CE 429

DESIGN OF WOOD STRUCTURES

Course Outcomes

Course Outcomes
Understand the material properties of wood
members and how to determine them
Lesson Outcomes
Be able to apply the adjustment factors to
determine adjusted design values for wood
members
Allowable Stress Design
 Allowable Stress Design
Actual Stresses:

Axial tension stress

Notation for
actual stresses:
Bending stress lowercase f with
subscript

Shear stress in a bending member

P, M and V are determined from structural

analysis and ASD load combinations
Allowable Stress Design
Reference Design Values and Adjusted ASD Design
Values
Symbol for
Design value reference design
value
Bending stress Fb
Tension stress parallel to grain Ft Notation for
Shear stress parallel to grain Fv reference design
Compression stress perpendicular to grain Fc⊥ values: uppercase
Compression stress parallel to grain Fc F with subscript
Modulus of elasticity E
Modulus of elasticity for stability calculations Emin

Reference design values are found in the NDS Supplement Tables 4A – 6B

Allowable Stress Design
Reference Design Values and Adjusted ASD Design
Values
Symbol for Symbol for
Design value reference design adjusted ASD
value design value
Bending stress Fb F′b
Tension stress parallel to grain Ft F′t
Shear stress parallel to grain Fv F′v
Compression stress perpendicular to grain Fc⊥ F′c⊥
Compression stress parallel to grain Fc Fc′
Modulus of elasticity E E′
Modulus of elasticity for stability calculations Emin E′min

Notation for adjusted ASD

reference design values:
uppercase F’ with subscript
Allowable Stress Design
Reference Design Value Adjustment Factors

Notation for adjustment

factors: uppercase C with
subscript(s)

Note: not all adjustment

factors shown
Allowable Stress Design
Design Requirement

Actual stress ≤ adjusted design value

For example: ′
′
′
Load and Resistance Factor Design
Load and Resistance Factor Design
Member Loads

Axial tension force

Notation for
Bending Moment actual member
LRFD forces

Shear Force

Pu, Mu and Vu are determined from structural

analysis and LRFD load combinations
 Load and Resistance Factor Design
Reference Design Values and Adjusted Reference
Design Values
Reference design values are multiplied by a format conversion factor, KF

Symbol for
reference Symbol for
Design values design value nominal
from NDS design value
supplement
Bending moment Fb Fbn
Tension parallel to grain Ft Ftn
Shear parallel to grain Fv Fvn Notation for LRFD
Compression perpendicular to grain Fc⊥ Fc⊥n reference design
Compression parallel to grain Fc Fcn values: uppercase F
Modulus of elasticity* E E with subscript + n
Modulus of elasticity for stability
Emin Emin–n
calculations
“n” means “nominal”
Units typically converted to ksi
Load and Resistance Factor Design

NDS, Appendix N
 Load and Resistance Factor Design
Reference Design Values and Adjusted Reference
Design Values

Symbol for
reference Symbol for Symbol for
Design values design value nominal adjusted LRFD
from NDS design value design value
supplement Notation for
Bending moment Fb Fbn F′bn
Tension parallel to grain Ft Ftn F′tn
adjusted LRFD
Shear parallel to grain Fv Fvn F′vn reference
Compression perpendicular to grain Fc⊥ Fc⊥n F′c⊥n design values:
Compression parallel to grain Fc Fcn F′cn uppercase F’
Modulus of elasticity* E E E′ with subscript +
Modulus of elasticity for stability
calculations
Emin Emin–n E′min–n n
Load and Resistance Factor Design
Reference Design Value Adjustment Factors

Notation for adjustment

factors: uppercase C with
subscript(s)

Note: not all adjustment

factors shown
Load and Resistance Factor Design
Reference Design Values and Adjusted Reference
Design Values
Symbol for
reference Symbol for Symbol for Symbol for
Design values design value nominal adjusted LRFD adjusted LRFD
from NDS design value design value resistance
supplement
Bending moment Fb Fbn F′bn M′n
Tension parallel to grain Ft Ftn F′tn T′n
Shear parallel to grain Fv Fvn F′vn V′n
Compression perpendicular to grain Fc⊥ Fc⊥n F′c⊥n P′⊥n
Compression parallel to grain Fc Fcn F′cn P′n
Modulus of elasticity* E E E′
Modulus of elasticity for stability
Emin Emin–n E′min–n
calculations

Member resistance (or capacity) based

on adjusted LRFD design values
 Load and Resistance Factor Design
For example:

Set the bending stress

equation equal to
adjusted LRFD design ′
value:

′
Solve for M !

Member LRFD moment

resistance (nominal moment ′ ′ !
capacity):
 Load and Resistance Factor Design
Design Requirement

Factored Member Forces ≤ LRFD Member Resistance

For example: φ ′
φ ′
φ ′
Load and Resistance Factor Design

NDS, Appendix N
Adjustment Factors

Wet service factor, CM

Load duration factor, CD (ASD)
Time effect factor, λ (LRFD)
Size factor, CF
Repetitive member factor, Cr
Flat use factor, Cfu
Temperature factor, Ct
Incising factor, Ci
Resistance factor, φ
Format conversion factor, KF (LRFD)
NDS Table

Similar tables 5.3.1 for glulams, 6.3.1 for round timber poles and piles
Wet service factor, CM

Use Supplement table specific values

Supplement Sections 4B, 4C, 4D, 4E, 4F, 5A, etc. have similar tables
Load duration factor, CD (ASD)

Baseline load
duration: 10 years

From the U.S. Forest Products Laboratory, Madison Wisconsin

Load duration factor, CD (ASD)

NDS Table 2.3.2 The CD to be used is the

one associated with the
shortest duration load
or force in a given
combination

Whichever combination
of loads, together with
the appropriate load
duration factor,
produces the largest
required member size is
the one that must be
used in the design of
the structure.
Time effect factor, λ (LRFD)

NDS Appendix N
Size factor, CF (Dimension Lumber)

Use Supplement table specific values

Size factor, CF (Timbers)

Applies only to Fb

For members that are less than 12 in. deep,

the size factor defaults to unity: CF = 1.0.
Repetitive member factor, Cr

Use Supplement table specific values

Flat use factor, Cfu

Use Supplement table specific values

width
thickness
Temperature factor, Ct

NDS Table

Ct = 1.0 is normally used in the design of ordinary wood frame buildings.

Incising factor, Ci

NDS Tables (Sawn Lumber)

Resistance factor, φ

NDS Table
Format conversion factor, KF (LRFD)

NDS Table
NDS Table

Remaining
adjustment
factors are for
unique situations
and will be
discussed later
Class Exercise
Load duration factor, CD (ASD)

Baseline load
duration: 10 years

From the U.S. Forest Products Laboratory, Madison Wisconsin

Load duration factor, CD (ASD)

NDS Table 2.3.2 The CD to be used is the

one associated with the
shortest duration load
or force in a given
combination

Whichever combination
of loads, together with
the appropriate load
duration factor,
produces the largest
required member size is
the one that must be
used in the design of
the structure.
Time effect factor, λ (LRFD)

NDS Appendix N
Class Exercise
Homework #5

Problem 4.30 (parts a and c)

Problem 4.31 (parts b and d)
Class Exercise
Class Exercise