbifg
ifgtgd
tgd pbdybr
pbdybrga
gagd
gd sbmfg
sbmfggd
gd `grcgs
`grcgsff mgd

fd`nrcgsf ygdi mfsgcpgfhgd hbpgmg pgsfbd.

a. Cbdi
Cbdifmb
fmbdtf`f
dtf`fhgsf
hgsf & cbeghuhg
cbeghuhgd
d tfdmghgd
tfdmghgd udtuh
udtuh cbdjbig
cbdjbiga
a mgd/gtgu
mgd/gtgu

cbdigtgsf mfspbdsfdi brrnr mgd dbgr cfssbs.

f. Cbdbrg
Cbdbrgphg
phgd
d mg
mgd
d cbdibe
cbdibeneg
neg sfstbc
sfstbc pb
pbegp
egpnrg
nrgd
d gmgdyg
gmgdyg hb
hbogm
ogmfgd
fgd

mfspbdsfdi brrnr mgd dbgr cfssbs.

 o. Cbegpnrhgd gmgdyg sbmfggd ygdi jgjgt mgd/gtgu sukstgdmgr hb pfagh

ygdi kbrwbdgdi.

Rdtuh cbcbduaf stgdmgr hncpbtbdsf tbrsbkut, mgegc cbdyfgphgd

sbmfgg
sbmfggd
d `gr
`grcgs
cgsff ygdi
ygdi sb
sbsug
sugff stgdmg
stgdmgr,
r, gp
gpntb
ntbhbr
hbr agrus
agrus cbdbrg
cbdbrgphg
phgd
d

prfdsfp-
prfdsfp-prfd
prfdsfp
sfp ucuc jncpnudm
jncpnudmfdi
fdi gigr nkgt rgjfhgd
rgjfhgd ygdi mfagsfe
mfagsfehgd
hgd

hbhugtgd sbmfggd, hugeftgs, mgd hbcurdfgddyg mgpgt mftbrfcg mgd sbsugf

mbdigd rbsbp gtgu pbsgdgd nkgt (Rdftbm Ztgtbs \agrcgjnpbfg, ;<77).

K. \brge
\brgegtg
gtgd
d ygdi
ygdi mfkutu
mfkutuahg
ahgd
d

Rdtuh
Rdtuh cbcgs
cbcgstfh
tfhgd
gd prb
prbsfs
sfsff mg
mgd
d rbe
rbefgk
fgkfef
feftgs
tgs,, sbcug
sbcug pbrgeg
pbrgegtgd
tgd mgd

fdstrucbd, agrus mfpbrfhsg, mfrgwgt, mfkbrsfahgd,

mfkbrsfahgd, mgd mfhgefkrgsf
mfhgefkrgsf pgmg fdtbrvge

ygdi tbpgt, sbpbrtf ygdi 1 mfrbhncbdmgsfhgd neba pgkrfh, mgd sbtfmghdyg

 

sbtgaud sbhgef ofhg tfmgh gmg rbhncbdmgsf. Zbtfgp hgef sbebsgf mfiudghgd mgd

mf
mfkb
kbrs
rsfa
fahg
hgd,
d, pbrg
pbrgeg
egtg
tgd
d mgd
mgd fdst
fdstru
rucb
cbd
d egfd
egfd yg
ygdi
di mfiu
mfiudg
dghg
hgd
d udtu
udtuh
h

jncpnudmfdi agrus mfsfcpgd mbdigd rgpf mf ebcgrf ygdi sbsugf. Fdstrucbd

mgd pbrgegtg
pbrgegtgd
d ygdi mfiudghgd
mfiudghgd udtuh
udtuh kbkbrgpg
kbkbrgpg prbpgrgs
prbpgrgsff kbrkbmg
kbrkbmg agrus
agrus

mf
mfkbr
kbrsf
sfahg
ahgd
d sbpbdu
sbpbduad
adyg
yg mg
mgd
d cbdybe
cbdybeuru
urua
a udtuh
udtuh cbdia
cbdiafeg
fegdi
dihgd
hgd sbcug
sbcug

prnmuh sbkbeucdyg sbafdiig cbdjbiga hndtgcfdgsf sfegdi gdtgrg rgjfhgd

(Dgtfndge Gssnjfgtfnd n` \agrcgjy [biuegtnry Gutanrftfbs, ;<70).

