Classification of Batteries

MAJOR CLASSIFICATION

 Primary Batteries

Secondary Batteries

Dr. Aiswarya Bhaskar, 18.11.2017 1

Classification of Batteries

MAJOR CLASSIFICATION

 Primary Batteries

Secondary Batteries

Dr. Aiswarya Bhaskar, 18.11.2017 2

Primary Batteries

Zn-Carbon
SYSTEMS PLANNED

Carbon-Zn Chloride

Zn-MnO2

Silver oxide-Zn

Dr. Aiswarya Bhaskar, 18.11.2017 3

Primary Batteries
Dry cell (variant of Leclanché Cell)
Invented by Georges Leclanché (1866)
Construction

Source: http://www.upsbatterycenter.com/blog/what-is-a-leclanche-cell/
Dr. Aiswarya Bhaskar, 18.11.2017 4
Primary Batteries
Dry cell - Principle
Anode: Oxidation
Zn(s)  Zn2+(aq) + 2e-

Cathode: Reduction
2e- +
2NH4+(aq)  2 NH3(g) + H2(g)

2 NH3(g) + Zn2+ (aq)  [Zn(NH3)2]2+(aq)

H2(g) + 2 MnO2(s)  Mn2O3(s) + H2O(l)

Overall:
Zn(s) + 2NH4+(aq) + 2 MnO2(s) [Zn(NH3)2]2+(aq)
Source: https://www.chem.wisc.edu/deptfiles/genchem/netorial/rottosen/tutorial/modules/electrochemistry/06battery/18_62.htm
Dr. Aiswarya Bhaskar, 18.11.2017 5
Primary Batteries
Dry cell – Role of MnO2

 Prevent build up of H2 gas bubbles  “Depolarizer”

(outdated term)


 Takes up electrons during cell discharge  Oxidizing
agent

Source: https://www.chem.wisc.edu/deptfiles/genchem/netorial/rottosen/tutorial/modules/electrochemistry/06battery/18_62.htm
Dr. Aiswarya Bhaskar, 18.11.2017 6
Primary Batteries
Dry cell: commercial

1st Mass-produced model Columbia dry cell

Marketed by National Carbon Company (1896)

 provided 1.4 Volts

Potential

Source: http://www.upsbatterycenter.com/blog/what-is-a-leclanche-cell/
Dr. Aiswarya Bhaskar, 18.11.2017 7
Primary Batteries

Zn-Carbon
SYSTEMS PLANNED

Carbon-Zn Chloride

Zn-MnO2

Silver oxide-Zn

Dr. Aiswarya Bhaskar, 18.11.2017 8

Primary Batteries
Zn-Carbon

ZnCl2 is primarily used in upgraded (heavy duty) Zn-Carbon batteries

Longer life and steadier output

Source: http://glencoe.mheducation.com/sites/007874637x/student_view0/chapter20/section2/self_check_quizzes.html
Dr. Aiswarya Bhaskar, 18.11.2017 9
Primary Batteries
Zn-Carbon: Principle
Anode:
Zn(s)  Zn2+(aq) + 2e-

Cathode:

2 MnO2(s) + 2NH4+
(aq) + 2e-  Mn2O3(s) + 2 NH3(g) + H2O(l)

Zn2+ (aq) + 2 NH3(g) + 2Cl-  [Zn(NH3)2]Cl2(s)

Overall:

Zn(s) + 2NH4Cl(aq) + 2 MnO2(s)  Zn(NH3)2]Cl2(s) +

Mn2O3(s) + H2O(l)
Source: https://www.chem.wisc.edu/deptfiles/genchem/netorial/rottosen/tutorial/modules/electrochemistry/06battery/18_62.htm
Dr. Aiswarya Bhaskar, 18.11.2017 10
Primary Batteries
Zn-Carbon: Advantages & Disadvantages
Advantages:
 Inexpensive
 Safe
 Available in many sizes and shapes
Disadvantages:
 Short shelf life  reaction of Zn anode with NH4+
(refrigeration helps)

 At high current drain, NH3(g) builds up results in

voltage drop
 Low energy density
 Poor leakage resistance under abusive conditions

Source: https://www.chem.wisc.edu/deptfiles/genchem/netorial/rottosen/tutorial/modules/electrochemistry/06battery/18_62.htm
Dr. Aiswarya Bhaskar, 18.11.2017 11
Primary Batteries
Zn-Carbon: Applications
 Common household items

