Physics

FORCE & NLM

Force : A force can be defined as ‘a push or a pull exerted on an object that can cause the object to speed up,
slow down, or change direction as it moves or it can change its shape and size’.
An interaction of one object with another object results in a force between the two objects i.e., to apply force
at least two objects are required.
The effect of a force depends on both magnitude and direction, thus, force is a vector quantity. A force vector
points in the direction of the force, and its length is proportional to the magnitude of the force.
Forces applied on an object in the same direction add to one another. If two forces act in the opposite
directions on an object, the net force acting on it is the difference between the two forces.
Unit of force : SI unit - Newton ; C.G.S unit - Dyne 1 N = 105 dynes
Net force : If many forces are acting simultaneously on an object, the effect on the object is due to the net force
acting on it. The combination of all the forces acting on an object is called net force. The net force acting on an
object is also referred as the total force or the resultant force. If the net force on object is non-zero, it is called
unbalanced forced and if it is zero, it is called balanced force.
Contact force : It is a force that is exerted only when two objects are touching each other.
Examples :
Muscular Force : The force resulting due to the action of muscles is known as the muscular force.
Friction : Friction is a force that resists relative motion. Friction is found everywhere due to every material
i.e., solids, liquids and gases.
Tension : Tension is a force exerted by string, ropes, fibres, and cables when they are pulled.
Normal force : The force perpendicular to the surfaces of the objects in contact is
Normal force
called normal force.
Non-contact force : It is a force that one object exerts on another when they are not
touching each other. Examples :
Magnetic force : The force exerted by a magnet on a piece of iron or on an ////////////////
another magnet is called magnetic force. Like (or similar) poles repel while unlike
(or opposite) poles attract each other. Force of gravity
(Weight)
Electrostatic force : The force exerted by a charged body on another charged
body or uncharged body is known as electrostatic force. Like charges repel and
unlike charges attract each other.
Gravitational force : The attractive force between two objects that have mass is called gravitational
force. Force of gravity is always attractive in nature and pulls objects toward each other. A gravitational
attraction exists between you and every object in the universe that has mass.
Balanced forces : If the resultant of all forces acting on a body is zero, the forces are called ‘balanced forces’.
If the forces are balanced, this means the acceleration of the object is zero and its velocity remains constant.
That is, the object either remains at rest or continues to move with constant velocity.
When forces on an object are balanced, the object is said to be in equilibrium. This means, it has zero
acceleration which includes, the state of rest as well as, the state of uniform motion.
CBSE-2021\Module\Advance\10 (NTSE)\Physics-2\08_ Force and NLM (Th.).p65

The equilibrium rule : For any object or system of objects to be in equilibrium, the sum of the forces
acting equals zero. In mathematical form, F 0.
Unbalanced forces : If the resultant of all forces acting on a body is not zero, the forces are called ‘unbalanced
forces’.
In this case, the acceleration of the object is not zero and its velocity changes. That is, unbalanced force
changes the state of rest or the state of uniform motion of the object.
Inertia : It is ‘the natural tendency of an object to remain at rest or in motion at a constant speed along a
straight line’. It is the tendency of an object to resist any attempt to change in its state.
The mass of an object is a quantitative measure of inertia. More the mass, more will be the inertia of an
object and vice-versa. Mass can be measured by beam balance.
Inertia of an object can be of three types :
Inertia of rest : The tendency of an object to remain at rest. This means an object at rest remains at rest
unless a sufficiently large external force is applied on it.

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Inertia of motion : The tendency of an object to remain in the state of uniform motion. This means an
object in uniform motion continues to move uniformly unless an external force is applied on it.
Inertia of direction : The tendency of an object to maintain its direction. This means an object moving in
a particular direction continues to move in that unless an external force is applied to change it.
Newton's first law of motion (Galileo’s law of inertia) : ‘Every object continues in its state of rest, or of
uniform motion in a straight line, unless it is compelled to change that state by forces impressed upon it’.
Linear momentum (or momentum) : It is the product of the mass (m) & velocity (v). p mv
Linear momentum is a vector quantity. Its direction is ‘the direction along the velocity’. +

The linear momentum of a particle is directly proportional to (i) its mass (ii) its velocity.
Unit of linear momentum : SI unit : kg m/s or kg m s–1 or Newton-second (N-s) – +
c.g.s. unit : g cm/s or g cm s–1 or Dyne-second
–
Linear momentum can be positive or negative depending on its direction.
Sign convention
For a given velocity, the momentum is directly proportional to the mass of the object for momentum
( p m ). If a car and a truck have same velocity, then, the momentum of truck is more than the momentum
of car as the mass of a truck is greater than the mass of the car.
For a given mass, the momentum is directly proportional to the velocity of the object
( p v ). If two bodies with same masses move with different velocities then, the body having more velocity
will have more momentum.
For a given momentum, the velocity is inversely proportional to the mass of the object (v 1 / m) . If a car
and a truck have same momentum, the velocity of car will be more than the velocity of truck as the mass of
the car is smaller than the mass of the truck.