Zbcu
Zbcug
g jgtg
jgtgtg
tgd
d ygdi
ygdi mfku
mfkugt
gt pgmg
pgmg `n
`nrc
rcue
uefr
fr pbcb
pbcbef
efag
agrg
rggd
gd agru
agrus
s

cbdudouhhgd gdiintg stg` ygdi cbeghuhgd pbcbefagrggd (gpntbhbr, tbhdfsf

`grcgsf, gdiintg stg` pbckbrsfagd) (Rdftbm Ztgtbs \agrcgjnpbfg,

\agrcgjnpbfg, ;<77).

 Gmgpud pbrgegtgd ygdi mfkutuahgd sbnrgdi gpntbhbr mgegc

pbeghsgdggd jncpnudmfdi gmgega?

7. Ge
Gegt
gt pbrg
pbrgjf
jfhg
hgd
d

 Gegt ygdi mfiudghgd

mfiudghgd mgegc cbckgdtu
cbckgdtu pbdjgcpurgd
pbdjgcpurgd nkgt
nkgt ygdi cbefputf
cbefputf ?

g. Cnegr
Cnegr & Ztgcpb
Ztgcpbrr 8 mfiudg
mfiudghgd
hgd udtuh
udtuh cbdiag
cbdiageus
eushgd
hgd mgd cbdjgcp
cbdjgcpur 
ur 

kgagd kgagd ygdi tbrkugt mgf pnrjbegfd mgd tgagd pgdgs.

k. Jgwgd8 mfiudghgd udtuh wgmga cbdfckgdi,

cbdiu
cbdiugph
gphgd/
gd/cbd
cbdibr
ibrfd
fdihg
ihgd
d jgfrgd
jgfrgd,, cbebk
cbebkur/
ur/cbd
cbdjgc
jgcpur
pur kgagd,
kgagd,

tbrkugt mgrf pnrjbegfd tgagd pgdgs tgpf tfmgh tgagd kgdtfdi.

 

j. Hgjg
Hgjg gre
reno
nof8
f8 mfiu
mfiudg
dghg
hgd
d udtu
udtuh
h cb
cbdf
dfck
ckgd
gdi
i kgag
kgagd
d yg
ygdi
di cumg
cumga
a

cbdiugp,
cbdiugp, cbdyukefd
cbdyukefd & jgfrgd
jgfrgd ygdi tfmgh kneba
kneba mftfckgd
mftfckgdi
i mbdigd
mbdigd

hbrtgs pbrhgcbd.

m. \bdi
\bdigy
gygh
gh88 gegt
gegt ygdi
ygdi mfpg
mfpghg
hgff udtu
udtuh
h cbdi
cbdigy
gygh
gh kgag
kgagd
d ygdi
ygdi sbsu
sbsugf
gf

mbdigd mbrgogt hbageusgd sbrkuh.

b. Zbdmnh/su
Zbdmnh/sumfp
mfp88 mfiudghgd
mfiudghgd udtuh
udtuh cbdigckfe
cbdigckfe kgagd
kgagd pgmgt,
pgmgt, udtuh
udtuh kgagd

jgfr kfgs mfiudghgd pfpbt pbdgtbs gtgu egdisudi mftugdi mbdigd agtf-

agtf, sbmgdihgd udtuh kgagd sbcf pgmgt (bhstrgh hbdtge mgd ebcgh-

ebcgh) kfsg mfiudghgd spgtbe/sumfp.