 Portable radios

 Toys

 Flashlights

Source: https://www.chem.wisc.edu/deptfiles/genchem/netorial/rottosen/tutorial/modules/electrochemistry/06battery/18_62.htm
Dr. Aiswarya Bhaskar, 18.11.2017 12
Primary Batteries

Zn-Carbon
SYSTEMS PLANNED

Carbon-Zn Chloride

Zn-MnO2

Silver oxide-Zn

Dr. Aiswarya Bhaskar, 18.11.2017 13

Primary Batteries
Carbon-Zn Chloride:
Modern adaptation of Zn-carbon battery

Source: https://www.chem.wisc.edu/deptfiles/genchem/netorial/rottosen/tutorial/modules/electrochemistry/06battery/18_62.htm
Dr. Aiswarya Bhaskar, 18.11.2017 14
Primary Batteries
Carbon-ZnCl2: Advantages & Disadvantages
Advantages:
 High energy density
 Better low-temperature service
 Good leak resistance

 High efficiency under heavy discharge loads
Disadvantages:
 High gassing rate
 Requires excellent sealing system due to
increased oxygen sensitivity

Source: https://www.chem.wisc.edu/deptfiles/genchem/netorial/rottosen/tutorial/modules/electrochemistry/06battery/18_62.htm
Dr. Aiswarya Bhaskar, 18.11.2017 15
Primary Batteries
Carbon-Zn Chloride: Applications

 Motorized toys

 Cassette &CD players etc.

Source: https://www.britannica.com/technology/battery-electronics#ref71267
Dr. Aiswarya Bhaskar, 18.11.2017 16
Primary Batteries

Zn-Carbon
SYSTEMS PLANNED

Carbon-Zn Chloride

Zn-MnO2

Silver oxide-Zn

Dr. Aiswarya Bhaskar, 18.11.2017 17

Primary Batteries
Zn-MnO2: Construction
Synonym: Alkaline Battery

Source: https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/Zn-MnO2-Battery-Type-and-1_60073240495.html
Dr. Aiswarya Bhaskar, 18.11.2017 18
Primary Batteries
Zn-MnO2: Principle
Anode:
Zn(s) + 2OH-(aq) ZnO(s) + H2O(l) + 2e-

Cathode:

2 MnO2(s) + H2
O(l) + 2e-  Mn2O3(s) + 2 OH-(aq)

Overall:

Zn(s) + + 2 MnO2(s) ⇆ ZnO(s) + Mn2O3(s)

Source: https://www.chem.wisc.edu/deptfiles/genchem/netorial/rottosen/tutorial/modules/electrochemistry/06battery/18_62.htm
Dr. Aiswarya Bhaskar, 18.11.2017 19
Primary Batteries
Zn-MnO2: Advantages & Disadvantages
Advantages:
 long shelf life
 best performance under heavy loads
 Good leak resistance

 4-10 times the life of zinc-carbon
Disadvantages:
 Prone to leaking of KOH (causing respiratory, eye
& skin irritation)

Source: https://www.chem.wisc.edu/deptfiles/genchem/netorial/rottosen/tutorial/modules/electrochemistry/06battery/18_62.htm
Dr. Aiswarya Bhaskar, 18.11.2017 20
Primary Batteries
Zn-MnO2: Applications

 Motorized toys

 Cassette &CD players etc.

 Remote control

Source: https://www.chem.wisc.edu/deptfiles/genchem/netorial/rottosen/tutorial/modules/electrochemistry/06battery/18_62.htm
Dr. Aiswarya Bhaskar, 18.11.2017 21
Primary Batteries
Overview:
Types Chemistry

Zn-Carbon Anode: Zn
Cathode: carbon+MnO2
Electrolyte: NH4Cl
(80%)+ZnCl2 (20%)
Carbon-Zn
Chloride Anode: Zn
Cathode: Carbon+MnO2
Electrolyte: ZnCl2

Zn-MnO2 Anode: Zn
Cathode: MnO2
Electrolyte: KOH

Zn-Silver oxide Anode: Zn

Cathode: Ag2O
Electrolyte: KOH

Source: https://www.britannica.com/technology/battery-electronics#ref71267
Dr. Aiswarya Bhaskar, 18.11.2017 22
Dr. Aiswarya Bhaskar, 18.11.2017 23