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A review on parts of Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. used as Ayurvedic drugs

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 Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 6(11): November 2013

ISSN 0974-3618 www.rjptonline.org

RESEARCH ARTICLE

A Review on Parts of Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. Used as Ayurvedic Drugs

S. C. Verma1*, E. Vashishth1, R. Singh1, A. Kumari1, A. K. Meena2, P. Pant1, G. C. Bhuyan1 and
M. M. Padhi 1
1
Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences, 61-65, Institutional Area, Opp.-D-Block, Janakpuri,
New Delhi-110058, India
2
National Research Institute for Ayurveda- Siddha Human ResourceDevelopment, Gwalior
*Corresponding Author E-mail: scvpharma@gmail.com

ABSTRACT:
Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. (Family: Fabaceae) is commonly known as Siris, Shiris in Hindi; Lebbeck Tree in English
and Bhandi, Sitapuspa, Sukapriya, Mrdupuspa in Sanskrit. It is mainly distributed in tropical and subtropical areas of
India, Andaman Island, Myanmar, tropical Africa, Asia and northern Australia. Albizia lebbeck has been of keen
interest due to varied phytochemicals and Ayurvedic research due to their excellent medicinal values. Traditionally, it
is used as anti-asthmatic, anti-inflammatory, anti-fertility, anti-diarrhoeal, antiseptic, anti-dysenteric and anti-
tubercular. It is also used in the treatment of ringworms and wounds by washing the affected areas, gonorrhea,
leucorrhoea, bronchitis, leprosy, paralysis, helmenth infection and other genital diseases. The phytoconstituents
reported in the plants are melacacidin, D-catechin, β-sitosterol, albiziahexoside, betulnic acid and echinocystic acid
glycosides, which are responsible for various potent physiological and pharmacological activities. This review includes
the detailed exploration of the botany, phytochemistry and Traditional uses aspects of Albizia lebbeck is an attempt to
provide a direction of further research.

KEYWORDS: Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth., Phytochemistry, Ayurvedic uses.

INTRODUCTION:
Plants produces primary and secondary metabolites during It is considered as an important plant for both industrial and
their metabolic pathway like proteins, sugars, amino acids, medicinal uses [3] The plant has a remarkable reputation due
carboxylic acids and alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, to its food, feed, and medicinal value [4] It is cultivated in
coumarins, glycosides, phenolics, saponins etc. The farmlands, along roadsides, irrigated plantations and
presence of these phyto-constituents makes them an riveroin tracks. It also provides fuel wood. Their leaf
efficacious herbal drug. Many parts of plant shows specific contains 16.8-25.5% crude protein and is excellent source
characteristics and properties. So for the use of all plants of fodder [5]
parts in pharmacological, antimicrobial and clinical
research, it is therefore necessary to identify the active Botanical Classification [6] :
principles (phytoconstituents) and also their possible side Kingdom Plantae
effects to enhance product quality [1]. This plant species Division Magnoliophyta
Class magnoliopsida
shows the symbiotic relationship with Rhizobium bacteria Order fabales
and fix atmospheric nitrogen used for its growth and also Family fabaceae
for the enrichment of the rhizosphere. It is a multipurpose Genus Albizia
fast growing tree. It also grown as an ornamental tree due to Species Albizia lebbeck
its pleasant appearance or shade tree [2] and also used to
control the soil erosion due to the shapes of root which Taxonomy and nomenclature[7]
helps in binding the soil and took to soil conservation and Family: Fabaceae - Mimosoideae
erosion management. Its leaves can be also used as green Synonyms: English: Siris Tree, Lebbeck Tree
manure. Hindi: Siris, Shiris
Sanskit : Bhandi, sitapuspa, sukapriya, Mrdupuspa
Urdu: Siris
Received on 23.08.2013 Modified on 15.09.2013 Bengali. Sirish, Siris
Accepted on 28.09.2013 © RJPT All right reserved Gujrati. : Shirish
Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 6(11): November 2013; Page 1235-1241
Kannad. : Bagey, Bage Mara, Hombage
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 Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 6(11): November 2013