p p v
p = constant
v = constant m = constant

O O O
m v m
When an object is moving along a circular path, its velocity is tangential to the circular path hence, its
momentum is also tangential to the circular path.
Newton's second law of motion : ‘The rate of change of momentum of a body is directly proportional to the
applied force and takes place in the direction in which the force acts’. Mathematically, it can be represented as,
p2 – p1 m(v – u)
F ma
t t
If force is constant i.e., F = ma = constant, then, the acceleration produced in the body is inversely proportional
to its mass, i.e, a 1 / m . This means, if same force F is applied to masses m 1 and m2 and the resulting
accelerations in them are a1 and a2 respectively, then, m1a1 = m2a2
CBSE-2021\Module\Advance\10 (NTSE)\Physics-2\08_ Force and NLM (Th.).p65

a2 m1
or
a1 m2
When an external non-zero net force acts on an object, the object accelerates in the direction of the net
force. The magnitude of the acceleration is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force and
inversely proportional to the mass of the object’. This is an another statement of Newton’s second law.

F F a
F = constant
a = constant m = constant

O m O a O
m

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1 newton is the amount of force that produces an acceleration of
1 m s–2 in an object of 1 kg mass. Similarly, 1 dyne is the amount of
force that produces an acceleration of 1 cm s–2 in an object of
1 g mass.
Force is necessary for changing the direction of momentum, even if
its magnitude is constant. We can feel this while rotating a stone in
a horizontal circle with uniform speed by means of a string.
Force, F = p/t, means that for a given change in momentum, the
force is inversely proportional to the time interval in which this change
takes place. Thus, for the same change in momentum brought about
in a shorter time needs a greater applied force and vice-versa. For
example, an experienced cricketer while catching a cricket ball,
allows a longer time for his hands to stop the ball. He moves his
hands backward in the act of catching the ball. As the time for catching
increases, the force with which the ball hurts his hand decreases. As
a result, his hands are not injured.
Impulse (J) : The product of force and time is called 'impulse'. It is also
equal to the change in momentum of the body. It is a vector quantity.
J=F t = p = p2 – p1 = m (v – u) F A1
A large force acting for a short time that produces a significant change
in momentum is called an impulsive force.
A2
Area under the force-time graph gives impulse (see adjoining fig.).
Newton's third law of motion : Whenever one body exerts a force on a
second body, the second body exerts an oppositely directed force of equal O t
magnitude on the first body’. ‘To every action, there is always an equal Impulse = A 1 + A 2
and opposite reaction’.
Forces always exist in pairs : When two objects interact, two
Faction
forces will always be involved. One force is the action force and the
other is the reaction force.
Consider a pair of bodies A and B. According to the Newton’s third
law, FAB = – FBA Freaction
Where, FAB = force on A due to B and FBA= force on B due to A
Though action-reaction pair are equal in magnitude and opposite
in direction but the reaction force always acts on a different object than
the action force. Thus, these forces do not cancel out each other. Hence,
there can be an acceleration in an object. For example, a volleyball
player while bumping the ball (see figure), the action force is the upward Object
force that the player exerts on the ball. The reaction force is Fg
the downward force that the ball exerts on the player’s arms. Due to
the upward action force, the ball accelerates upward. (The player’s Fe
arms also accelerate downward but we hardly notice it as mass of the
CBSE-2021\Module\Advance\10 (NTSE)\Physics-2\08_ Force and NLM (Th.).p65

player is quite large).

Newton’s third law is applicable to non-contact forces also.
For example, the Earth pulls an object downwards due to gravity
(see fig.). The object also exerts the same force on the Earth but in
Earth
upward direction. But, we hardly see the effect of the stone on the
Earth because the acceleration of Earth is negligible due to its huge mass.
Even though the action and reaction forces are always equal in magnitude, these forces may not produce
accelerations of equal magnitudes. This is because each force acts on a different object that may have a
different masses.
Some important examples of Newton’s third law of motion :
When we strike a nail using a hammer to fix in a board, the hammer exerts a downward force on the
nail, and the nail exerts an equal an upward force on the hammer.
While walking (or running) on a road, we push the road below backwards and the road exerts an equal
and opposite reaction force on our feet to make us move forward.
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When a gun is fired, it exerts a forward force on the bullet. The bullet exerts an equal and opposite
reaction force on the gun. This results in the recoil of the gun. Since the gun has a much greater mass
than the bullet, the acceleration of the gun is much less than the acceleration of the bullet.
When a sailor jumps out of a rowing boat, as the sailor jumps forward, the force on the boat moves it
backwards.
An inflated balloon recoils when air is expelled from it. When the air is expelled leftward, the balloon
accelerates rightward.
Rocket Propulsion : In a rocket engine, the highly combustible fuel burns at a tremendous rate. The
rocket exerts a downward (or backward) force on the exhaust gas and thus, the exhaust gas exert an
equal upward (or forward) force on the rocket.
The normal force : A force that acts on a surface in a direction perpendicular to the surface is called 'normal force'.
Like every force, a normal force is one half of an action-reaction
pair, so it is often called a ‘normal reaction force’.
Conservation of momentum : ‘When the net external force on a system of
objects is zero, the total momentum of the system remains constant’.
The total momentum of an isolated system of objects remains constant.
The term ‘collision’ is used to represent the event of two particles Initial momentum = 0
coming together for a short time and thereby producing ‘impulsive V
v
forces’ on each other. These forces are assumed to be much greater
than any external forces present because they act for a very short
time interval.
m
Momentum is conserved for all types of collisions that take place in
real world in the absence of any external force.
M
Rocket propulsion or the recoil of gun are based on law of
conservation of momentum as well as Newton’s third law. This is Final momentum = mv – MV = 0
because the law of conservation of momentum is derived using
Newton’s third law.
Solving problems on conservation of momentum : u
Recoil of a gun : Initial momentum = Final momentum M
m
m U=0
or 0 = MV – mv or V v (see fig.) Initial momentum =
M
m × u + M × 0 = mu
A bullet is fired on a wooden block and it gets embedded in it,
M+m
after that they move together with a common velocity (see fig.).
Initial momentum = Final momentum V

