Hp04win 1221714291335420 8

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Standardized Test Prep

Chapter 4 Forces and the Laws of Motion
Table of Contents
Section 1 Changes in Motion
Section 2 Newton's First Law
Section 3 Newton's Second and Third Laws
Section 4 Everyday Forces

Chapter 4 Section 1 Changes in Motion
Objectives
• Describe how force affects the motion of an object.
• Interpret and construct free body diagrams.

Force

Force
• A force is an action exerted on an object which may
change the object’s state of rest or motion.
• Forces can cause accelerations.
• The SI unit of force is the newton, N.
• Forces can act through contact or at a distance.

Comparing Contact and Field Forces

Force Diagrams
• The effect of a force depends on both magnitude and
direction.Thus, force is a vector quantity.
• Diagrams that show force vectors as arrows are called

force diagrams.
• Force diagrams that show only the forces acting on a

single object are called free-body diagrams.

Force Diagrams, continued

Force Diagram Free-Body Diagram
In a force diagram, vector A free-body diagram

arrows represent all the shows only the forces
forces acting in a acting on the object of
situation. interest—in this case, the
car.

Drawing a Free-Body Diagram

Chapter 4 Section 2 Newton’s First Law
Objectives
• Explain the relationship between the motion of an
object and the net external force acting on the object.
• Determine the net external force on an object.
• Calculate the force required to bring an object into

equilibrium.

Newton’s First Law

• An object at rest remains at rest, and an object in
motion continues in motion with constant velocity (that
is, constant speed in a straight line) unless the object
experiences a net external force.
• In other words, when the net external force on an

object is zero, the object’s acceleration (or the change
in the object’s velocity) is zero.

Net Force
• Newton's first law refers to the net force on an
object.The net force is the vector sum of all forces
acting on an object.
• The net force on an object can be found by using the
methods for finding resultant vectors.
Although several forces are

acting on this car, the vector sum
of the forces is zero. Thus, the
net force is zero, and the car
moves at a constant velocity.

Sample Problem
Determining Net Force
Derek leaves his physics book on top of a drafting
table that is inclined at a 35° angle. The free-body
diagram below shows the forces acting on the book.
Find the net force acting on the book.

Sample Problem, continued
1. Define the problem, and identify the variables.

Given:
Fgravity-on-book = Fg = 22 N
Ffriction = Ff = 11 N
Ftable-on-book = Ft = 18 N
Unknown:
Fnet = ?

2. Select a coordinate system, and apply it to the

free-body diagram.
Choose the x-axis parallel to and the y-axis perpendicular to
the incline of the table, as shown in (a). This coordinate
system is the most convenient because only one force
needs to be resolved into x and y components.
Tip: To simplify the problem, always

choose the coordinate system in
which as many forces as possible lie
on the x- and y-axes.


3. Find the x and y components of all vectors.
Draw a sketch, as shown in (b), to help find
the components of the vector Fg. The angle 
is equal to 180– 90 – 35 = 55.
Fg, x Fg, y
cos   sin  
Fg Fg
Fg, x  Fg cos  Fg, y  Fg sin 
Fg, x  (22 N)(cos 55) Fg, x  (22 N)(sin 55)
Fg, x  13 N Fg, x  18 N
Add both components to the free-body diagram, as shown in (c).

4. Find the net force in both the x and y directions.

Diagram (d) shows another free-body
diagram of the book, now with forces
acting only along the x- and y-axes.
For the x direction: For the y direction:

Fx = Fg,x – Ff Fy = Ft – Fg,y
Fx = 13 N – 11 N Fy = 18 N – 18 N
Fx = 2 N Fy = 0 N

5. Find the net force.

Add the net forces in the x and y directions together as
vectors to find the total net force. In this case, Fnet = 2 N in
the +x direction, as shown in (e). Thus, the book accelerates
down the incline.

Inertia
• Inertia is the tendency of an object to resist being
moved or, if the object is moving, to resist a change in
speed or direction.
• Newton’s first law is often referred to as the law of

inertia because it states that in the absence of a net
force, a body will preserve its state of motion.
• Mass is a measure of inertia.