`. Jnrndi8
Jnrndi8 mfiudg
mfiudghgd
hgd udtuh
udtuh cbdygr
cbdygrfdi
fdi mbdig
mbdigd
d cbebtghh
cbebtghhgd
gd hbrtgs
hbrtgs sgrfdi
sgrfdi

mf gtgs jnrndi, hbrtgs sgrfdi mfiudtudi kuegt + 7 jc mfebtghhgd mf gtgs

cueut jnrndi.
 

i. Kgtg
Kgtgdi
di pbdi
pbdigm
gmuh
uh88 mfiu
mfiudg
dghg
hgd
d udtu
udtuh
h cbdi
cbdigm
gmuh
uh kgag
kgagd,
d, kfgs
kfgsgd
gdyg
yg

kgagd kbrupg jgfr.

a. \bdjbt
\bdjbtgh
gh suppn
suppn88 mfiud
mfiudghg
ghgd
d udtuh
udtuh pbckug
pbckugtg/
tg/pbd
pbdjbt
jbtghg
ghgd
d sbmfgg
sbmfgggd
gd

suppn.

f. Jgpsueb @fetbr8 gegt udtuh cbdifsf jgpsue sbjgrg

cgduge/cbdiiudghgd
cgduge/cbdiiudghgd tgdigd.

 o. \bdjbtgh ]gkebt8

]gkebt8 mfiudghgd udtuh
udtuh cbdjbtgh tgkebt
tgkebt
 

J. \bdfc
\bdfckgd
kgdigd
igd,, mgd \bdiuhu
\bdiuhurgd
rgd..

7. Ob
Obdf
dfs
s tfck
tfckgd
gdig
igd
d

 Gmg tfig obdfs

obdfs tfckgdigd nkgt
nkgt ygftu?

g. ]fckg
]fckgdig
digd
d hgsgr
hgsgr 8 Mgyg
Mgyg kbkgd
kbkgd ;2< irgc
irgc ‚ 7<<< irgc,
irgc, hbpbhg
hbpbhggd
gd

;<< ci

k. ]fckgdig
]fckgdigd
d irgc ageus
ageus 8 mgyg kbkgd
kbkgd 7<<
7<< irgc
irgc ‚ ;<< irgc,
irgc, hbpbhggd
hbpbhggd

2< ci

j. ]fckg
]fckgdig
digd
d cfeefir
cfeefirgc
gc 8 mgyg
mgyg kbkgd
kbkgd 7< irgc ‚ 2< irgc,
irgc, hbp
hbpbhg
bhggd
gd 2

ci

Mfiud
Mfiudghg
ghgd
d udtuh
udtuh cbd
cbdfck
fckgdi
gdi kgagd
kgagd hurgdi
hurgdi mg
mgrf
rf 7 i gtgu
gtgu ygdi
ygdi

cbckutua
cbckutuahgd
hgd hbtbeftf
hbtbeftfgd,
gd, cfss
cfssge
ge nkgt kbrhagsf
kbrhagsfgt
gt hbrgs
hbrgs (cbshfpu
(cbshfpud
d

 oucegadyg 4 7 i)
i)

;. Jgrg
Jgrg pbdfc
pbdfckgd
kgdigd
igd kgag
kgagd-k
d-kgag
gagd
d

g. Kgagd
Kgagd pgmgt
pgmgt sbpbr
sbpbrtf
tf sbrkuh,
sbrkuh, efefd
efefd mftfckgd
mftfckgdi
i mfgtgs
mfgtgs pbrhgcbd.
pbrhgcbd.

k. Kgag
Kgagd
d ³ pgmg
pgmgtt sbpb
sbpbrt
rtff vgsb
vgsbef
efd,
d, gmbp
gmbps,
s, mftf
mftfck
ckgd
gdi
i mf gt
gtgs
gs hbrt
hbrtgs
gs

pbrhgcbd gtgu mfgtgs jgwgd pbdiugp.

j. Kgagd
Kgagd jgfr mgpgt
mgpgt mftfc
mftfckgd
kgdi
i mfg
mfgtgs
tgs hgjg grenof
grenof,, jg
jgwgd
wgd pbdiug
pbdiugp
p gtgu
gtgu

egdisudi mgegc kntne gtgu wgmga.