mu
CBSE-2021\Module\Advance\10 (NTSE)\Physics-2\08_ Force and NLM (Th.).p65

or mu = (M +m) V or V Final momentum =

M m (M+m)V
A bomb of mass M explodes in two parts having masses m1 and m2 (see fig.).
Final momentum = initial momentum
or m2v2 – m1v1 = 0 or m2v2 = m1v1

v2
v1
Bomb

m1
Initial velocity, u = 0 m2
Mass of bomb = M Final momentum =
Initial momentum = M × 0 = 0 m2v2 – m1v1
(Before explosion) (After explosion)

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Two objects having masses m1 and m2 moving with velocities u1 and u2 (u1 > u2) along a straight line
collide head-on, stick together, and move with a common velocity v after the collision.

u1 u2
m1 m1
m2 m2
Before collision After collision

Initial momentum = Final momentum

m1 u 1 m2 u 2
or m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v + m2v or v
m1 m2
Tension in the strings :
Strings are assumed to be inextensible i.e., they cannot be stretched. Due to this assumption 'acceleration of
masses connected through a string is always same. They are assumed to be massless unless it is mentioned.
Due to this assumption 'tension in the string is same every where'.
The direction of tension at body (or a point) is always outward along the string i.e., away from the body along
the string. A tension always have pulling action.
Motion of bodies connected by strings :
a m1
m2 a a
T F T F T
m1 m2
FBD for m1 FBD for m2
A massless string

F m2 F
a T
m1 m2 m1 m2
Motion of bodies connected by string passing over a light pulley (Atwood’s Machine) :

(m 2 – m1 )g
a
(m2 m1 )

T
T
a m2
2m1 m2 g T T
a
m1
T a
m1 m 2
m1 a m1g m2g
CBSE-2021\Module\Advance\10 (NTSE)\Physics-2\08_ Force and NLM (Th.).p65

m1g FBD for m1 FBD for m2

m2

m2g
Motion of bodies in contact :
a
m2
m1 a a
Applied f F f
force F f f m1 m2
FBD for m1 FBD for m 2

F m2 F
a f
m1 m2 m1 m2

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Weight of an object in a lift : A weighing machine measures the normal force not the 'true weight'.
When the lift is at rest or in uniform motion, apparent weight, i.e., W = mg [Apparent weight = true
weight]
When the lift is moving up with uniform acceleration a, apparent weight, i.e., W' = m(a + g) [Apparent
weight > true weight]
When the lift is moving down with uniform acceleration a, apparent weight, i.e., W'' = m(g – a) [Apparent
weight < true weight]
Suppose the rope of the lift breaks, then it will fall freely under gravity i.e., a = g. In this situation, apparent
weight, W''' = m(g – g) = 0. That is, the weighing machine will read zero weight.
Friction : It is an intermolecular force between two bodies that opposes the movement between two surfaces in
contact.
The magnitude of the friction force depends on the types of surfaces in contact. The frictional force
is usually larger on the rough surfaces and smaller on the smooth surfaces.
Friction is always parallel to the surface in contact.
Friction depends on both the surfaces in contact, therefore, the value of friction is different for
different pairs of surfaces.
If an object is allowed to move on a surface then, more the distance travelled by the object on the
surface, less will be the friction between them and vice-versa.
Friction is caused by the irregularities on the two surfaces in contact.
There are many kinds of friction that exist in different media :

Static friction : It exists when two surfaces try to move across each other but not enough force
is applied to cause motion.

Sliding friction : It exists when two surfaces slide across each other.
Rolling friction : It exists when one object rolls over another object.
Air friction (air resistance) : It exists when air moves around an object.
Viscous friction : It exists when objects move through water or other liquids.
Force of friction increases if the two surfaces are pressed harder. The greater the force pressing the
two surfaces together, the greater will be the force of friction between them (on pressing, the intermolecular
bonding between the two surfaces will become more).
CBSE-2021\Module\Advance\10 (NTSE)\Physics-2\08_ Force and NLM (Th.).p65

Friction increases with weight : For a heavy object, the weight is quite large, therefore, the force
between the object and the floor is also large. Thus, the friction force between them is large.
For hard contact surfaces, the force of friction does not depend on the ‘area of contact’ between the two
surfaces. But, it is not true if the surfaces are wet, or if they are soft. Rubber is soft as compared to the
surface of a road. The friction between rubber and surface of road also depends on how much rubber is
contacting with the surface of road. Thus, wide tyres (made of rubber) have more friction than narrow tyres.
For liquids, friction decreases with increase in temperature. For solids, friction does not depend on temperature.
Static friction (fs) : It is the force exerted on an object at rest that prevents the object from sliding.
The direction of static friction is opposite to the applied force. Also, it acts in a direction opposite to
the direction in which an object tends to move.