Mass and Inertia

Inertia and the Operation of a Seat Belt

• While inertia causes
passengers in a car to
continue moving forward as
the car slows down, inertia
also causes seat belts to lock
into place.
• The illustration shows how
one type of shoulder harness
operates.
• When the car suddenly slows
down, inertia causes the large
mass under the seat to
continue moving, which
activates the lock on the
safety belt.

Equilibrium
• Equilibrium is the state in which the net force on an
object is zero.
• Objects that are either at rest or moving with constant

velocity are said to be in equilibrium.
• Newton’s first law describes objects in equilibrium.
Tip: To determine whether a body is in equilibrium, find the net

force. If the net force is zero, the body is in equilibrium. If there
is a net force, a second force equal and opposite to this net
force will put the body in equilibrium.

Section 3 Newton’s Second and
Chapter 4 Third Laws
Objectives
• Describe an object’s acceleration in terms of its mass
and the net force acting on it.
• Predict the direction and magnitude of the

acceleration caused by a known net force.
• Identify action-reaction pairs.

Newton’s Second Law

The acceleration of an object is directly
proportional to the net force acting on the
object and inversely proportional to the
object’s mass.
F = ma
net force = mass  acceleration
F represents the vector sum of all external forces

acting on the object, or the net force.

Newton’s Second Law

Newton’s Third Law

• If two objects interact, the magnitude of the force
exerted on object 1 by object 2 is equal to the
magnitude of the force simultaneously exerted on
object 2 by object 1, and these two forces are
opposite in direction.
• In other words, for every action, there is an equal

and opposite reaction.
• Because the forces coexist, either force can be

called the action or the reaction.

Action and Reaction Forces

• Action-reaction pairs do not imply that the net force
on either object is zero.
• The action-reaction forces are equal and opposite,
but either object may still have a net force on it.
Consider driving a nail into wood with

a hammer. The force that the nail
exerts on the hammer is equal and
opposite to the force that the hammer
exerts on the nail. But there is a net
force acting on the nail, which drives
the nail into the wood.

Newton’s Third Law

Chapter 4 Section 4 Everyday Forces
Objectives
• Explain the difference between mass and weight.
• Find the direction and magnitude of normal forces.
• Describe air resistance as a form of friction.
• Use coefficients of friction to calculate frictional force.

Weight
• The gravitational force (Fg) exerted on an object
by Earth is a vector quantity, directed toward the
center of Earth.
• The magnitude of this force (Fg) is a scalar quantity

called weight.
• Weight changes with the location of an object in the

universe.

Weight, continued
• Calculating weight at any location:

Fg = mag
ag = free-fall acceleration at that location
• Calculating weight on Earth's surface:

ag = g = 9.81 m/s2
Fg = mg = m(9.81 m/s2)

Comparing Mass and Weight

Normal Force
• The normal force acts on a surface in a direction
perpendicular to the surface.
• The normal force is not always opposite in direction

to the force due to gravity.
● In the absence of other forces, the
normal force is equal and opposite
to the component of gravitational
force that is perpendicular to the
contact surface.
● In this example, Fn = mg cos .

Normal Force

Friction
• Static friction is a force that resists the initiation of
sliding motion between two surfaces that are in
contact and at rest.
• Kinetic friction is the force that opposes the

movement of two surfaces that are in contact and
are sliding over each other.
• Kinetic friction is always less than the maximum

static friction.

Friction

Friction Forces in Free-Body Diagrams

• In free-body diagrams, the force of friction is always
parallel to the surface of contact.
• The force of kinetic friction is always opposite the

direction of motion.
• To determine the direction of the force of static

friction, use the principle of equilibrium. For an
object in equilibrium, the frictional force must point in
the direction that results in a net force of zero.

