N Internet

Descriptions Illustration
O Protocol
Transmission Control Protocol: TCP is
a popular communication protocol
which is used for communicating over
a network. It divides any message into World Wide Web, email, remote
1 TCP
series of packets that are sent from administration, and file transfer
source to destination and there it gets
reassembled at the destination.

Internet Protocol: IP is designed

explicitly as addressing protocol. It is
mostly used with TCP. The IP
addresses in packets help in routing
2 IP them through different nodes in a IP Address: 255.255.255.0
network until it reaches the destination
system. TCP/IP is the most popular
protocol connecting the networks.

User Datagram Protocol: UDP is a

substitute communication protocol to
Transmission Control Protocol
3 UDP implemented primarily for creating Domain Name System (DNS),
loss-tolerating and low-latency linking
between different applications.

Post office Protocol: POP is designed

4 POP for receiving incoming E-mails.  POP3

Simple mail transport Protocol: SMTP

Server: 220 stmp.example.com ESMTP
is designed to send and distribute
5 SMTP Postfix
outgoing E-Mail.
Client: HELO relay.example.com

File Transfer Protocol: FTP allows The best examples of an FTP server is

users to transfer files from one
machine to another. Types of files may
6 FTP
include program files, multimedia
files, text files, and documents, etc.
Filezilla & winSCP. Filezilla is
available for Windows, Linux and
MacOS. We can get access to FTP a/c
with the help of Filezilla. Filezilla is the
most useful and best software for FTP.

7 HTTP Hyper Text Transfer Protocol: HTTP A web browser, for example, may be
is designed for transferring a hypertext the client and an application running on
among two or more systems. HTML a computer hosting a website may be
tags are used for creating links. These the server. The client submits an HTTP
links may be in any form like text or request message to the server.
images. HTTP is designed on Client-
server principles which allow a client
system for establishing a connection
with the server machine for making a
 request. The server acknowledges the
request initiated by the client and
responds accordingly.

Hyper Text Transfer Protocol

Secure: HTTPS is abbreviated as
Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure is
a standard protocol to secure the
communication among two computers
one using the browser and other
https://www.google.com/search?
fetching data from web server. HTTP
q=wikipedia&rlz=1C1CHBF_
is used for transferring data between
enMY911MY912&oq=wikipedia&aqs=
8 HTTPS the client browser (request) and the
chrome...
web server (response) in the hypertext
69i57j0l5j69i60l2.8660j0j7&sourceid=c
format, same in case of HTTPS except
hrome&ie=UTF-8
that the transferring of data is done in
an encrypted format. So, it can be said
that https thwart hackers from
interpretation or modification of data
throughout the transfer of packets.

Telnet: Terminal Network is a set of

rules designed for connecting one
system with another. The connecting
process here is termed as remote login.
9 Telnet The system which requests for
connection is the local computer, and
the system which accepts the
connection is the remote computer.
Used in debugging network services
such as an SMTP, HTTP, FTP or POP3
server, by serving as a simple way to
send commands to the server and
examine the responses.

Gopher: Gopher is a collection of rules Can use

implemented for searching, retrieving
as well as displaying documents from
10 Gopher
isolated sites. Gopher also works on
the client/server principle.
http://gopher.floodgap.com/gopher/g
w to browse the Gopher network via
HTTP, e.g. using a browser not Gopher-
enabled.

Searching Operators

NO Search Operator Description Example

Force an exact-match search.
Use this to refine results for
1 Search term ambiguous searches, or to “Steve Jobs”
exclude synonyms when
searching for single words.
 Search for X or Y. This will
return results related to X or Y,
2 OR or both. Note: The pipe (|) jobs OR gates / jobs | gates
operator can also be used in
place of “OR.”
Search for X and Y. This will
return only results related to
both X and Y. Note: It doesn’t
really make much difference
3 AND jobs AND gates
for regular searches, as Google
defaults to “AND” anyway. But
it’s very useful when paired
with other operators.

Exclude a term or phrase. In

our example, any pages
4 - jobs -apple
returned will be related to jobs
but not Apple (the company).

Acts as a wildcard and will

5 * Steve * apple
match any word or phrase.

Group multiple terms or search

6 () operators to control how the (iPad OR iPhone) apple
search is executed.

Search for prices. Also works

7 $ iPad $329
for Euro (€), but not GBP (£)

A dictionary built into Google,

basically. This will display the
8 define: define: entrepreneur
meaning of a word in a card-
like result in the SERPs.

Returns the most recent cached

version of a web page
9 cache: (providing the page is indexed, cache: apple.com
of course).
 Restrict results to those of a
certain filetype.
E.g., PDF, DOCX, TXT, PPT, apple filetype: pdf / apple
10 filetype: etc. Note: The “ext:” operator ext: pdf
can also be used—the results
are identical.

