SULIT / CONFIDENTIAL

UNIVERSITI PENDIDIKAN SULTAN IDRIS

PENTAKSIRAN AKHIR
FINAL ASSESSMENT
SEMESTER 1 SESI 2020/2021
SEMESTER 1 SESSION 2020/2021
KOD / CODE : SBF1013 KURSUS : GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY
COURSE : FISIOLOGI AM

ARAHAN / INSTRUCTIONS
1. Sila baca arahan pentaksiran dengan teliti.
Please read the assessment instructions carefully.

2. Pelajar dikehendaki menyediakan skrip jawapan mengikut kepada pentaksiran akhir yang telah
ditetapkan.
Students are required to prepare the answer scripts based on the predetermined the final
assessment.

3. Pelajar dikehendaki menyerahkan skrip jawapan kepada pensyarah dalam tempoh masa yang
telah ditetapkan.
Students are required to submit their answer scripts/assignments/projects to the lecturers within
the specified time.

This final assessment contains 14 pages including the cover page

PROGRAM / PROGRAMME: DIPLOMA SAINS

TAHUN / YEAR: 2020 KUMPULAN KULIAH / CLASS GROUP: A

NO. PENDAFTARAN /
REGISTRATION NO: 2 0 1 9 1 0 2 3 5 1 5
E

NO. KAD PENGENALAN / I.C. NO:

9 0 6 0 6 0 8 8 3 3 0
9

PENSYARAH / LECTURER: PROF. MADYA DR. NORHAYATI DAUD

SULIT / CONFIDENTAL
SBF1013: General Physiology 2

FINAL ASSESSMENT (80 marks)

Instruction:

i) The final assessment consists of FIVE (5) questions. Answer all the questions given.

ii) Answer all the questions using by your own words in the space provided.

iii) Write your answers using Arial, size 11, blue colour with 1.15 line spacing in Microsoft Word
document file.

iv) Students are given TWENTY-FOUR (24) hours to answer the questions starting from the date of
receiving the final assessment.

v) Please submit the answer scripts of the final assessment in Microsoft Word document file via
MyGuru.

1. A group of students from General Physiology, i.e., Izzah, Baraathi, Aliff, Nurini, Sook Yan and
Fikri are discussing the digestion of food in the human digestive tract as below:

Why are so many different

enzymes needed to digest
food?
Why pancreas and small intestine
are the most important in digestion?

IZZAH

BARAATHI

Acid causes chemical burns,

The small intestine is the part of
so why doesn’t it burn the inner
the intestines where 90% of the
walls of the stomach?
digestion and absorption of food
occurs. What makes the small
intestine efficient?
ALIFF

The stomach is considered the NURINI

first line of defence against
foreign substances. It helps
As a result of an bacteria infection,
protect us by killing germ in our
the gallbladder of a patient was
food. How does the stomach
surgically removed. What special
play its role?
diet is needed for this patient?

SOOK YAN

FIKRI [See next page

SBF1013: General Physiology 3

a. By referring to the above conversation, answer the following students’ questions.

The food we eat consist of different nutrients and each nutrient represents a
IZZAH : different substrate to an enzyme therefore specific enzyme have a particular
nutrient to digest.

[1 mark]

During digestion the pancreases secrete pancreatic juice which contains a

variety of digestive enzymes that pass to the small intestine to breakdown
BARAATHI :
carbohydrates, protein and lipid in the chyme. The small intestine is where
most chemical digestion and absorption of the food takes place.

[1 mark]

The stomach protects itself from burning its walls by secreting sticky
ALIFF : neutralising mucus that acts like a protective layer on the stomach wall. If the
layer is damaged it can lead to ulcers.

[1 mark]

The small intestine is good for absorption of nutrients since it has a large
inner surface area and divided into three sections which are duodenum where
most chemical digestion using enzyme occurs. Next is jejunum which is
design to absorb carbohydrates and proteins. The inner surface of jejunum is
NURINI : cover with villi which increase the surface area of tissue to increase the rate
of absorption. The villi contain a large number of capillaries that take the
amino acids and glucose produced b digestion to the hepatic portal vein and
the liver. Lacteals in the villi are lymphatic vessels that absorb fatty acid and
glycerol into direct. circulation.

[2 marks]

The stomach produces gastric juice act as a killing agent to kill pathogens
SOOK YAN: that have been caught in the mucus in the airways or consumed in food or
water. Stomach acid is a chemical barrier against infection.