The Coefficient of Friction

• The quantity that expresses the dependence of
frictional forces on the particular surfaces in
contact is called the coefficient of friction, .
• Coefficient of kinetic friction:

Fk
k 
Fn
• Coefficient of static friction:
Fs,max
s 
Fn


Sample Problem
Overcoming Friction
A student attaches a rope to a 20.0 kg box of
books.He pulls with a force of 90.0 N at an angle of
30.0° with the horizontal. The coefficient of kinetic
friction between the box and the sidewalk is 0.500.
Find the acceleration of the box.


1. Define
Given:
m = 20.0 kg
k = 0.500
Fapplied = 90.0 N at  = 30.0°
Unknown:
a= ?
Diagram:

2. Plan
Choose a convenient coordinate system, and
find the x and y components of all forces.
The diagram on the right shows the

most convenient coordinate system,
because the only force to resolve
into components is Fapplied.
Fapplied,y = (90.0 N)(sin 30.0º) = 45.0 N (upward)

Fapplied,x = (90.0 N)(cos 30.0º) = 77.9 N (to the right)


Choose an equation or situation:
A. Find the normal force, Fn, by applying the condition of
equilibrium in the vertical direction:
Fy = 0
B. Calculate the force of kinetic friction on the box:

Fk = kFn
C. Apply Newton’s second law along the horizontal direction to

find the acceleration of the box:
Fx = max


3. Calculate
A. To apply the condition of equilibrium in the vertical direction,
you need to account for all of the forces in the y direction:
Fg, Fn, and Fapplied,y. You know Fapplied,y and can use the box’s
mass to find Fg.
Fapplied,y = 45.0 N
Fg = (20.0 kg)(9.81 m/s2) = 196 N
Tip: Remember to
pay attention to the
Next, apply the equilibrium condition, direction of forces.
Fy = 0, and solve for Fn. In this step, Fg is
subtracted from Fn
Fy = Fn + Fapplied,y – Fg = 0 and Fapplied,y because
Fn + 45.0 N – 196 N = 0 Fg is directed
Fn = –45.0 N + 196 N = 151 N downward.


B. Use the normal force to find the force of kinetic friction.
Fk = kFn = (0.500)(151 N) = 75.5 N
C. Use Newton’s second law to determine the horizontal

acceleration.
Fx  Fapplied  Fk  max

Fapplied, x  Fk 77.9 N  75.5 N 2.4 N 2.4 kg  m/s 2
ax    
m 20.0 kg 20.0 kg 20.0 kg
a = 0.12 m/s2 to the right


4. Evaluate
The box accelerates in the direction of the net
force, in accordance with Newton’s second law.
The normal force is not equal in magnitude to the
weight because the y component of the student’s
pull on the rope helps support the box.

Air Resistance
• Air resistance is a form of friction. Whenever an
object moves through a fluid medium, such as air or
water, the fluid provides a resistance to the object’s
motion.
• For a falling object, when the upward force of air

resistance balances the downward gravitational
force, the net force on the object is zero. The object
continues to move downward with a constant
maximum speed, called the terminal speed.

Fundamental Forces
• There are four fundamental forces:
– Electromagnetic force
– Gravitational force
– Strong nuclear force
– Weak nuclear force
• The four fundamental forces are all field forces.

Chapter 4 Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice
Use the passage below to answer questions 1–2.
Two blocks of masses m1 and m2 are placed in contact with each
other on a smooth, horizontal surface. Block m1 is on the left of
block m2. A constant horizontal force F to the right is applied to
m1.
1. What is the acceleration of the two blocks?

A. F C. a  F
a
m1 m1  m2
B. F D. a  F
a
m2 (m1 )(m2 )

Multiple Choice
m1.
1. What is the acceleration of the two blocks?

A. F C. a  F
a
m1 m1  m2
B. F D. a  F
a
m2 (m1 )(m2 )

Multiple Choice, continued

m1.
2. What is the horizontal force acting on m2?

F. m1a
G. m2a
H. (m1 + m2)a
J. m1m2a


m1.
2. What is the horizontal force acting on m2?