Limit results to those from a

11 site: site: apple.com
specific website.

Find sites related to a given

12 related: related: apple.com
domain.

Find pages with a certain word

(or words) in the title. In our
13 intitle: example, any results containing intitle: apple
the word “apple” in the title tag
will be returned.

Similar to “intitle,” but only

results containing all of the
14 allintitle: allintitle: apple iPhone
specified words in the title tag
will be returned.

Find pages with a certain word

(or words) in the URL. For this
15 inurl: example, any results containing inurl: apple
the word “apple” in
the URL will be returned.

Similar to “inurl,” but only

results containing all of the
16 allinurl: allinurl: apple iPhone
specified words in
the URL will be returned.

Find pages containing a certain

word (or words) somewhere in
the content. For this example,
17 intext: intext: apple
any results containing the word
“apple” in the page content will
be returned.
 Similar to “intext,” but only
results containing all of the
18 allintext: allintext: apple iPhone
specified words somewhere on
the page will be returned.

Proximity search. Find pages

containing two words or
phrases within X words of each
other. For this example, the
19 AROUND(X) apple AROUND (4) iPhone
words “apple” and “iphone”
must be present in the content
and no further than four words
apart.
Find the weather for a specific
location. This is displayed in a
20 weather: weather snippet, but it also weather: Malaysia
returns results from other
“weather” websites.

See stock information (i.e.,

21 stocks: stocks: apple
price, etc.) for a specific ticker.

Force Google to show map

22 map: map: mid valley
results for a locational search.

Find information about a

specific movie. Also finds
23 movie: movie: Mulan
movie showtimes if the movie
is currently showing near you.

Convert one unit to another.

24 in Works with currencies, RM300 in SGD
weights, temperatures, etc.

Find news results from a

25 source: apple source: the verge
certain source in Google News.
 Not exactly a search operator,
26 _ but acts as a wildcard for apple CEO _ jobs
Google Autocomplete.

Search for a range of numbers.

In the example below, searches
related to “WWDC videos” are
27 #..# returned for the years 2010– ww dc video 2010...2014
2014, but not for 2015 and
beyond.

Find pages that are being linked

to with specific anchor text. For
this example, any results with
28 inanchor: inbound links containing either inanchor: apple iPhone
“apple” or “iphone” in the
anchor text will be returned.

Find blog URLs under a

specific domain. This was used
29 blogurl: in Google blog search, but I’ve blogurl: microsoft.com
found it does return some
results in regular search.

Similar to “inanchor,” but only

results containing all of the
30 allinanchor: allinanchor: apple iPhone
specified words in the inbound
anchor text will be returned

31 loc: place name Find results from a given area. loc:” Malaysia” apple

Force an exact-match search on

32 + jobs +apple
a single word or phrase.

Include synonyms. Doesn’t

work, because Google now
33 ~ includes synonyms by ~apple
default. (Hint: Use double
quotes to exclude synonyms.)
 Find blog posts written by a
specific author. This only
34 inpostauthor: inpostauthor:” Steve jobs”
worked in Google Blog search,
not regular Google search.

Find blog posts with specific

words in the title. No longer
35 inposttitle: works, as this operator was intitle: apple iPhone
unique to the discontinued
Google blog search.
Find pages linking to a specific
domain or URL. Google killed
this operator in 2017, but it
36 link: does still show some results— link: apple.com
they likely aren’t particularly
accurate though.

Find information about a

specific page, including the
most recent cache, similar
pages, etc.
37 info: info:apple.com / id:apple.com
Note: The id: operator can also
be used—the results are
identical.

Find results from a certain date

38 range. Uses the Julian date daterange:11278–13278
daterange: format, for some reason.

phonebook:
39 Find someone’s phone number. phonebook: Gordon Ramsay

#
Searches #hashtags. Introduced
40 #apple
for Google+; now deprecated.
 Browser Description
Chrome is a free Internet browser officially released by Google on
December 11, 2008. Its features include synchronization with Google
services and accounts, tabbed browsing, and automatic translation
and spell check of web pages. It also features an integrated address
bar/search bar, called the omnibox.

Overview and benefits

Chrome works quite well with Google sites and services such
as YouTube and Gmail. It also manages its system resources
differently than other browsers. Its V8 JavaScript engine was
developed from scratch at Google, and may improve your experience
on heavily scripted websites and applications. Essentially, it should
make the things you do on the Internet faster.
Chrome

Incognito mode

Chrome offers a private browsing option called Incognito Mode.

This mode allows you to browse in an isolated sandbox web session.
It gives you temporary control over your
browsing history and session identity, because when you close the
browser, your logins and history are deleted. However, it does not
guarantee anonymity.