[1 mark]

Gallbladder stores and concentrates bile from the liver and release it into the
small intestine that aids the digestion of lipid. Since the gallbladder is
FIKRI :
removed should avoid high-fat food, greasy, processed and sugary food and
dairy products.

[1 mark]
SBF1013: General Physiology 4

b. You start your day with an egg-cheese sandwich. With your own words, explain how the
body gets the nutrients from the food. Relate your answer with the food journey through the
digestive tract.
[8 marks]

From the mouth, the first step of digestion involves chewing. The egg- cheese sandwich is
broken down into small pieces called bolus that can be swallowed. The slavery glands secrete
saliva to aid swallowing and the passage of the food through the oesophagus also help break
down the starch in the bread. The bolus moves down the oesophagus and enters the stomach
through the oesophageal sphincter. The stomach releases gastric juices containing
hydrochloric acid and the enzyme, pepsin which initiate the breakdown of protein into peptides
which are short chains of amino acids. Digestion of the starch in the bread does not occur in
the stomach because the salivary amylase that began chemical digestion in the mouth
becomes inactive in the presence of stomach acid the food bolus at this stage is called chyme.
The chyme then goes from the stomach to the first part of the small intestine called the
duodenum. This triggers the pancreas to release pancreatic juices that contain lipase to digest
fats, amylase to digest starches and chymotrypsin and trypsin to digest proteins. The fat is
present in the chyme from the cheese is detected and the gallbladder contracts and secretes
bile into the small intestine. Bile emulsifies the fat, breaking into small globules, aiding fat
absorption. The starches and sugars are digested into monosaccharides such as glucose,
galactose or fructose. Additional enzymes are released by the cells that line the small intestine
that breaks apart smaller protein fragments into individual amino acids. The amino acids are
absorbed into the bloodstream through the small intestine following a similar path to the liver
where the liver regulates the distribution of amino acids to the rest of the body.
SBF1013: General Physiology 5

[See next page

2. Figure 2(a) shows the event of a dragon boat racing, while Figure 2(b) shows the rowing boat
techniques during racing. The movements they experience while rowing comes from within your
muscle cells.

Figure 2(a)

Figure 2(b)
SBF1013: General Physiology 6

Answer the following questions based on Figure 2(a) and 2(b).

[See next page

a. Figure 2(b) shows the rowing boat techniques during racing could represent an analogy to
describe how the physiological process of the muscle.

With reference to the rowing techniques of participants, answer the following questions.

i) Predict the muscle action during the driving phase.

Since the arms are extended, the triceps brachii muscle is contracted and the biceps
brachii is relaxed.
[1 mark]

i) With your own words, summarize the steps in proper order of the muscle action
mentioned in 2a(i).

[6 marks]

The extended arm shows that the muscle will be in a state of relaxation. This takes
place when the nerve stimulation fails. The bond between actin and myosin is broken
by calcium pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Actin and myosin return to
an unbound state that relaxes the muscle.

iii) Describe the position of muscle filaments during the recovery phase.
[2 marks]

The muscles are stretched during the healing process, stress is released and the
bands I and H extend. As the length of myosin myofilaments does not alter, the A
band remains constant throughout
SBF1013: General Physiology 7

[See next page

b. This question is referring to the dragon boat racing analogy (Figure 2(a) and 2(b)), and your
knowledge about sliding filament theory. In this analogy the following items play the role of
different muscle elements. State what the action performed during the dragon boat racing
analogy in the space provided next to each element. The boat racing analogy is similar to
what the muscle elements acted during muscle action.

The following are elements involved in muscle action:

Nerve impulse Actin Tropomyosin ATP

Troponin Ca2+ Myosin Cross bridge

Muscle contraction
Dragon boat racing analogy

i. Water  Actin

ii. Row boat /paddler  Myosin

iii. The motor that moves the shield  Troponin

iv. A shield of the boat  Tropomyosin

v. The paddle + people arm  Cross Bridge

vi The electricity for the motor  Calcium ions

vii. The starters horn (gendang)  Nerve Impulse

Energy for the muscles in their

viii.  ATP
arms

[6 marks]
SBF1013: General Physiology 8

[See next page

3. Figure 3 shows redwoods (Sequoia sempervirens), one of the tallest trees in the world. The
tree can easily reach heights of 100 meters.

Figure 3

a. Since plants require nutrients in the form of mineral salts or ions in the soil and produced
their own food by photosynthesis, how the substances transported from the soil?
[1 mark]
Plants have vessels to transport water and nutrient from the soil. The vascular tissue for the
transport of water and nutrient in the plant is called xylem.

b. Describe the physiological processes of how the mineral salts or ions in soil are transported
in the plant body of rosewoods.