F. m1a
G. m2a
H. (m1 + m2)a
J. m1m2a


3. A crate is pulled to the right with a force of 82.0 N, to the left
with a force of 115 N, upward with a force of 565 N, and
downward with a force of 236 N. Find the magnitude and
direction of the net force on the crate.
A. 3.30 N at 96° counterclockwise from the positive x-axis

B. 3.30 N at 6° counterclockwise from the positive x-axis
C. 3.30 x 102 at 96° counterclockwise from the positive x-axis
D. 3.30 x 102 at 6° counterclockwise from the positive x-axis


3. A crate is pulled to the right with a force of 82.0 N, to the left
with a force of 115 N, upward with a force of 565 N, and
downward with a force of 236 N. Find the magnitude and
direction of the net force on the crate.
A. 3.30 N at 96° counterclockwise from the positive x-axis

B. 3.30 N at 6° counterclockwise from the positive x-axis
C. 3.30 x 102 at 96° counterclockwise from the positive x-axis
D. 3.30 x 102 at 6° counterclockwise from the positive x-axis


4. A ball with a mass of m is thrown into the air, as shown in the
figure below. What is the force exerted on Earth by the ball?
A. mballg directed down

B. mballg directed up
C. mearthg directed down
D. mearthg directed up


4. A ball with a mass of m is thrown into the air, as shown in the
figure below. What is the force exerted on Earth by the ball?
A. mballg directed down

B. mballg directed up
C. mearthg directed down
D. mearthg directed up


5. A freight train has a mass of 1.5 x 107 kg. If the locomotive
can exert a constant pull of 7.5 x 105 N, how long would it
take to increase the speed of the train from rest to 85 km/h?
(Disregard friction.)
A. 4.7 x 102s
B. 4.7s
C. 5.0 x 10-2s
D. 5.0 x 104s


5. A freight train has a mass of 1.5 x 107 kg. If the locomotive
can exert a constant pull of 7.5 x 105 N, how long would it
take to increase the speed of the train from rest to 85 km/h?
(Disregard friction.)
A. 4.7 x 102s
B. 4.7s
C. 5.0 x 10-2s
D. 5.0 x 104s


A truck driver slams on the brakes and skids
to a stop through a displacement x.
6. If the truck’s mass doubles, find the truck’s skidding distance in
terms of x. (Hint: Increasing the mass increases the normal
force.)
A. x/4
B. x
C. 2x
D. 4x


6. If the truck’s mass doubles, find the truck’s skidding distance in
terms of x. (Hint: Increasing the mass increases the normal
force.)
A. x/4
B. x
C. 2x
D. 4x


7. If the truck’s initial velocity were halved, what would be the
truck’s skidding distance?
A. x/4
B. x
C. 2x
D. 4x


7. If the truck’s initial velocity were halved, what would be the
truck’s skidding distance?
A. x/4
B. x
C. 2x
D. 4x


Use the graph at right to
answer questions 8–9. The
graph shows the relationship
between the applied force
and the force of friction.
8. What is the relationship between the forces at point A?

F. Fs=Fapplied
G. Fk=Fapplied
H. Fs<Fapplied
I. Fk>Fapplied


8. What is the relationship between the forces at point A?

F. Fs=Fapplied
G. Fk=Fapplied
H. Fs<Fapplied
I. Fk>Fapplied


9. What is the relationship between the forces at point B?

A. Fs, max=Fk
B. Fk> Fs, max
C. Fk>Fapplied
D. Fk<Fapplied


9. What is the relationship between the forces at point B?

A. Fs, max=Fk
B. Fk> Fs, max
C. Fk>Fapplied
D. Fk<Fapplied

Short Response
Base your answers to questions 10–12 on the
information below.
A 3.00 kg ball is dropped from rest from the
roof of a building 176.4 m high.While the ball
is falling, a horizontal wind exerts a constant
force of 12.0 N on the ball.
10. How long does the ball take to hit the ground?