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The maximum value of static friction is called the starting friction or limiting friction. It is the
amount of force that must be overcome to make a stationary object start moving.

The law of static friction may be written as, fs s N

Where, s = coefficient of static friction, which depends only on the nature of surfaces in contact ;
N = normal force (or normal reaction)
Normal force on a horizontal plane is exactly equal to the weight of Normal force
the body while on an inclined plane it is smaller than the weight of the
body that depends of the angle of the inclined plane (see fig.).
Limiting (maximum) value of static friction is given by, fL = s N. If the
////////////////
applied force F exceeds fL , the body begins to slide on the surface.
Force of gravity
If applied force F is less than f L, then, F = fs (Weight = mg)
Sliding friction (or kinetic friction) (fk) : It is the force exerted on an Normal force = weight = mg

object in motion that opposes the motion of the object as it slides on another

e
rc
fo
object.

al
m
or

//
Sliding or kinetic friction is smaller than the limiting value of static

/
//
friction. This is because it takes more force to break the interlocking

//
in
gs

/
os
//
between two surfaces than it does to keep them sliding once they m

gc
//
m
//
are already moving.
Normal force = mgcos
Kinetic friction, like static friction, is also found to be independent of
the area of contact. Further, it is nearly independent of the velocity
of the body.

The law of kinetic friction may be written as, fk k N

Frictional force

Kinetic friction
Where µ k is the coefficient of kinetic friction, which depends
n
io

only on the nature of surfaces in contact.

ct
fri
ic
at
St

s k , or have no units as they are ratio of two O

s k Applied force
forces. Variation of friction with applied force

Note that it is not motion, but relative motion that the frictional
force opposes.
Rolling friction : The rolling motion of the wheel is a combination of both spin (rotational) motion and linear
(translation) motion.
CBSE-2021\Module\Advance\10 (NTSE)\Physics-2\08_ Force and NLM (Th.).p65

Rolling reduces the friction significantly.

When one body rolls over the surface of another body, the resistance (opposition) to its motion is
called the rolling friction.
Since the rolling friction is smaller than the sliding friction, sliding is replaced in most machines by
rolling by the use of ball bearings.
Fluid friction : The force of friction exerted by the fluids on the objects moving through them is called fluid friction.
Factors that affects fluid friction :
The speed of the object in the fluid. The faster an object moves in a fluid, the greater is the fluid friction
acting on it.

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The shape of the object moving in the fluid. For example, a piece of paper crumpled into a ball falls
faster than a flat piece of paper falls.
The nature of the fluid. For example, an object moving with certain speed experiences a greater friction
in water than experienced in air.

Friction is a necessary evil : Friction is often undesirable, it causes wear of machine parts, engines, soles of
shoes, etc. But, it is useful in many cases. For example,

Walking on the road is not possible without static friction.

Friction is useful for brakes and tyres : The brakes on a bicycle create friction between two
rubber brake pads and the rim of the wheel. Friction between the brake pads and the rim slows down
or stops the bicycle. Friction is also necessary to make vehicles go on the road. Without friction the
vehicle’s tyres would not grip the road.

Friction changes energy of motion into heat energy. Rubbing hands together quickly can make them
warmer on a cold day.

Increasing friction : Grooving the soles of shoes increases friction between the feet and the ground.

Treads on tyres increases friction on pavement (road surface) in dry as well as wet conditions.

