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Table of Contents
Objectives
• Identify activities and fields that involve the major
areas within physics.
Physics
• The goal of physics is to use a small number of
basic concepts, equations, and assumptions to
describe the physical world.
Models
• Physics uses models that describe phenomena.
Models
Hypotheses
• Models help scientists develop hypotheses.
Hypotheses, continued
Galileo modeled the behavior of falling objects in
order to develop a hypothesis about how objects fall.
If heavier objects fell faster
than slower ones,would two
bricks of different masses
tied together fall slower (b)
or faster (c) than the heavy
brick alone (a)? Because of
this contradiction, Galileo
hypothesized instead that
all objects fall at the same
rate, as in (d).
Controlled Experiments
• A hypothesis must be tested in a controlled
experiment.
Controlled Experiments
Objectives
• List basic SI units and the quantities they describe.
Numbers as Measurements
• In SI, the standard measurement system for science,
there are seven base units.
• Each base unit describes a single dimension, such
as length, mass, or time.
• The units of length, mass, and time are the meter
(m), kilogram (kg), and second (s), respectively.
• Derived units are formed by combining the seven
base units with multiplication or division. For
example, speeds are typically expressed in units of
meters per second (m/s).
SI Standards
SI Prefixes
In SI, units are
combined with
prefixes that
symbolize certain
powers of 10.
The most
common prefixes
and their symbols
are shown in the
table.
Sample Problem
A typical bacterium has a mass of about 2.0 fg. Express
this measurement in terms of grams and kilograms.
Given:
mass = 2.0 fg
Unknown:
mass = ? g mass = ? kg
1 10 –15 g
= 2.0 10 g
–15
(2.0 fg)
1 fg
1 kg
(2.0 10 –15 g) = 2.0 10 –18
kg
1 10 g
3
Significant Figures
• It is important to record the precision of your measurements so that other
people can understand and interpret your results.
• Significant figures are those digits in a measurement that are known with
certainty plus the first digit that is uncertain.
Objectives
• Interpret data in tables and graphs, and recognize
equations that summarize data.
A clear trend can be seen in the data. The more time that
passes after each ball is dropped, the farther the ball falls.
Interpreting Graphs
Physics Equations
• Physicists use equations to describe measured or predicted relationships between physical
quantities.
• Variables and other specific quantities are abbreviated with letters that are boldfaced or
italicized.
• Units are abbreviated with regular letters, sometimes called roman letters.
• Two tools for evaluating physics equations are dimensional analysis and order-of-magnitude
estimates.
Multiple Choice
1. What area of physics deals with the subjects
of heat and temperature?
A. mechanics
B. thermodynamics
C. electrodynamics
D. quantum mechanics
Multiple Choice
1. What area of physics deals with the subjects
of heat and temperature?
A. mechanics
B. thermodynamics
C. electrodynamics
D. quantum mechanics
F. mechanics
G. thermodynamics
H. electrodynamics
J. quantum mechanics
F. mechanics
G. thermodynamics
H. electrodynamics
J. quantum mechanics
A. system
B. model
C. hypothesis
D. controlled experiment
A. system
B. model
C. hypothesis
D. controlled experiment
F. inch
G. foot
H. meter
J. kilometer
F. inch
G. foot
H. meter
J. kilometer
A. 9.5 1010 m
B. 9.5 1012 m
C. 9.5 1015 m
D. 9.5 1018 m
A. 9.5 1010 m
B. 9.5 1012 m
C. 9.5 1015 m
D. 9.5 1018 m
A. one
B. two
C. three
D. four
A. one
B. two
C. three
D. four
F. 20.88 m2
G. 2 101 m2
H. 2.0 101 m2
J. 21 m2
F. 20.88 m2
G. 2 101 m2
H. 2.0 101 m2
J. 21 m2
A. rounding
B. order-of-magnitude estimation
C. dimensional analysis
D. graphical analysis
A. rounding
B. order-of-magnitude estimation
C. dimensional analysis
D. graphical analysis
Short Response
13. Determine the number of significant figures
in each of the following measurements.
A. 0.0057 kg
B. 5.70 g
C. 6070 m
D. 6.070 103 m
Short Response
13. Determine the number of significant figures
in each of the following measurements.
A. 0.0057 kg
B. 5.70 g
C. 6070 m
D. 6.070 103 m
Answers:
A. 2; B. 3; C. 3; D. 4
Answer: 26 897 m
Extended Response
16. You have decided to test the effects of four different
garden fertilizers by applying them to four separate
rows of vegetables. What factors should you
control? How could you measure the results?
Extended Response
16. You have decided to test the effects of four different
garden fertilizers by applying them to four separate
rows of vegetables. What factors should you
control? How could you measure the results?
Sample answer: Because the type of fertilizer is the
variable being tested, all other factors should be
controlled, including the type of vegetable, the
amount of water, and the amount of sunshine. A fifth
row with no fertilizer could be used as the control
group. Results could be measured by size, quantity,
appearance, and taste.
Chapter menu Resources
Hypotheses
SI Prefixes
Significant Figures