m. Kgagd
Kgagd jgfrgd
jgfrgd hbdtge
hbdtge sbpbrtf
sbpbrtf bhstrgh
bhstrgh kbeegmn
kbeegmnd
d mgd bhstrgh
bhstrgh aynsjfdg
aynsjfdgcy
cy

egdisu
egdisudi
di mft
mftfck
fckgdi
gdi,, sbmgdi
sbmgdihgd
hgd ud
udtuh
tuh fj
fjayt
aytne
ne mftfc
mftfckgd
kgdi
i mfhbrt
mfhbrtgs
gs

pbrhbcbd ygdi sbkbeucdyg mfnebs mbdigd pgrg``fd jgfr / vgsbefd.

b. Kgag
Kgagd
d nhsf
nhsfmg
mgtn
tnrr (hge
(hgeff
ff \brc
\brcgd
gdig
igdg
dgs,
s, Fn
Fnmf
mfuc
uc,, Grib
Gribdt
dtff Dft
ftrg
rgs)
s)

mftfckgdi pgmg ibegs tfckgdi gtgu pgmg ibegs grenof ygdi tbrtutup.
 

`. Kgagd
Kgagd ygdi
ygdi kntned
kntnedyg
yg hurgdi
hurgdi mgrf 2< ci
ci mfeghu
mfeghuhgd
hgd pbdib
pbdibdjbr
djbrgd.
gd.

\bcfefagd fdstrucbdt udtuh cbdbdtuhgd knknt tbrigdtudi pgmg tuigs

ygdi
ygdi mfe
mfeghu
ghuhgd
hgd.. \fefa
\fefagd
gd mg
mgpgt
pgt mfkug
mfkugtt kbrmg
kbrmgsgr
sgrhgd
hgd eugsd
eugsdyg
yg rbdtgd
rbdtgdi
i

fdstru
fdstrucbd
cbdtt ygdi
ygdi tbrsb
tbrsbmfg
mfg,, tbrcgs
tbrcgsuh
uh tfckg
tfckgdig
digd
d gd
gdgef
geftfh
tfh ygdi
ygdi sgdigt
sgdigt

sbds
sbdsft
ftfv
fvb,
b, tfck
tfckgd
gdig
igd
d rb
rbsb
sbp
p bebh
bebhtr
trnd
ndfh
fh gt
gtgu
gu tn
tnrs
rsf.
f. Fd
Fdmt
mtru
rucb
cbd
d ygdi
ygdi

mfiud
mfiudghg
ghgd
d agr
agrus
us cbcbd
cbcbduaf
uaf stgdmg
stgdmgrr ygdi
ygdi hsumg
hsumga
a mft
mftbtg
btgphg
phgd
d udtuh
udtuh

hbpbhggd, ghurgsf mgd hgpgsftgs.

]fckgdigd rbsbp inendigd G, cfdfcge agrus mfiudghgd mgegc sbcug

prnsbmur pbrgjfhgd rbsbp. ]fckgdigd fdf cbcpudygf sygrgt hbpbhggd 0

ci mgd hgpgsftgs cghsfcuc 7;< irgc.

Of
Ofhg
hg pbrs
pbrsbd
bdtg
tgsf
sf igeg
igegtt tbrt
tbrtbd
bdtu
tu tf
tfmg
mgh
h mfeg
mfegcp
cpgu
guff mgd
mgd hbpb
hbpbhg
hggd
gd

tfckgdigd mfhbtgauf, cghg oucega tbrhbjfe ygdi mgpgt mftfckgdi mbdigd

ghurgsf ygdi mffdifdhgd mgpgt mfaftudi mbdigd jgrg ?