CBSE-2021\Module\Advance\10 (NTSE)\Physics-2\08_ Force and NLM (Th.).p65

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FORCE & NLM EXERCISE

Multiple choice questions 10. A force of 100 N acts on a ball moving on a surface.
The force of friction that must act between the
1. A force F acts on a stationary body for the time t.
surface of the ball and the surface so that the ball
The distance covered by the body 'S' will be
keeps on moving with constant velocity over the
proportional to:
surface must be
1 1
(1) t (2) (3) t2 (4) 2 (1) Zero (2) 100 N (3) 200 N (4) 300 N
t t
2. An external influence which changes or tends to 11. If an unbalanced force applies on an object, then
change the state of rest or uniform motion of body the object ______.
or its dimensions is called : (1) remains stable
(1) momentum (2) force (2) moves with acceleration
(3) inertia (4) pressure (3) moves with constant velocity
3. If a body is allowed to freely fall from a height, its (4) moves in circular motion
speed increases continuously. It is because: 12. The inertia of an object tends to cause the object
(1) air does not exert frictional force (1) to increase its speed
(2) magnetic force of earth increases its speed (2) to decrease its speed
(3) gravitational force of earth increases its speed (3) to resist any change in its state of motion
(4) pressure of air forces it downward (4) to decelerate due to friction
4. An 8000 kg engine pulls a train of 5 wagons, each 13. A passenger sitting in a train with his face in the
of 2000 kg along a horizontal track. If the engine direction of a moving train, tosses a coin which falls
exerts a force of 40,000 N and track offers a friction behind him. It means that motion of the train is
of 5000 N, then net accelerating force acting on (1) accelerated (2) uniform
the system is :
(3) retarded (4) along circular tracks
(1) 45,000 N (2) 40,000 N
14. A water tanker filled up to (2/3)rd of its height is
(3) 35,000 N (4) None of the above
moving with a uniform speed. On sudden application
5. Which of the following situations involves a non-
of the brake, the water in the tank would
contact force?
(1) move backward (2) move forward
(1) Opening a drawer
(2) Kicking a ball (3) be unaffected (4) rise backward
(3) Magnet pulling an iron piece 15. Suppose you are travelling in a high speed train
(4) Closing a door like Jan Shatabdi express which is travelling with
6. Which of the following statement is not correct for uniform velocity. If you flip a coin as shown in the
an object moving along a straight path in an figure, you will observe that
accelerated motion?
(1) Its speed keeps changing
(2) Its velocity always changes
(3) It always goes away from the earth
(4) A force is always acting on it
7. An object of mass 2 kg is sliding with a constant
velocity of 4 m s–1 on a frictionless horizontal table.
CBSE-2021\Module\Advance\10 (NTSE)\Physics-2\08_ Force and NLM (Ex.).p65

The force required to keep the object moving with Direction

of motion
the same velocity is
(1) 32 N (2) 0 N (3) 2 N (4) 8 N
8. An object moving at constant velocity must
(1) have a net force on it (1) the coin does not reach again in your hand.
(2) eventually stop due to gravity (2) the coin reaches again in your hand.
(3) not have any force of gravity on it (3) the coin falls behind you.
(4) have zero net force on it (4) the coin falls in front of you.
9. When balanced forces act on a body, the body: 16. In question 15, if the train is retarding, then you
(1) must remain in its state of rest, if it is at rest will observe that,
(2) must continue moving with uniform velocity, if (1) the coin reaches again in your hand.
already in motion (2) the coin falls behind you.
(3) must experience some acceleration (3) the coin falls in front of you.
(4) both (1) and (2) (4) the coin follows a circular path

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17. The magnitude of inertia of a body is determined 26. An electron of mass 9 × 10–31 kg is moving in a
by its: straight line path with a velocity of 6 × 107 ms–1.
(1) mass (2) weight The momentum of electron is :
(3) velocity (4) acceleration (1) 5.4 × 10–23 Ns (2) 5.4 × 10–24 Ns
18. There is a rubber ball and a stone ball of same size. (3) 4.5 × 10–23 Ns (4) 0.5 × 10–24 Ns
If both balls are at rest:
27. A particle of mass m is executing a uniform circular
(1) rubber ball has more inertia than stone ball
motion along a circular path of radius 'r'. If the
(2) stone ball has more inertia than rubber ball magnitude of its linear momentum is p, the
(3) both have same inertia centripetal force acting on the particle is
(4) none of the above.
rm m p2 p2
19. When we vigorously shake a branch of a tree, some (1) p m r (2) (3) (4)
leaves get detached. It is due to the: p r mr
(1) inertia of rest 28. A body is moving with a constant momentum. The
(2) inertia of motion motion of the body is
(3) some leaves are loosely held by the branch (1) uniform motion (2) accelerated
(4) none of the above. (3) de-accelerated (4) none of the above
20. When a speeding car takes a sharp turn, the persons
29. A body of mass m collides against a wall with a
sitting in it experience outward pull. This happens
due to: velocity v and retraces its path with the same speed.
(1) inertia of direction The change in momentum is
(2) change in momentum (1) zero (2) –2mv (3) mv (4) –mv
(3) change in acceleration 30. A goalkeeper in a game of football pulls his hands
(4) none of the above backwards after holding the ball shot at the goal.
21. What happens to the inertia of an object when its This enables the goal keeper to
velocity is doubled?
(1) exert larger force on the ball
(1) The object’s inertia becomes 2 times greater
(2) reduce the force exerted by the ball on hands
(2) The object’s inertia becomes 2 times greater
(3) The object’s inertia becomes 4 times greater (3) increase the rate of change of momentum
(4) The object’s inertia is unchanged (4) decrease the change in momentum
22. A stone is tied to the middle of a string and 31. In SI units a force is numerically equal to the ____,
suspended from one end as shown in the fig. Here when the force is applied to it.
S is the stone and O is the point of suspension. If (1) velocity of one kilogram object
you give a sharp jerk at P, the string will break
(2) speed of one kilogram object
(1) Below the stone
O
(3) acceleration of one kilogram object
(2) At the point P itself (4) acceleration of any object
(3) From above the stone S 32. A body of mass 2 kg moving with a speed of
100 m/s hits a wall and rebounds with the same
CBSE-2021\Module\Advance\10 (NTSE)\Physics-2\08_ Force and NLM (Ex.).p65

