FOUNDATION

By- Ar. Bhagyashree Kadiwal

 SHALLOW FOUNDATION
◦ Depth of foundation is less than or equal to its width.
⚫ Spread footings – spread footings are those which spread
the super imposed load of wall or column over a larger area.
⚫ Spread footings support either a column or wall.
⚫ Single footing
⚫ In framed structures where
several columns are to be
constructed, isolated footings
can be adopted.
⚫ This kind of footing is used to
support single-column and when
the columns are arranged
relatively at long distance.
STEPPED FOUNDATION
⚫ A footing in which the desired width is secured by a series
of steps.
⚫ Stepped footing is simply type of isolated footing
provided over soil having less bearing capacity.
⚫ Stepping foundations also avoids abrupt and excessive
changes in level that could cause a weakness resulting in
movement.
SLOPED FOOTINGS
⚫ Sloped footings are trapezoidal footings.
⚫ They are done with great care to see that the top slope of
45 degree is maintained from all sides.
WALL FOOTING OR STRIP FOOTING
⚫ It is a continuous strip of concrete that serves to spread the
weight of a load-bearing wall across an area of soil.
⚫ In addition to avoid excessive settlement.
⚫ Maintain sufficient safety against sliding and overturning.
⚫ Wall footing runs along the direction of the wall.
⚫ The size of the footing and the thickness of the
foundation wall are specified on the basis of the type of
soil at the site.
 GRILLAGE FOUNDATION
⚫ Grillage foundations consist of a
number of layers of beams usually
laid at right angles to each other
and
⚫ used to disperse heavy point loads
from the superstructure to an
acceptable ground bearing
pressure.
⚫ The grillage beam can be in any
material, the most usual being
either steel, precast concrete or
timber.
⚫ It is an economical and lighter
solution for transferring heavy
structural loads to a soil weaker in
bearing capacity.
⚫ The arrangement of grillage
COMBINED FOOTING
⚫ A spread footing which supports two or more columns is
termed as combined footing.
⚫ The combined footings may be of the following kinds;
◦ Rectangular combined footing .
◦ Trapezoidal combined footing.
⚫ This type of footing is provided under following
situations:
◦ When the columns are located extremely close to each
other and their individual footings are overlapping.
◦ In case of soil having low bearing capacity and a large
area is required under the individual footing.
◦ When the column end is situated near the property line
and it is not possible to extend the footing area on the
side of the property line.
◦ The main purpose of using combined footing is to
distribute uniform pressure under the footing.
◦ Trapezoidal footing is provided when one column load is
much more than the other. As a result, the both
projections of footing beyond the faces of the columns
will be restricted.
◦ Rectangular footing is provided when one of the
projections of the footing is restricted or the width of the
footing is restricted.
STRAP FOOTING
⚫ When the independent footings of two columns are
connected by a beam, it is called a strap footing.
⚫ It is used when the
distance between the
columns is so great that
a combined trapezoidal
footing becomes quite
narrow, with high
bending moments.
• The strap beam doesn’t remain in contact with soil, and
thus doesn’t transfer any pressure to the soil.
INVERTED ARCH FOUNDATION
⚫ Inverted Arch Footing/Foundation is used to be
provided for multistoried buildings in olden times. 
⚫ The inverted arch footing is used in places where the
bearing capacity of the soil is very poor and the load of
the structure is concentrated over the walls and deep
excavations are not possible.
They constructed between
two walls of the base. The
walls must be sufficiently
thick. When it makes a
strong withstand the
outward horizontal thrust
caused by the arch action.
RAFT FOUNDATION
⚫ A raft foundation, also called a mat foundation, is
essentially a continuous slab resting on the soil.
⚫ When the allowable soil pressure is low, or the building
loads are heavy, then raft foundation is used.
⚫ A raft foundation is often used when the soil is weak,
◦ as it distributes the weight of the building over the
entire area of the building, and not over smaller zones or
at individual points. This reduces the stress on the soil.
⚫ Solid slab system.
◦ This is the simplest form of raft foundation.
◦ This type of mat is used when the columns and walls are
uniformly spaced at small intervals and the subjected
loads are relatively small.
⚫ Beam slab system.
◦ In case of Beam and slab type raft foundation, beams
are laid in perpendicular directions and all of these beams
connected by raft slab.
◦ Columns are situated exactly on intersections of beams of
raft foundation.
◦ This type raft foundation is suitable when the columns
are carrying unequal loads and there is large space
between them.
⚫ Cellular system
◦ Cellular raft foundation is also known as box type raft
foundation or rigid frame raft foundation.
◦ In this type of foundations, boxes like structures are
formed where the walls of each box acts as beams and
these are connected by slabs at top and bottom.
◦ This type of foundations can resists very high bending
stresses and suitable for loose soils where settlement is
uneven.