Short Response
information below.
10. How long does the ball take to hit the ground?
Answer: 6.00 s

Short Response, continued

information below.
11. How far from the building does the ball hit the ground?


information below.
11. How far from the building does the ball hit the ground?
Answer: 72.0 m


information below.
12. When the ball hits the ground, what is its speed?


information below.
12. When the ball hits the ground, what is its speed?
Answer: 63.6 m/s


passage.
A crate rests on the horizontal bed of a pickup truck.
For each situation described below, indicate the motion
of the crate relative to the ground, the motion of the
crate relative to the truck, and whether the crate will hit
the front wall of the truck bed, the back wall, or neither.
Disregard friction.
13. Starting at rest, the truck accelerates to the right.


passage.
Disregard friction.
13. Starting at rest, the truck accelerates to the right.

Answer: at rest, moves to the left, hits back wall


passage.
Disregard friction.
14. The crate is at rest relative to the truck while the

truck moves with a constant velocity to the right.


passage.
Disregard friction.
14. The crate is at rest relative to the truck while the

truck moves with a constant velocity to the right.
Answer: moves to the right, at rest, neither


passage.
Disregard friction.
15. The truck in item 14 slows down.


passage.
Disregard friction.
15. The truck in item 14 slows down.

Answer: moves to the right, moves to the right,
hits front wall

Extended Response
16. A student pulls a rope attached to a 10.0 kg wooden
sled and moves the sled across dry snow. The student
pulls with a force of 15.0 N at an angle of 45.0º.
If k between the sled and the snow is 0.040, what
is the sled’s acceleration? Show your work.

Extended Response
16. A student pulls a rope attached to a 10.0 kg wooden
sled and moves the sled across dry snow. The student
pulls with a force of 15.0 N at an angle of 45.0º.
If k between the sled and the snow is 0.040, what
is the sled’s acceleration? Show your work.
Answer: 0.71 m/s2

Extended Response, continued

17. You can keep a 3 kg book from dropping by pushing
it horizontally against a wall. Draw force diagrams,
and identify all the forces involved. How do they
combine to result in a zero net force? Will the force
you must supply to hold the book up be different for
different types of walls? Design a series of experiments
to test your answer. Identify exactly
which measurements will be necessary and what
equipment you will need.

Extended Response, continued

17. You can keep a 3 kg book from dropping by pushing
it horizontally against a wall. Draw force diagrams,
and identify all the forces involved. How do they
combine to result in a zero net force? Will the force
you must supply to hold the book up be different for
different types of walls? Design a series of experiments
to test your answer. Identify exactly
which measurements will be necessary and what
equipment you will need.
Answer: Plans should involve measuring forces such
as weight, applied force, normal force, and friction.

Force Diagrams

Inertia and the Operation of a Seat Belt

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• From the resources slide, click on any resource to see a

• From the Chapter menu screen click on any lesson to go

• You may exit the slide show at any time by pressing

Chapter menu Resources

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter Presentation Visual Concepts

Transparencies Sample Problems

Standardized Test Prep

Chapter menu Resources

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Section 1 Changes in Motion

Section 2 Newton's First Law

Section 3 Newton's Second and Third Laws

Section 4 Everyday Forces

Chapter menu Resources

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

• Interpret and construct free body diagrams.

Chapter menu Resources

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter menu Resources

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

• Forces can cause accelerations.

• The SI unit of force is the newton, N.

• Forces can act through contact or at a distance.

Chapter menu Resources

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Comparing Contact and Field Forces

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• Diagrams that show force vectors as arrows are called

• Force diagrams that show only the forces acting on a

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Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Force Diagrams, continued

In a force diagram, vector A free-body diagram

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Drawing a Free-Body Diagram

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• Determine the net external force on an object.

• Calculate the force required to bring an object into

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Newton’s First Law

• In other words, when the net external force on an

Chapter menu Resources

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Although several forces are

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Sample Problem, continued

1. Define the problem, and identify the variables.

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Sample Problem, continued

2. Select a coordinate system, and apply it to the

Tip: To simplify the problem, always