[2 marks]
The absorption of mineral salts starts with a active absorption. When the concentration of
mineral slats is higher in the outer solution than in cell sap of the root cells, the mineral salts
are absorbed according to the concentration gradient by simple diffusion. Absorption of ion
requires Ion- exchange which due to the plasma membrane of the root which is not
SBF1013: General Physiology 9
permeable to all the ions and its selectively permeable.

[See next page

c. Figure 4 shows a bundle of chopsticks and drinking straws. Imagine that this bundle
represents a part of the plant’s body that allow water and nutrients to move up the tree.

Figure 4

i) Identify the cells of the plant's body represented by the diagram in Figure 4.
[1 mark]
Straw: Xylem

Chopstick: Phloem

ii) Describe in your own words the physiological process involving cells mentioned in 2c(i)
that allow water and nutrients to move up the tree.
[6 marks]
The vascular tissue of a plant consists of xylem and phloem which helps transports water
sugar mineral salts and other important substances around ap plant. Xylem is used for
transporting mineral salts and water from the roots to the steams and leaves and other
dissolved compounds through active transport. Phloem transports food produced from
photosynthesis from the leaves to the whole plant such as roots and stem. As water
evaporates from the stomata in the leaves it creates a negative pressure in the leaves and
tissues of the xylem. The negative pressure exerts a pulling force on the water in the tree
and water is drawn upwards.
SBF1013: General Physiology 10

[See next page

d. Certain plants of Angiosperm produce their own food and stored in organs such as tubers,
bulbs, storage roots and fruits for the last growing season. Figure 5 shows potato plants
forming tubers.

Figu
re 5

i) The iodine test for tubers produced a positive result. Explain how you relate the result of
iodine test and tubers?
[1 mark]
A positive iodine test indicates the presence of starch in the tubers. Starch is stored in
the roots for later use when the plant needs energy the starch is converted back into
glucose.

ii) Explain with your own words the physiological process of how tubers are formed.
[6 marks]

In certain plant species, tubers are expanded structures used as storage organs for
nutrients. There is high accumulation of starch systematically in leaves stems and stolon
when the tuber formation begins. The formation of tubers is in response to sugar
accumulation in plants that occurs under the pressure of carbon dioxide and outside light.
The initiation of storage organs, in addition to the deposition of starch in connection with
SBF1013: General Physiology 11
tuber formation. Tuber development is facilitated by the use of growth hormones such as
cytokine, ethylene, abscisic acid, and certain growth retardants. The growth of tubers and
other storage organs is also influenced by environmental factors, such as photoperiods,
light and temperature.

[See next page

5 a. Photosynthesis is represented by the equation below.

Explain with your own words on how this equation can represent the two stages of
photosynthesis.
[10 marks]
Photosynthesis is the biological process of plant converting light energy into sugar to provide
fuel for plant survival. There are two stages of photosynthesis which are light-dependent
reaction which requires light and the other one is light-independent reaction or Calvin cycle
which takes place without light m where the energized electron from the light-dependent
reaction provides energy to form carbohydrates from carbon dioxide molecules.
The light-dependent reaction takes place in the thylakoid membrane within the chloroplast
which directs light energy to produce ATP and NADPH to be used in the Calvin cycle. The
conversion of light energy to chemical energy takes place in a photosystem. The light-
independent reaction takes place in the stroma which uses the energy derived from the light-
dependent reaction which is ATP and NADPH to produce a new carbohydrate molecule from
carbon dioxide and water. One molecule of glucose is produced when six molecules of carbon
dioxide enter the cycle.
SBF1013: General Physiology 12

[See next page

b. Plants were classified into 3 groups; C3, C4 and CAM plants that live in different
conditions. These plants perform different mechanisms of Calvin cycle of photosynthesis
to absorb and metabolize carbon dioxide of atmospheric and then convert it to glucose.

