CL 305

TRANSPORT PHENOMENA
VECTORS AND TENSORS

INSTRUCTOR
Dr. Amit Kumar
Department of Chemical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
 VECTOR MULTIPLICATION
Vector: Quantity with a definite magnitude and direction

Magnitude of a vector, 𝐯: Represented by either 𝐯 or 𝑣

Scalar Product or Dot Product:

Consider two vectors 𝐯 and 𝐰. Their scalar product (or dot product) is defined as

𝐯 ∙ 𝐰 = 𝐯 𝐰 cos 𝜙𝐯𝐰

𝜙𝐯𝐰 is the angle between the vectors 𝐯 and 𝐰.

Scalar product of a vector with itself is the square of its magnitude:

𝐯∙𝐯 = 𝐯 𝐯 = 𝐯 2 = 𝑣2

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 VECTOR MULTIPLICATION

Scalar Product or Dot Product: Governing rules are

Commutative: 𝐯∙𝐰 = 𝐰∙𝐯

Distributive: 𝐮∙ 𝐯+𝐰 = 𝐮∙𝐯 + 𝐮∙𝐰

NOT Associative: (𝐮 ∙ 𝐯)𝐰 ≠ 𝐮 𝐯 ∙ 𝐰

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 VECTOR MULTIPLICATION
Vector Product or Cross Product:

Consider two vectors 𝐯 and 𝐰. Their vector product (or cross product) is defined as

𝐯×𝐰 = 𝐯 𝐰 sin 𝜙𝐯𝐰 𝐧𝐯𝐰

𝜙𝐯𝐰 is the angle between the vectors 𝐯 and 𝐰, and 𝐧𝐯𝐰 is a unit vector perpendicular to both 𝐯 and
𝐰 and pointing in a direction given by the right hand rule.

Vector product of a vector with itself is zero: 𝐯 × 𝐯 = 0

NOT Commutative: 𝐯×𝐰 =− 𝐰×𝐯 (anti-commutative)

Distributive: 𝐮× 𝐯+𝐰 = 𝐮×𝐯 + 𝐮×𝐰

NOT Associative: 𝐮× 𝐯×𝐰 ≠ 𝐮×𝐯 ×𝐰

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VECTOR OPERATIONS IN TERMS OF COMPONENTS
Kronecker Delta, 𝛿𝑖𝑗 :

𝛿𝑖𝑗 = +1 if 𝑖=𝑗

𝛿𝑖𝑗 = 0 if 𝑖≠𝑗

1
Permutation Symbol, 𝜀𝑖𝑗𝑘 : 𝜀𝑖𝑗𝑘 = 𝑖−𝑗 𝑗−𝑘 𝑘−𝑖
2

𝜀𝑖𝑗𝑘 = +1 if 𝑖𝑗𝑘 = 123, 231 or 312

𝜀𝑖𝑗𝑘 = −1 if 𝑖𝑗𝑘 = 321, 132 or 213

𝜀𝑖𝑗𝑘 = 0 if any two indices are alike

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 UNIT VECTORS
Let 𝛅1 , 𝛅2 , and 𝛅3 be the unit vectors along the 1, 2 and 3 axis respectively.

Taken from Transport Phenomena by Bird, Stewart, Lightfoot.

𝛅𝑖 ∙ 𝛅𝑗 = 𝛿𝑖𝑗 𝛅𝑖 × 𝛅𝑗 = ෍ 𝜀𝑖𝑗𝑘 𝛅𝑘
𝑘=1

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 VECTOR IN TERMS OF COMPONENTS
3

𝐯 = 𝛅1 𝑣1 + 𝛅2 𝑣2 + 𝛅3 𝑣3 = ෍ 𝛅𝑖 𝑣𝑖
𝑖=1

𝑣1 , 𝑣2 , 𝑣3 are the projections of the vector 𝐯 on the 1, 2 and 3 axis respectively. These are called the
components of the vector 𝐯.

Magnitude of a vector is given by

𝐯 =𝑣= 𝑣12 + 𝑣22 + 𝑣32 = ෍ 𝑣𝑖2

𝑖

Scalar Product or Dot Product:

𝐯∙𝐰 = ෍ 𝛅𝑖 𝑣𝑖 ∙ ෍ 𝛅𝑗 𝑤𝑗 = ෍ ෍ 𝛅𝑖 ∙ 𝛅𝑗 𝑣𝑖 𝑤𝑗 = ෍ 𝑣𝑖 𝑤𝑖
𝑖 𝑗 𝑖 𝑗 𝑖

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 VECTOR IN TERMS OF COMPONENTS

Vector Product or Cross Product:

𝛅1 𝛅2 𝛅3
𝐯×𝐰 = ෍ 𝛅𝑗 𝑣𝑗 × ෍ 𝛅𝑘 𝑤𝑘 = ෍ ෍ ෍ 𝜀𝑖𝑗𝑘 𝛅𝑖 𝑣𝑗 𝑤𝑘 = 𝑣1 𝑣2 𝑣3
𝑗 𝑘 𝑖 𝑗 𝑘 𝑤1 𝑤2 𝑤3

Dyadic Product of Vectors: 𝐯𝐰 = ෍ ෍ 𝛅𝑖 𝛅𝑗 𝑣𝑖 𝑤𝑗

𝑖 𝑗
These are tensors of the second order

𝛅𝑖 𝛅𝑗 are called unit dyads

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 UNIT DYADS

Dyadic Product : 𝐯𝐰 = ෍ ෍ 𝛅𝑖 𝛅𝑗 𝑣𝑖 𝑤𝑗
𝑖 𝑗

These are tensors of the second order

𝛅𝑖 𝛅𝑗 are called unit dyads

Taken from Transport Phenomena

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by Bird, Stewart, Lightfoot.
 UNIT DYADS: OPERATIONS

𝛅𝒊𝛅𝒋 ∶ 𝛅𝒌𝛅𝒍 = 𝛅𝒋 ∙ 𝛅𝒌 𝛅𝒊 ∙ 𝛅𝒍 = δ𝑗𝑘 δ𝑖𝑙

3

𝛅𝒊 𝛅𝒋 × 𝛅𝒌 = 𝛅𝒊 𝛅𝒋 × 𝛅𝒌 = ෍ 𝜀𝑗𝑘𝑙 𝛅𝒊 𝛅𝒍
𝛅𝒊 𝛅𝒋 ∙ 𝛅𝒌 = 𝛅𝒊 𝛅𝒋 ∙ 𝛅𝒌 = 𝛅𝒊 δ𝑗𝑘
𝑙=1

𝛅𝒊 ∙ 𝛅𝒋 𝛅𝒌 = 𝛅𝒊 ∙ 𝛅𝒋 𝛅𝒌 = δ𝑖𝑗 𝛅𝒌 3

𝛅𝒊 × 𝛅𝒋 𝛅𝒌 = 𝛅𝒊 × 𝛅𝒋 𝛅𝒌 = ෍ 𝜀𝑖𝑗𝑙 𝛅𝒍 𝛅𝒌
𝑙=1
𝛅𝒊𝛅𝒋 ∙ 𝛅𝒌𝛅𝒍 = 𝛅𝒊 𝛅𝒋 ∙ 𝛅𝒌 𝛅𝒍 = δ𝑗𝑘 𝛅𝒊𝛅𝒍

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