Mbdigd mbcfhfgd udtuh tfckgdigd mbdigd hbpbhggd 0 ci mbdigd

igegt ygdi mftbrfcg (gjjbptgkeb brrnr 2%), oucega ygdi agrus mftckgdi

gmgega 7;< ci. Kbkbrgpg gpntbhbr cbdiiudghgd tfckgdigd bebhtrndfh

udtuh cbdfckgdi oucega ygdi sgdigt hbjfe. Kgdygh tfckgdigd fdf ygdi

mgpgt cbdfckgdi <,7 ci mbdigd ghurgt mgd cumga mfiudghgd.

\bdiuhurgd vneucb ygdi ghurgt cbrupghgd

cbrupghgd sugtu hbtbrgcpfegd ygdi

mfpbrneba pbdmfmfhgd mgd pbegtfagd gpntbhbr.

Pneucb
Pneucb gmgeg
gmgega
a rugdi
rugdi ygdi
ygdi mf
mftbc
tbcpgt
pgtff mfuhu
mfuhurr mg
mgegc
egc sgtugd
sgtugd hukfh.
hukfh.

Pneucbrfh kbrhgftgd mbdigd pbdiuhurgd vneucb mbdigd fdstrucbdt gtgu

 

gegt ygdi sbsugf. Gegt ygdi mffzfdhgd mfiudghgd mgegc prnsbmur gdgeftfh

gmgega cfhrnpfpbt
cfhrnpfpbt mgd kurbt. \bcfefagd gegt ygdi mfiudghgd agrus sbsugf

mbdigd kgagd ygdi mfuhur mgd tfdihgt prbsfsf ygdi mfpbreuhgd.

\bd
\bdiuh
iuhur
urg
gd vn
vneeucb hbj
bjfe
fe mgeg
gegc kbog
bogdg uhu
hurr yg
ygdi
di kbs
bsgr 
gr 

cbdfdihg
cbdfdihgthgd
thgd hbsgega
hbsgegagd8
gd8 sbcghfd
sbcghfd sbcpft
sbcpft rndiig
rndiig gtgu rugdi
rugdi kbogdg,
kbogdg,

sbcghfd hbjfe hbsgegagd mgegc pbckgjggd cfdfshus mgd sbcghfd ghurgt

pbdiuhurgd tbrsbkut.

Kbrmgsgrhgd RZ\, pbdyfcpgdigd 7 cc pgmg pbckgjggd cbdfsjus

cbdybkgkhgd hbsgegagd sbhftgr <,2 ce ofhg cbdiiudghgd kbogdg sbefdmbr 

7<< ce.

M. Cbcpbr
Cbcpbrhbj
hbjfe
fe Rhurgd
Rhurgd \grtfh
\grtfhbe
be

\bdibtgaugd mgd pbdibdmgefgd uhurgd, sbrtg hfsgrgd uhurgd pgrtfhbe

sgdigt pbdtfdi mgegc `grcgsf, sbkgk uhurgd pgrtfhbe cbcpudygf pbdigrua

ygdi sgdigt kbsgr mgegc pbckugtgd sbmfggd nkgt mgd ouig tbragmgp b`bh

`fsfnenifdyg
`fsfnenifdyg (Cnbjatgr, 766<8 Zuhgdmgr, be ge., ;<<1)

Zbjg
Zbjgrg
rg hefd
hefdfh
fh,, uhur
uhurgd
gd pgrt
pgrtfh
fhbe
be su
sugt
gtu
u nkgt
nkgt mgpg
mgpgtt mfpb
mfpbdi
digr
grua
uaff

pb
pbebp
ebpgsg
gsgddy
ddyg
g mg
mgrf
rf kb
kbdtu
dtuh-k
h-kbdt
bdtuh
uh sbmfg
sbmfggd
gd yg
ygdi
di mfkbr
mfkbrfhg
fhgd
d sbjgrg
sbjgrg nrge,
nrge,

pgrbdtbrge, rbhtge mgd tnpfjge. Mgegc kfmgdi pbckugtgd tgkebt mgd hgpsue,

pbdibdm
pbdibdmgefg
gefgd
d uhurgd
uhurgd pgrtfhbe
pgrtfhbe sgdigt
sgdigt pbdt
pbdtfdi
fdi sbhgef
sbhgef mgegc
mgegc cbdjgpgf
cbdjgpgf sf`gt

gefrgd ygdi mfpbreuhgd mgd pbdjgcpurgd ygdi kbdgr mgrf irgdue mgd sbrkuh

(Cgrtfd, bt ge., 766:)

