TOPIC 2

GEOMETRICAL CONSTRUCTION

2.1 Line Construction

2.2 Angle and Triangle
2.3 Scale

Objectives

Upon completion of this topic, the student will be able to:-

1 Identify and understand drawing technique and method for geometry
construction: Line, angle, and triangle.
2 Identify problem in geometry construction and the solution
3 Understand scale definition and role in drawing work.
4 Understand scale types and the application in engineering drawing
work.
2.1 LINE CONSTRUCTION

2.1.1 Drawing Horizontal line

 Lean pencil for about 60° from drawing paper towards drawing line, make sure the
pencil is vertically following flat surface through the particular line. In this position,
pencil lead should have small space between T-square’s edge.
 Draw line from left to right. Simultaneously, dial pencil slowly so that pencil lead will
not wear in one side only. By using this method, the line will have uniform thickness.
 If there is no space between pencil lead and T-square’s edge, the line will not straight.
 To seek higher accuracy, pencil should tilt a little outwards so that pencil lead will be
joined together to the edge of the respective T-square.

Figure 2.1 Drawing horizontal line

2.1.2 Drawing Vertical Line

 Either one of the triangle can be use to draw vertical line. Triangle will be placed above
T-square’s edge with their vertical one is on the left side. In this position, light will not
interrupted by hand.
 Lean pencil for about 60° from drawing paper towards drawing line, make sure the
pencil is vertically following flat surface through the particular line.
 Draw line from below. Simultaneously, dial pencil slowly to have uniform thickness.
 Figure 2.2 Drawig vertical lines

2.1 ANGLE AND TRIANGLE

2.2.1 Dividing a Line into Two Equal Parts

Perpendicular Bisector

 Set the compass radius more than halfway across the given line segment and
draw two intersecting arcs from the line ends.
 Connect the points where the arcs intersect.

Figure 2.3 Dividing a Line into Two Equal Parts

Dividing a Line into Equal Parts

 Draw line AB with given length

 Draw a construction line at any angle from either end of line AB
 Use scale or divider to divide the angle construction line into seven equal parts.
 Connect the last point of construction line to point B of given line (7 – 7’). Then,
draw lines parallel to line 7 – 7’ from each of the numbered points on the
construction line to given line AB.

Figure 2.4 Dividing a Line into Equal Parts

Bisecting an Angle

 Draw a given angle and draw an intersecting arc with any radius from A to B
and C.
 At the points where the arc intersects the sides of the angle, draw two arc at
equal radius, J until intersect at point D.
 Connect the straight line from A to D.

Figure 2.5 Bisecting an Angle

 Draw a Circle in a Triangle

 Draw a given triangle ABC. Bisect any two angle in triangle intersect to each
other at O. O is centre for the circle.
 Draw the circle from O.

Figure 2.6 Draw a Circle in a Triangle

Draw a Circle Outside the triangle

 Draw a given triangle ABC. Bisect any two side of a triangle intersect to each
other at O. O is the centre for the circle.
 Draw the circle from O and touch point A, B and C.

Figure 2.7 Draw a Circle Outside the Triangle

2.2.2 Constructing Triangle

Drawing a Triangle Given Three Sides

 Lay out one of the given sides (A) as base. From one end of line A, strike an
arc equal in length to one of the other lines, B for example.
 From the other end of line A, strike an arc with a radius equal to remaining line,
C. allow this arc to intersect the previous arc. Where the two arc cross, draw
lines to end of the base line to complete the triangle.
 Figure 2.8 Drawing a Triangle Given Three Sides

Drawing a Triangle With Given Sides, Height and Angle

 Draw given side AB.

 Construct BAC equal to peak angle.
 Draw AD perpendicular to AC.
 Divide AB into equal part so that intersect AD at O.
 With O as centre with radius OA (=OB), draw a circle.
 Construct EF parallel to AB with given height. ( Say EF intersect the circle at
G)
 ABG is the complete triangle.

Figure 2.9

Drawing a Triangle with Given Perimeter and Side Ratio

 Draw AB line equal to given perimeter

 Divide AB to the given ratio
 Draw an arc equal to CA from C
 Then, from D with radius DB draw an arc so that it intersect the first line at E
  ECD is the complete triangle.

Figure 2.10

2.2.3 Regular Polygon

A polygon is any plane figure bounded by straight lines. If the polygon has equal
angles and equal sides, it can be inscribed in or circumscribed around a circle and
is called a regular polygon. Pentagon have 5 sides, hexagon (6 sides), heptagon
(7 sides), octagon (8 sides), nonagon (9 sides), decagon (10 sides) and
dodecagon (12 sides).

2.2.3.1 Drawing a Regular Pentagon With Given Side Length

 Draw a given side AB, divide to two equal parts

 From A, draw 45° line and 60° from B to intersect at perpendicular bisector line
at point 4 and 6
 Divide to equal part point 4 and 6 to determine point 5
 With radius A5 or B5 draw a circle from point 5
 Using given side AB, mark and connect other side of pentagon such as BC,
CD, DE and EA
 ABCDE is a complete pentagon.
 Figure 2.11 Drawing a Regular Pentagon With Given Side Length

2.2.3.2 Constructing a Regular Heptagon

Draw a Regular Heptagon With Given Side Length

 Draw a given line AB and divide to two equal parts.