Mode-named "Spartan," Microsoft Edge is the latest Internet browser

from Microsoft that was introduced with Microsoft Windows 10 as a
replacement for Internet Explorer. The Edge browser comes pre-
installed with Windows 10.
A new version of the Microsoft Edge browser, based on Chromium,
was released in January 2020. The new version is more lightweight
than the original Edge browser, and has improved performance.
Being based on Chromium, like the Google Chrome browser, it has
similar features and menu options as Chrome. It is also available for
use on Windows 7, Windows 8, and Windows 8.1 computers.
Microsoft Edge
Microsoft Edge features
More modern, lightweight, and reduced resource consumption.
Support for "inking" or the ability to write on a web page.
Support for Firefox and Chrome add-ons.
Faster page rendering. Integration with Cortana.
Automatic form fill
Private browsing
More security features
No longer includes ActiveX

Microsoft Internet Often abbreviated as IE or MSIE, Microsoft Internet Explorer is an

 Internet browser that allows users to view web pages on the Internet.
Users can also utilize Internet Explorer to listen to and
watch streaming content, access online banking, make purchases
over the Internet, and much more.

Internet Explorer history

Internet Explorer was first introduced on August 16, 1995,
by Microsoft as version 1.0 and it came with Microsoft Windows 95.
Internet Explorer is included in all Windows versions
before Windows 10. The last version of IE, included with Windows
Explorer 8, was Internet Explorer 11.
With the introduction of Windows 10 in 2015, Microsoft also
introduced Microsoft Edge, which is a replacement browser for
Internet Explorer.
Browser market share
While it still has more users than its replacement, Microsoft Edge,
Internet Explorer has lost a lot of ground over the years. While still
close in numbers to Firefox, Opera, it trails behind Safari and all
browsers are far behind Google Chrome. The screenshot above is an
example of what Internet Explorer 7.0 looked like with the Computer
Hope homepage loaded.

The Firefox web browser was first released in beta on September

23, 2002, as the "Mozilla Browser," although it was internally code-
named "Phoenix." Firefox 1.0 was officially released on November
9, 2004.
Firefox became a popular alternative to Microsoft Internet Explorer
6.0 when users sought a browser that could better protect them
from spyware and malicious websites. As of 2017, it is the fourth-
most popular browser after Google Chrome, Apple Safari, and UC
Browser.
Features
Firefox features tabbed browsing with individual processes per
tab, popup blocking, private browsing, phishing detection, and
a sandbox security model.
Firefox
Firefox Quantum
On November 14, 2017, Mozilla announced Firefox Quantum, a new
technology base for the Firefox browser. Every new version of
Firefox for desktop computers uses Firefox Quantum technology,
beginning with version 57. Mobile versions use the new appearance
features (code-named "Photon UI"), but not the underlying
technology.
Firefox Quantum is roughly twice as fast as previous versions of
Firefox and uses less RAM when browsing. Large portions of
Firefox Quantum were re-written using Mozilla's home-grown
system programming language, Rust, which provides
enhanced thread safety. As a result, Firefox takes greater advantage
of multiprocessing capabilities on the user's computer.

Opera Opera is an Internet browser developed by Opera Software and was

 first released on April 1, 1995. Designed for desktops and mobile
platforms, including a popular choice for mobile phones. Opera
claims to be the fastest browser on earth and has a free e-mail client
known as Opera Mail. The picture shows what the Opera 9.6 web
browser looks like with the Computer Hope website on it. Some of
the popular features of Opera are its speed, tabbed browsing, pop-up
control, and voice control.
Older versions of the Opera browser featured File/Edit/View menus,
for accessing the various features and functionality of the browser.
Newer versions have a single menu feature located at the top left of
the browser window, which replaces the File, Edit, View menus.
On August 10, 2005, the Opera Mini browser was released, designed
for use with smartphones that could run standard web browsers. The
Opera Mini browser can be downloaded from app stores, like the
Apple App store or Google Play store.

Safari is an Internet browser that was first introduced on June

30, 2003, and is included with Apple macOS X and the iPhone. It is
also available for iPod Touch and iPad.
Note
Safari
On June 24, 2013, Apple announced Safari for the PC and Microsoft
Windows had been discontinued. You can still get older versions, but
with Apple no longer supporting the Windows-based Safari browser,
we suggest an alternative browser like Chrome or Firefox.

Released November 15, 2011, Amazon Silk is a proprietary Internet

browser developed for Fire OS devices. Silk uses the open-source
Chromium project as its foundation, deriving many features from
Amazon Silk the Google Chrome browser.
The Silk browser comes pre-installed as the default browser on
most Amazon hardware devices, including app-
based Kindle devices, Fire TV, and compatible Echo devices.