\bdurudg
\bdurudgd
d uhur
uhurgd
gd pgrt
pgrtfhbe
fhbe mgpgt
mgpgt cbdfdihg
cbdfdihgthgd
thgd egou
egou gksnrpsf
gksnrpsf mgd

kbrpbdigrua pgmg prnsbs pbegrutgd. \bdiurgdigd uhurgd pgrtfhbe kbrpbrgd

 

tfmgh agdyg pgmg egou pbdybrgpgd tbtgpf ouig pgmg hbjfedyg mbrgogt hbegrutgd

sugtu sbdygwg.

Rhurgd
Rhurgd pg
pgrtf
rtfhb
hbee mgpgt
mgpgt mfdyg
mfdygtgh
tghgd
gd mbdig
mbdigd
d kbrkg
kbrkgigf
igf jgrg.
jgrg. Rhurg
Rhurgd
d
mfgcbtbr rgtg-rgtg mgd kbkbrgpg jgrg pbdiuhurgd pgrtfhbe ygftu ?

7. Cbtn
Cbtnmb
mb cf
cfhr
hrns
nsjn
jnpf
pfh
h

Kfeg pgrtfhbedyg ebkfa hbjfe ygftu pgrtfhbe mbdigd uhurgd Gdistrnc. Mgrf 7<

 ‚ 7<<< Gdistrnc (7 Gdistrnc 3 <,<<7 cfhrncbtbr),

cfhrncbtbr), cfhrnshnp fdf

cbcf
cbcfef
efhf
hf obeg
obegog
oga
a uhur
uhur mgrf
mgrf 7; cf
cfhr
hrnc
ncbt
btbr
br sgcp
sgcpgf
gf hurg
hurgdi
di ebkf
ebkfa
a 7<<
7<<

cfhrncbtbr.

;. Cbtn
Cbtnmb
mb \bd
\bdig
igyg
yggd
gd
Jgrg fdf udtuh cbdiuhur uhurgd pgrtfhbe sbjgrg hgsgr. Kgagd ygdi ghgd

mfuhur
mfuhur pgrtfhbed
pgrtfhbedyg
yg mftgrua
mftgrua mf gtgs gyghgd mbdigd dfcfr cbsa rbdmga.
rbdmga.

Hbcumf
Hbcumfgd
gd mf kgwgad
kgwgadyg
yg mf
mftgr
tgrua
ua/mf
/mftbc
tbcpg
pgthg
thgd
d gyghgd
gyghgd mbdigd
mbdigd gyghgd
gyghgd

mbdigd dncnr cbsa ygdi ebkfa tfdiif. Cbtnmb fdf gmgega cbtnmb ygdi

pgefdi
pgefdi sbmbragd
sbmbragdg
g mfeghuh
mfeghuhgd.
gd. Gyghgd
Gyghgd mfkugt
mfkugt mgrf hgwgt mbdigd
mbdigd eukgdi
eukgdi

mfhbtg
mfhbtgauf
auf uhurgd
uhurgddyg
dyg.. Fstfeg
Fstfega
a ―cbsa–
―cbsa– gm
gmgeg
gega
a dn
dncn
cnrr ygdi
ygdi cbdygt
cbdygtghg
ghgd
d

 oucega eukgdi
eukgdi tfgp fdjf.