 Draw an angle line of 45° from A and 60° from B intersect bisector line at 4 and
6. Bisect 4 and 6 to determine 5.
 Mark point 7 so that distance between point 6 and point 7 is equal distance
between point 5 and point 6 or between point 4 and point 5.
 From 7, draw a circle with radius A7 or B7.
 Set compass to the given side length and determine G from A, B to C and so
on. Connect all BC, CD, DE, EF, FG and GA.
 ABCDEFG is the complete heptagon.

Figure 2.12 Drawing a Heptagon With Given Side Length

 Draw a Regular Heptagon With Given Diameter (Figure 2.13)

 Draw a given circle and the diameter line AP

 Divide AP to seven equal part
 With radius AP draw an arc from A and P and intersect at Q
 Draw Q2 line and intersect the circle at Q
 AB is the first side of heptagon. Mark and connect BC, CD, DE, EF, FG and
GA. ABCDEFG is the complete heptagon.

Figure 2.13 Drawing a Regular Heptagon With Given Diameter

2.3 SCALE

Scales are drawing instrument design to help draughtmens. Two types of scales are:
(i) Ordinary scales
(ii) Diagonal scales

A Triangular Section Scale Rule

 A Flat Section Scale Rule

Skala 1:1

Scale Rule: 1:5 and 1:25 Ratio

2.3.1 Equivalent Part (EP) or Substitude Part (SP)

Equivalent Part shows the direct ratio between a line in the drawing and the actual
size. The ratio of the top and bottom number of a part is the ratio size drawn from
its actual size.

Equivalent part ¼ means the actual size of an object is 4 times the size of the
drawing object.

If a scale is given as 1 mm = 1 cm, so E.P is

1 mm = 1 mm = 1
1 cm 10 mm 10
 If a scale is given as 1” = 1’, so E.P is 1” = 1
1’ 12
If a scale is given as 1 cm = 1 m,
so E.P i 1 cm = 1
1m 100

2.3.2 Ordinary Scale

Ordinary scale usually used for simple scales, which do not have many smaller
parts. When constructing any scale, first thing to be considered is total scale
length. Particular length should be longer than the biggest dimension in a drawing.

Figure 2.14 shown a simple scale. The biggest actual dimension is 60 cm.The
scale to be used is 2 cm = 10 cm (EP = 1/5), so the scale length is 1/5 x 60 = 12
cm. A line 12 cm is drawn. 12 cm is divided into 6 equal parts with each division is
equal 10 cm. The first division on 10 cm is divided into 10 division, each division is
1 cm. This division is marked cearly to show the length of each division.

Make sure your scale is mark clearly and all important part have been written.

Figure 2.14 Ordinary scale 2 cm = 10 cm (E.P = 1/5)

Following are example of ordinary scale:

1) Construction ordinary scale, 1” = 1’, length 6’, can be read up to 1”

(Figure 2.15)

Scale length = 6 x 1”
First Division : 6 Division 1”
Second Division : 12 Division 1”
 Figure 2.15 Ordinary scale 1” = 1’ (E.P. 1/12)

2) Constructing ordinary scale, 3 cm= 1 cm, length 5 cm, can be read up to 1 mm

(Figure 2.16)

Scale length = 5 x 3 cm = 15 cm
First division : 5 Division 1 cm
Second Division : 10 Division 1 mm

Figure 2.16 Ordinary Scale 3 cm = 1 cm (E.P. 3/1)

2.3.3 Diagonal Scale

Numbers of division that can be made to ordinary scales have a limit. Try to divide
one centimenter to 50 equal length; you will see it is hard to do it. Diagonal scale
can overcome the problems of dividing it into very small parts.

Figure 2.17 shows ABC triangle. Say AB is 1 cm and BC is divide to ten equal
parts. A parallel line with AB drawn from all ten parts and numbered from 1 to 10.

Figure 2.17

From the figure, line 5-5 is half from line AB. Same as line 1-1 is 1/10 from AB
length and line 7-7 is 7/10 from AB length.
Line 1-1 to 10-10 increase 1/10 cm every time. If started with AB length 1 mm, so
the increment is 1/10 mm (1/100 cm) every time. Using this, a smaller legth can be
divide to more smaller parts and can be transferred easily.

Figure 2.18, 2.19 and 2.20 shown normal diagonal scale which not been scale.
These scale can measured up to 1/100 cm, 1/100” and 1/64” continuously.

Figure 2.18 Diagonal Scale 1 cm = 1 cm, can give reading up to 0.01 cm (0.1 m)
Figure 2.19 Diagonal Scale. 1” = 1”, can give reading up to 1/100 in.

Figure 2.20 Diagonal Scale. 1” = 1”, can give reading up to 1/64 in.
Figure 2.21 and 2.22 is the real diagonal scale. Diagonal scale have more benefit
compared to ordinary scale when measured a smaller scale dimension.

1) Constructing a diagonal scale, 3cm = 1m, 4m length, can give reading in cm.
(Figure 2.21)
Scale length : 4 x 3 cm = 12 cm
First part : 4 Part 1 m
Second part : 10 Part 10 cm
Third Part : 10 Part 1 cm

Figure 2.21 Diagonal Scale, 3 cm = 1m, giving reading up to m and cm

2) Constructing a diagonal scale, 3”= 1 yard, 6 yard length, can give reading in
yard, feet and inch. (Figure 2.22)
Scale length : 6 x ¾” = 4 ½”
First part : 6 Part 1 yard
Second part : 3 Part 1 feet
Third Part : 12 Part 1 inch
inci

kaki

Figure 2.22 Diagonal Scale, ¾” = 1 yard, can give reading in yard, feet and inch