Answer the following questions related to the comparison on the characteristics of

photosynthesis in C3, C4 and CAM plants by completing the table below with appropriate
answers.
[6 marks]

Question C3 plant C4 plant CAM plant

Succulence,
characterized by
Contains large,
Bundle sheath
chloroplast in undifferentiated
cells does not
How are the leaves
mesophyll and mesophyll cells
contain
anatomy different between dominated by large
this plant? chloroplast bundle sheath
cells vacuoles
Do not have
Does not show
Kranz Anatomy Shows Kranz
Anatomy Kranz anatomy

[1 mark]
Which cell of the leaf is a
Mesophyll Bundle sheath Mesophyll Cells
site of Calvin cycle?
Cells cells.
[1 mark]

When does carbon dioxide

(CO2) enters cell leaf? During Day During Day During Night

[1 mark]
What is/are enzyme(s) RuBP In mesophyll: PEP
considered as carboxylation carboxylase. carboxylase.
enzymes involved in the In bundle sheath: In the dark: PEP
Calvin cycle? RuBP carboxylase. carboxylase.
In light: RUBP
carboxylase.
SBF1013: General Physiology 13
[1 mark]

What is the first stable

product for C 3, C4 and CAM Oxaloacetate
plants? (OAA) at night, 3
3- PGA at daytime.
Oxaloacetate
phosphoglycer
(OAA).
ate (3-PGA).
[1 mark]

Yes Little None

(present in high (not present or if
Photorespiration rate) present, detectable
in the afternoon)

The key enzyme that aids the fixing of carbon is

Give one (1) reason why rubisco and it found in an abundant amount in C3 plants.
photorespiration happens at Therefore, at low concentration of carbon dioxide it begins
a high rate in C3 plant. to fix oxygen instead

[1 mark]
SBF1013: General Physiology 14

[See next page

6. a. Figure 6 shows a flower of Lily (Lilium sp.) of herbaceous flowering plants. This flower is
called a perfect flower; having both reproductive organ in a flower structure.

Figure 6

With your own words, outline a cycle of developing a new generation of this plant.
[7 marks]

The flower in Figure 6 is an angiosperm that has male and female reproductive organs and is
the dominant sporophyte plant. The flower develops spores where microspores grow into male
gametophytes to produce pollens, and the female gametophytes are produced from
megaspores that form ovules within the flowers' ovaries to produce eggs. The microsporangium
divides by meiosis within the anther to produce haploid microspores that undergo mitosis and
give rise to grains of pollen. There are two cells in each pollen grain, which are generative cells
that break into two sperm cells and the second cell that becomes the cell of the pollen tube. A
megasporocyte undergoes meiosis in the megasporangium, which generates four megaspores,
three small and one large. Only the large megaspore survives; the female gametophyte known
as the embryo sac is produced. Each pole of the embryo sac migrates to four of these cells; two
come to the equator and will ultimately fuse to form a 2n polar nucleus. The three cells form
antipodals away from the egg, while the synergids become the two cells nearest to the egg. A
pollen grain is moved to the stigma during pollination. A pollen tube is germinated by the pollen
tube and extended to the ovule. To perform double fertilization, the pollen tube delivers two
SBF1013: General Physiology 15
sperm to the egg. A mixture of sperm and egg forms a diploid zygote that grows into an embryo.
To form a triploid endosperm that acts as a food reserve, the other sperm fuses with the 2n
polar nuclei. Often known as the seed, the zygote grows into an embryo and stores nutrients.

[See next page

b. Below is a crossword puzzle on embryonic development in human. Use the clues given
(across and down) to complete the crossword puzzle.
[10 marks]
1

B
L
2
M O R U L A

S
3 4
T A
F
E O M

U R C N
6
P T T Y I

L E I S O
7 8
z G A S T R U L A T I O N

Y C U I

G E S Z

O N A

T T T
9
c L E A V A G E I

O
10
M P L A N T A T I O N
I

ACROSS

2. The zygote undergoes mitotic cell division to produce more cells, but the total volume
remains unchanged. The collection of cells called _________stage formed by cleavage.

8. The physiological process in which single layer of cells becoming multi-layered structures.

9. Single cells undergo cell division rapidly develop into multicellular organisms. In the early
embryo development, the division are termed _____________.
SBF1013: General Physiology 16

10. What stage does pregnancy is considered begin?

[See next page

DOWN

1. In the pre-implantation stage, the structure referred to as a ____________, which consists of

a cluster of cells about 100 cells shaped into an inner cell mass that to become the embryo
and an outer trophoblast to become the associated fetal membranes and placenta.

3. A physiological process in which head of sperm highly successfully penetrate the zona
pellucida.

4. During the early gastrulation, four extraembryonic membranes produced with their function
respectively. One of membrane forming a fluid-filled cavity is considered as a balloon
absorbs shock and protects the embryo.

5. What surgery on part of the reproductive organs most significantly causes women to be
unable to pregnant?

6. What is the structure that is formed partly from embryonic tissue and partly from the uterine
wall?

7. In fertilization, two haploid cells with 23 chromosomes combine to produce a diploid cell with
46 chromosomes. This diploid cell is ___________.

END OF QUESTION