:. Cbtn
Cbtnmb
mb Zbmf
Zbmfcb
cbdt
dtgs
gsff

Rhurgd
Rhurgd pgrtf
pgrtfhbe
hbe mgrf uhurgd sgrfdigd
sgrfdigd sbpbrtf
sbpbrtf sgega
sgega sgtudyg
sgtudyg sbrfdihg
sbrfdihgefef

mfsgdihu
mfsgdihuthgd
thgd mgegc
mgegc kfmgdi
kfmgdi `grc
`grcgsf.
gsf. Cbtnmb
Cbtnmb sbmfcbdt
sbmfcbdtgsf
gsf mf mgsgrhgd
mgsgrhgd

pgmg anhuc Ztnhb, sbrkuh ygdi ghgd mfuhur mfsuspbds

mfsuspbdsfhgd
fhgd mgegc jgfrgd,

mfcgdg sbrkuh ygdi tfmgh mgpgt egrut. Zuspbdsb fdf mftbcpgthgd pgmg

sbkuga pfpbt ygdi kbrvgrfgsf. Zgcpbe fdf mfugphgd udtuh mfhbrfdihgd mgd

rbsfm
rbsfmudy
udyg
g mft
mftfck
fckgdi
gdi.. Zbtfgp
Zbtfgp sg
sgcpb
cpbee mftgr
mftgrfh
fh ygdi
ygdi cbcpu
cbcpudy
dygf
gf uh
uhurg
urgd
d

pgrtfh
pgrtfhbe
be88 ygdi
ygdi ebkfa
ebkfa hbjfe
hbjfe mgrf
mgrf ygdi
ygdi mfauk
mfaukudi
udihgd
hgd mbdig
mbdigd
d hbjbp
hbjbpgtg
gtgd.
d.
 

\bdibdmgpgd hgrbdg sbcug pgrtfhbe mbdigd uhurgd ygdi ebkfa pgdogdi

ghgd ogtua hb ebvbe kgwga mgrf uoudi pfpbt.

\bdiibrusgd gmgega prnsbs cbhgdfh udtuh cbcpbrhbjfe uhurgd zgt

pgmgt.
pgmgt. \rnsbs
\rnsbs pbdiibr
pbdiibrusgd
usgd cbrupghg
cbrupghgd
d mgsgr
mgsgr npbrgsf
npbrgsfndge
ndge pbdtfdi
pbdtfdi mgegc
mgegc

tbhdnenif `grcgsf. \rnsbs fdf cbefkgthgd pbrusghgd mgd pbdiageusgd cgtbrf

mbdigd
mbdigd hndsbhub
hndsbhubdsf
dsf cbdf
cbdfdihg
dihgtdyg
tdyg eugs pbrcuhg
pbrcuhggd.
gd. Rhurgd
Rhurgd pgrtfhbe
pgrtfhbe gtgu

uhurgd kutfrgd mgpgt cbdbdtuhgd tfdihgt ancnibdbsfs zgt ghtf` mgd tfdihgt

hbrog nptfcge (Hurdfgwgd, ;<<6).

 Gmg mug jgrg pbdiibrusgd

pbdiibrusgd ygftu pbdiibrusgd
pbdiibrusgd mbdigd cnrtgr 

stg
tgcp
cpb
br mgd pbdi
dii
iudggd
dggd mbdi
bdigd kegdm
gdmbr. \bdii
diibrus
rusgd mgpgt
pgt
mfhegsf`fhgsfhgd cbdogmf : hbencpnh sbsugf mbdigd tfdihgt hbageusgd ygdi

mfjgpgf ygftu?

7. Cbsfd
Cbsfd pbdiib
pbdiibrus
rus ku
kutfr
tfr hgsgr 
hgsgr 

;. Cbsfd
Cbsfd pbdiib
pbdiibrus
rus ku
kutfr
tfr sbmgd
sbmgdi
i

:. Cbsfd
Cbsfd pbdiib
pbdiibrus
rus ku
kutfr
tfr ag
ageus
eus

\bcfefag
\bcfefagd
d hegs
hegsf`fh
f`fhgsf
gsf fdf mfsbsugf
mfsbsugfhgd
hgd mbdigd
mbdigd tuougd
tuougd kbdtuh
kbdtuh sbmfggd
sbmfggd