(4) Nothing can be decided P speed. If the contact time is (1/50) s, the force
23. A loaded transport truck with a mass of 38000 kg applied on the wall is
is travelling at 1.20 m/s. What will be the velocity
of a 1200 kg car if it has the same momentum? (1) 104 N (2) 2 104 N
(1) 32 m/s (2) 38 m/s (3) 36 m/s (4) 3.8 m/s (3) 0 N (4) 4 104 N
24. The impact which a body can produce due to the 33. A cricket ball of mass 150 g moves at a speed of
combined effect of mass and velocity is called: 12 m/s and after hitting by the bat it is deflected
(1) momentum (2) force back at the speed of 20 m/sec. If the bat and the
(3) acceleration (4) pressure ball remained in contact for 0.02 s then, the impulse
and average force exerted on the ball by the bat
25. A body P has mass 2 m and velocity 5 v. Another
body Q has mass 8 m and velocity 1.25 v. The are respectively,
ratio of momentum of P and Q is : (1) 2.4 N-s ; 480 N (2) 2.4 N-s ; 120 N
(1) 2 : 1 (2) 1 : 1 (3) 1 : 2 (4) 3 : 2 (3) 4.8 N-s ; 240 N (4) 4.8 N-s ; 480 N
10
 Physics
34. Velocity versus time graph of a ball of mass 50 g 42. A force F produces an acceleration 'a' in a body.
rolling on a concrete floor is shown in figure. The The same force produces an acceleration '4a' in
ball comes to rest due to frictional force of the floor another body. The mass of other body is :
acting on it. This frictional force of the floor on the (1) four times the mass of first body
ball is, (2) four times smaller than the mass of first body
(3) mass does not play any role
80 (4) none of the above
43. A vehicle has a mass of 1500 kg. If the vehicle is to
60 be stopped with a negative acceleration of 1.7 ms–2,
Velocity (m/s)

the force of friction between the vehicle and road is :

40
(1) –2250 N (2) –2050 N
(3) –2550 N (4) none of the above
20
44. The mass of an aeroplane is 2.5 tonnes. Its engine
develops a force of 8750 N before taking off. The
0 2 4 6 8 acceleration of the aeroplane at the time of take
Time (s) off is :
(1) 1.5 N (2) 0.5 N (3) 1 N (4) 2 N (1) 3.45 ms–2 (2) 3.65 ms–2
35. A force of 5 N produces an acceleration of 8 m s –2 (3) 3.50 ms–2 (4) 3.60 ms–2
on a mass m1 and an acceleration of 24 m s–2 on a 45. A truck starts from rest and rolls down the hill with
mass m2. What acceleration (in m s–2) would the a constant acceleration. It travels 400 m in 20 s. If
same force provide if both the masses are tied the mass of truck is 7 metric tonnes, the force acting
together? on it is:
(1) 12 (2) 9 (3) 10 (4) 6 (1) 28,000 N (2) 14,000 N
36. A constant force acts on an object of mass 5 kg for (3) 1400 N (4) 24,000 N
a duration of 2 s. It increases the object’s velocity
46. When a force of 1 N acts on mass of 1 kg which
from 3 m s–1 to 7 m s–1. If the force was applied for
is able to move freely, the object moves with a :
a duration of 5 s, what would be the final velocity of
(1) speed of 1 m/sec
the object?
(2) speed of 1 km/sec
(1) 11 ms–1 (2) 12 ms–1 (3) 13 ms–1 (4) 14 ms–1
(3) acceleration of 10 m/sec2
37. A bullet of mass 0.04 kg moving with a speed of
(4) acceleration of 1 m/sec2
90 m s–1 enters a heavy wooden block and is
stopped after a distance of 60 cm. What is the 47. When a net force acts on an object, the object
average resistive force exerted by the block on the will be accelerated in the direction of the force
with an acceleration proportional to :
bullet?
(1) the force of the object
(1) 230 N (2) 260 N (3) 540 N (4) 270 N
(2) the velocity of the object
38. A ship of mass 3 107 kg initially at rest, is pulled
(3) the mass of the object
by a force of 5 104 N through a distance of
3 m. Assuming that the resistance due to water is (4) the inertia of the object
negligible, the speed of the ship becomes, 48. The rate of change of momentum gives :
(1) 1.5 m/s (2) 6 m/s (3) 0.1 m/s (4) 5 m/s (1) velocity (2) impulse
(3) force (4) acceleration
CBSE-2021\Module\Advance\10 (NTSE)\Physics-2\08_ Force and NLM (Ex.).p65

