Pharmacology–

 4th  Stage  

 
Dr. Badraldin Hamad
BSc pharmacy
MSc Pharmacology
PhD drug discovery and molecular
pharmacology
badraldin.hamad@hmu.edu.krd    
2020-­‐2021  
                                            Defini9ons    

v Pharmacology  is  a  branch  of  pharmaceu5cal  

sciences  that  deals  with  the  study  of  drugs.  

v Pharmacology  is  also  regarded  as  the  branch  of  

medicine  and  biology  as  well  (Biomedical  
Science)    
v Drugs  (Drogue-­‐a  dry  herb  in  French  )  
Is  a  substance  used  for  diagnosis  ,  preven5on  and  
treatment  of  a  disease.    
  Main  branches  of  Pharmacology      

v Pharmacokine9cs:    
 is  the  study  of  the  effect  of  
body  on  drugs  that  includes    
v Absorp5on    
v Distribu5on    
v Metabolism    
v Excre5on    
 
  Main  branches  of  Pharmacology-­‐con9nue    
 
v Pharmacodynamics  (PD):    is  the  study  
of  the  effects  of  drug  on  the  body  that  
includes  the  study  of  :  
v Mechanisms  of  ac5on  
v Signaling  pathway  
v Dose  response  rela5onship  
v Drug  synergism  and  antagonism  
 
  Pharmacokine9cs    
  Route  of  Drug  Administra9on      
 
 v Major  routes  of  drug  administra5on  include  enteral,  
parenteral,  and  topical  
 
v   It  is    determined  primarily  by:    
v the  proper5es  of  the  drug  (for  example,  water  or  
lipid  solubility,  ioniza5on)    

v the  therapeu5c  objec5ves  (for  example,  the  

desirability  of  a  rapid  onset  of  ac5on,  the  need  for  
long-­‐term  treatment,  or  restric5on  of  delivery  to  a  
local  site).  
            Route  of  Drug  Administra9on  

Local    
Topical  skin  
oral   Parenteral   Inhala5on   Local  ac5on  
ENT  
Rectal  (  for  
local  ac5on)    
EC   ER  

Injec5on:   Transdermal  :   Transmucosal:  

  Adhesive  units   Sublingual  
IV   Inunc5on     Nasal  
IM   Iontophoresis   Rectal  (Enema)    
SC   Jet  injec5on    
ID    
IP  
IT  
Intra  AT  
Intra  AR  
Intra-­‐med  
The route of administration is determined by properties of the drug (for example, water or lipid solubility,
ionization) and by the therapeutic objectives (for example, the need for a rapid onset, the need for long-term

Routes  of  drug  administra5on    

treatment, or restriction of delivery to a local site). Major routes of drug administration include enteral, parenteral,
and topical, among others (Figure 1.2).