`grcgsf ygdi mfhbabdmghf tbrigdtudi mgrf cgtbrfge mgd sf`gt-sf`gt `fsfhgdyg

(hbhbrgsgd, begstfsftgs, hbebdihbtgd mgd sbkgigfdyg), uhurgd pgrtfhbe gwge

mg
mgrf
rf kgag
kgagd
d ygdi
ygdi mfib
mfibru
rus
s mgd
mgd uhur
uhurgd
gd pgrtf
pgrtfhb
hbee ghaf
ghafrr mgrf
mgrf prnm
prnmuh
uh ygdi
ygdi

mffdifdhgd. Cfsgehgd mftudtut sbsugf prnsbs pbdiageusgd ygdi kbregdisudi

eg
egcg
cg,, cghg
cghg pbrtg
pbrtgcg
cg-t
-tgc
gcg
g mfeg
mfeghu
huhg
hgd
d pbdi
pbdiib
ibru
rusg
sgd
d hgsg
hgsgr,
r, hbcu
hbcumf
mfgd
gd

mfegdou
mfegdouthgd
thgd mbdigd
mbdigd sugtu jgrg pbdiibru
pbdiibrusgd
sgd egfddyg
egfddyg,, ygdi cbcudihf
cbcudihfdhgd
dhgd

mfpbrnebadyg uhurgd pgrtfhbe tbrhbjfe (Hurdfgwgd, ;<<6).

 

Zbjgrg hndvbdsfndge, uhurgd mfdygtghgd mbdigd fstfega cbsa (oucega

eukgdi
eukgdi pgmg
pgmg tfgp fdjf efdbgr mgrf gyghgd).
gyghgd). Zbkgigf
Zbkgigf hegsf`fh
hegsf`fhgsf
gsf pbckgdmf
pbckgdmfdi
di

udtuh pbrtfckgdigd hb`grcgsfgd, pbdiibrusgd hgsgr cbdiagsfehgd pgrtfhbe-

pgrtfhbe ysdi ebkfa kbsgr mgrf ;<-cbsa, pbdiibrusgd sbmgdi cbdiagsfehgd

pg
pgrtf
rtfhbe
hbe-pg
-pgrtf
rtfhbe
hbe kbruhu
kbruhurgd
rgd gd
gdtgr
tgrg
g ;<
;<<
< sgcpg
sgcpgff ;<
;<-cb
-cbsa
sa (9= sgcpgf
sgcpgf 1<

cfhrnd)
cfhrnd) mgd pbdiibru
pbdiibrusgd
sgd ageus
ageus cbdiagsf
cbdiagsfehgd
ehgd pgrtfhbe-
pgrtfhbe-pgrtf
pgrtfhbe
hbe ygdi ebkfa
ebkfa

hbjfe mgrf ;<<-cbsa. (Egjacgd, 7616).

 

MG@]G[ \RZ]GHG

Hurdfgwgd,, M.Y.,].D. Zgf`ueega. ;<<6. ]bhdne

Hurdfgwgd nif Zbmfggd @grcgsf. Irgag Fecu,
]bhdnenif
Vniyghgrtg

Egjacgd, E., mhh. 7616. ]bnrf mgd \rghtbh @grcgsf Fdmustrf. RF \rbss. Oghgrtg

]ab Rdftbm
Rdftbm Ztgtb \agrcgjnpbfg
\agrcgjnpbfge.
e. (;<<9).
(;<<9). ]ab Rdftbm
Rdftbm Ztgtbs
Ztgtbs \agrcgjn
\agrcgjnpbfg
pbfg
(RZ\). :<ta Bmftfnd. Rdftbm Ztgtbs

attps?//mspgjb.uff.gj.fm/kftstrbgc/agdmeb/7;:=20916/70<
attps?//mspgjb.uff.gj.fm/kftstrbgc/agdmeb/7;:=20916/70<;9/<2.;%;<kgk
;9/<2.;%;<kgk
%;<;.pm`>sbqubdjb39&fsGeenwbm3y

attps?//sefmbpegybr.fd`n/sefmb/79==<<=2/