39. A vehicle of 100 kg is moving with a velocity of

5 m/s. To stop it in 1/10 s, the required force in 49. Force can be defined on the basis of:
opposite direction is, (1) Newton's first law of motion
(1) 5000 N (2) 500 N (3) 50 N (4) 1000 N (2) Newton's second law of motion
40. A force of magnitude 'F' acts on a body of mass 'm'. (3) Newton's third law of motion
The acceleration of the body depends upon: (4) None of these
(1) volume of body (2) density of body 50. Newton's second law gives the measure of :
(3) area of body (4) mass of body (1) momentum (2) angular momentum
41. Force remaining constant, if the mass of body (3) force (4) acceleration
increases, its acceleration is likely to :
51. A body of mass 40g is moving with a constant
(1) increase velocity of 2 cm s –1 on a horizontal frictionless
(2) remain same table. The force on the table is :
(3) decrease (1) 24000 dynes (2) 39200 dynes
(4) sometimes increases and sometimes decreases (3) 12000 dynes (4) 50000 dynes
11
Class X
52. A number of discs, each of momentum M kg m/s 58. Unit of impulse is
are striking a wall at the rate of n discs per minute. (1) Newton (2) Newton × second
The force associated with these discs, in newtons, (3) Newton ×(second)2 (4) Newton per second
would be 59. Variation of force with time for a body moving along
straight line is shown in figure. The impulse (in N-s)
Mn imparted in the time interval t = 0 to t = 8 s is,
(1) (2) 60 Mn
60
+2
M n
(3) (4)
60 n 60M t (s)
F
53. By applying a force of 1N, one can hold a body of (N) 2 4 6 8

approximate mass
–2
(1) 100 mg (2) 100 g
(3) 1 kg (4) 10 kg (1) zero (2) 8 (3) –8 (4) 6
54. China wares are wrapped in straw or paper before 60. Impulse is equal to :
packing. This (1) the change in force
(1) increases time of impact (2) the change in momentum
(3) the change in velocity
(2) decreases the change in momentum
(4) all the above
(3) increases acceleration 61. According to the third law of motion, action and
(4) increases the force reaction
55. A force of 20 N acting on a body of mass 10 kg is (1) always act on the same body
(2) always act on different bodies in opposite directions
found to double its velocity in 8s. Find its initial
(3) have same magnitude and directions
velocity.
(4) act on either body normal to each other
(1) 6 ms–1 (2) 10 ms–1 62. The revolver recoils after a bullet is fired because,
(3) 16 ms–1 (4) 20 ms–1 (1) The man draws it backwards out of fear
56. A machine gun fires 'x' bullets per sec into a (2) The trigger of the revolver moves backwards
target. Each bullet weighs 'm' kg and has a (3) The forward motion of the bullet imparts to the
speed of 'y' ms –1. Find the force (in Newton) revolver an equal and opposite reaction
necessary to hold the gun in position. (4) The question is irrelevant
63. A porter is carrying a weight of 200 N on his head.
mxy If the force exerted on his head is taken as action,
(1) (2) mxy
60 then the reaction force is exerted by :
(1) the head on the weight
1 mx (2) the weight on the earth
(3) (4) (3) the earth on the porter
mxy y
(4) the earth on the weight
57. A block is placed on a rough horizontal surface. A 64. When you kick a stone, you get hurt. Due to which
CBSE-2021\Module\Advance\10 (NTSE)\Physics-2\08_ Force and NLM (Ex.).p65

time dependent horizontal force F = kt acts on the property this happens?

block, where k is positive constant. Acceleration- time (1) inertia of stone (2) velocity of the kick
graph of the block is (3) momentum of the kick (4) reaction of the stone
65. A man is at rest in the middle of a pond on
a a
perfectly smooth ice. He can get himself to the
shore by making use of Newton's :
(1) (2) (1) first law (2) second law
(3) third law (4) All of the above
t t
66. A man is standing on a boat in still water. If he
walks towards the shore the boat will
a a (1) Move away from the shore
(2) Remain stationary
(3) (4)
(3) Move towards the shore
t t (4) Sink
12
 Physics
67. Consider two spring balances hooked as shown in 75. The working principle of Jet engine depends on
the figure. We pull them in opposite directions. If the principle of
the reading shown by A is 1.5 N, the reading shown (1) Conservation of mass
by B will be (2) Conservation of energy
(3) Conservation of linear momentum
A B (4) Conservation of angular momentum
76. Newton's second and third law of motion are directed
towards which important law?
(1) 1.5 N (2) 2.5 N (3) 3.0 N (4) Zero (1) Law of pressure
68. Assertion : Action reaction forces act on two (2) Law of Conservation of Momentum
different objects. (3) Principle of Archimedes
Reason : Action and reaction have zero resultant. (4) Law of Energy Conservation
(1) Both assertion and reason are correct and 77. The force exerted by the floor of an elevator on
reason is the correct explanation of assertion. the feet of a person standing there is more than
(2) Both assertion and reason are true but reason
the weight of the person, if the elevator is
is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(3) Assertion is true but reason is false. (1) Going up and slowing down
(4) Assertion is false but reason is true. (2) Going down and slowing down
(3) Going up and speeding up
69. Rocket works on the principle of conservation of
(4) Both (2) and (3)
(1) mass (2) energy
78. A boy of mass 50 kg is standing on a weighing
(3) momentum (4) velocity
machine placed on the floor of a lift. The machine
70. A shell of mass 0.020 kg is fired by a gun of reads his weight in N. What is the reading of the
mass 100 kg. If the muzzle speed of the shell is machine if the lift is moving upwards with a uniform
80 m s–1, what is the recoil speed of the gun? speed of 10 m s–1?
(1) 0.02 m/s (2) 0.04 m/s (Take g = 10 m s–2)
(3) 0.016 m/s (4) 0.032 m/s (1) 510 N (2) 480 N (3) 490 N (4) 500 N
71. A cracker at rest explodes into two equal parts. 79. A lift is descending with an acceleration 2 m/sec2.
These parts will move in : What will be the apparent weight of a person of 80
(1) opposite direction with different velocities kg mass?
(2) same direction with different velocities (1) 640 N (2) 72 N (3) 48 N (4) 480 N
(3) same direction with same velocities 80. A lift is descending with a constant velocity 'v'. A
(4) opposite direction with same velocities man in the lift drops a coin. The coin experiences
an acceleration towards the floor equal to
72. A bullet of mass A and velocity B is fired into a block
(1) g + v (2) g – v (3) g (4) Zero
of wood of mass C. If loss of any mass and friction be
81. A body of mass 4 kg weighs 4.8 kg when suspended
neglected, the final velocity of the system must be
in moving lift. The acceleration of the lift is
AB A C AC A B (1) 9.80 ms–2 downwards
(1) (2) (3) (4)
A C B C B C AC (2) 9.80 ms–2 upwards
(3) 1.96 ms–2 downwards
CBSE-2021\Module\Advance\10 (NTSE)\Physics-2\08_ Force and NLM (Ex.).p65

73. A batsman has a choice to use heavy or light bat,

while facing a fast bowler. He will prefer
(1) light bat, because handling it is easy
(2) heavy bat, so that he can handle it firmly
(3) heavy bat, because it will recoil less
(4) none of the above
74. An object A of mass 2 kg is moving with a velocity
of 3 m/s and collides head-on with an object B of
mass 1 kg moving in opposite direction with a velocity
of 4 m/s. After collision, both objects combine so
that they move with a common velocity equal to
(1) 3 m/s (2) 2 m/s
(3) 1 m/s (4) 2/3 m/s
(4) 1.96 ms–2 upwards
82. Choose the correct option :
(1) When a person walks on a rough surface, the
frictional force involved is kinetic friction.
(2) When a person walks on a rough surface, the
frictional force exerted by the surface on the
person is opposite to the direction of his motion.
(3) When a person walks on a rough surface, the
frictional force exerted by the surface on the
person is in the direction of his motion.
(4) When a person walks on a rough surface, no
frictional force is exerted by the surface on the
person.
13
Class X
83. The coefficient of static friction between two surfaces 86. A block of mass 0.1 kg is held against a wall by
depends on applying a horizontal force of 5 N on the block
(1) Nature of surfaces (see fig.). If the coefficient of friction between the
block and the wall is 0.5, the magnitude of frictional
(2) The shape of the surfaces in contact
force acting on the block is (g = 9.8 m/s 2)
(3) The area of contact
(1) 2.5 N f

////////////////
(4) All of the above
84. A block of mass 2 kg is placed on the floor. The (2) 0.98 N
N F
coefficient of static friction is 0.4. Force of 2.8 N is
applied on the block. The force of friction between (3) 4.9 N
mg
the block and the floor is (g = 9.8 m/s2)
(4) 0.49 N
(1) 2.8 N (2) 7.84 N
87. A 20 kg block is initially at rest. A 75 N force is
(3) 2.0 N (4) zero
required to set the block in motion. The coefficient
85. In the fig. shown, a block of weight 10 N is resting of static friction is (g = 10 m/s2)
on a horizontal surface. The coefficient of static
(1) 0.6 (2) 0.52 (3) 0.44 (4) 0.375
friction between the block and the surface
88. Force of friction acts in the direction:
= 0.4. A force of 3.5 N will keep the block in
s
(1) of applied force
uniform motion, once it has been set in motion. A
(2) opposite to the direction of applied force
horizontal force of 3 N is applied to the block, then
(3) at right angles to the direction of applied force
the block will
(4) none of the above
F 89. Friction between any two objects is due to :
//////////////// (1) repulsion between them
(2) attraction between them
(1) Move over the surface with constant velocity
(3) bumps and cracks on them
(2) Move having accelerated motion over the
(4) their even surface
surface
90. Maximum value of static friction is called:
(3) Not move
(1) normal friction
(4) First it will move with a constant velocity for
(2) coefficient of friction
some time and then will have accelerated motion
(3) rolling friction
(4) limiting friction

CBSE-2021\Module\Advance\10 (NTSE)\Physics-2\08_ Force and NLM (Ex.).p65

ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 3 2 3 3 3 3 2 4 4 2 2 3 1 2 2 3 1 2 1 1
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans. 4 1 2 1 2 1 4 1 2 2 3 2 3 2 4 3 4 3 1 4
Que. 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Ans. 3 2 3 3 2 4 1 3 1 3 2 1 2 1 3 2 4 2 1 2
Que. 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
Ans. 2 3 1 4 3 1 1 3 3 3 4 1 3 4 3 2 4 4 1 3
Que. 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90
Ans. 4 3 1 1 3 2 4 2 3 4

14