Malyalam.: Vaka, Nanmenivaka system and, young plants can also enable to survive in total
Marathi: Siris defoliation from fire or grazing and night frosts of
Oriya : Sersuan, Sirisha considerable intensity. Average day temperatures ranging
Punjabi: Sirish, Sareehn from 19°C to 35°C is needed for optimal growth. The
Tamil: Vakai seedlings are unable to tolerate frost. The trees are leafless
Telgu.: Dirisena for only 4-6 weeks and their after new leaves are produced
at the height of the dry season, followed in the tropics by a
Common names: gregarious flowering [8, 9, 13].The plant is also used as a
East Indian walnut, fry wood, koko, lebbek, lebbek tree, windbreak crop [4].
siris tree, women's tongue tree, lebbekboom, ebano oriental,
coraçao de negro, lingua de mulher, lingua de sogra[8]. Medicinal uses of Plant:
Traditionally plant is used as anti-asthmatic, anti-
In India: inflammatory, anti-fertility and anti-diarrhoeal, antiseptic,
bage, begemara, bengha, beymada, bhandir, diriina, anti-dysenteric, anti-tubercular, leprosy, paralysis, helmenth
chinchola, darshana, dieng salvrin, dirasan, dirasanam, infection [10], Allergic rhinitis [15], astringent, to treat the eye,
dirisana, doddabagi, gachoda, garso, goddahunse, harreri, psychoactive, flu, lung problems, pectoral problems, cough,
hirih, kalbaghi, kalshish, karuvagei, katu vagai, katvaghe, gingivitis, abdominal tumors [3]. It is also used in the
kinhi, kokko, kona, kothia koroi, lasrin, mathirsi, moroi, treatment of ringworms and wounds by washing the
munipriva, nenmenivaka, salaunjal, samkesar sirisha, sarin, affected areas, gonorrhea, leucorrhoea and other genital
sarshio, seleyadamara sirsul, shrin, shirson, shirish, sirai, diseases [16]. Plant also shows cardio protective effects[17].
sirar, siras, sirin, siris, sirish, sirisah, tantia, tinia, vaga,
vagai, vagei, vaka, vakai, vellavaka, velvgai, voghe [3]. Plant parts used in traditional system of Medicine:
Leaves, [3] Bark, flower, seeds [18]
Distribution and habitat:
The species is native to India, the Andaman Island, Phytoconstituents of Plant:
Myanmar, tropical Africa, Asia and northern Australia and The main phytoconstituents of plant are melacacidin,
also distributed in tropical and subtropical areas [9] also D-catechin, β-sitosterol, albiziahexoside, betulnic acid [9]
found in dense deciduous forests in tropical and subtropical and echinocystic acid glycosides [19] are mentioned in
countries of Asia, as Laos, Cambodia, Malaysia, Indonesia, Figure 1.
Vietnam, Africa, Australia[2], China, Thailand, Malaysia,
Sri Lanka, the eastern islands of Indonesia[3]. Phytoconstituents of Roots:
Lupeol, stigmasterol, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid
Description of A. lebbeck: and trans-p-coumaric acid were isolated from the n-hexane
Large deciduous perennial medium-sized legume tree with and chloroform fractions of a methanol extract of the root
dark grey bark, usually cracked, young parts usually of A. lebbeck [10] echinocystic acid (saponin) [3] stigmast-4,
hairy [10, 8]. The growth of tree is seen in straight bole shaped 20 (21), 23-trien-3-one (lebbeksterone) and an alcohol
in dense forests but in open areas they are spreading and tricontan-10a-ol (Isotriacontanol), tricosanyloctadec-9-en-1-
low branching [11]. The plant species produce an incessant oate and pentacosanyloctadec-9-en-1-oate[20] are mentioned
rattle in the wind, reminding women's chatter, hence the in Figure 1.
name "women's tongue” is given to this plant [8]. Tree shows
its growth seasonally, with no growth in the early part of Uses of roots: Hemicranias [21]
the dry season. Leaf loss occurs 2-3 months later, and the Botanical Description of bark:
tree remains leafless for 1-2 months at the end of dry season Grey, rough, and a little flaky; inside reddish [3] sometimes
growth resumes and flowering begins [12]. It is used as a dark brown to greenish black with longitudinal and
honey tree due to its production of both nectar and pollen transverse fissures on outer surface; inner surface whitish
[13]
. If the standard hard-seeded legume scarification with fine longitudinal stations [22]
processes are followed, seeds can be germinated easily and
seedlings can be developing as a broad root zone [14]. Phytoconstituents of Bark:
D-catechin, isomers of leucocyanidin and melacacidin,
Ecology: leucoanthrocyanidin, lebbecacidin, friedelin, β-sitosterol[18],
It grows in a wide range of climates, covering an annual acacic acid lactone 3-O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1 leads to
rainfall range of 600 - 2500 mm, and can also be grown 2)-alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl-(l leads to 6)-beta-D-
successfully in areas with an annual rainfall as low as 400 glucopyranoside, 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl (1 leads to 2)-
mm. It can tolerate lower and more irregular rainfall O-[alpha-arabinopyranosyl (1 leads to 6)]-beta-D-
conditions. It grows in Himalayan valleys up to 1600 m. glucopyranoside and 3-O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1 leads to
Found from sea level up to 1800 m altitude. The species 2)-alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1 leads to 6)-O-[beta-D-
shows high adaptation to a wide range of soil types, from glucopyranosyl (1 leads to 2)-beta-D-glucopyranoside[23],
acidic soils to alkaline and saline, eroded soils, laterites anthraquinone glycosides[15].For the determination of
except heavy clays conditions. Older trees can withstand in phytoconstituents in the bark of the plant, the ethanolic and
heavy grazing and fire by utilizing the reserves in the root petroleum ether extract of bark were made, and subjected to
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 Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 6(11): November 2013

preliminary phytochemical screening, followed by the Water Soluble ash: not more than 1% (w/w)
method given in WHO Guidelines and Ayurvedic Water Soluble Extractive: not less than 7% (w/w)
Pharmacopoeia. The result shows the presence of alkaloids, Alcohol soluble extractive: not less than 16% (w/w)
carbohydrates, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, steroids PH: 4.86±0.002
and tannins in the ethanolic extract. Whereas fats and oils
were present in the petroleum ether extract only [24] are Uses of heartwood:
mentioned in figure 1. The heartwood is dense (specific gravity 0.55-0.60), use for
making cabinet timber and also in the doors of Chinese
Physio-chemical analysis dry stem bark: [3] temples [13] Pulp is short-fibered and used for paper
Loss on drying: less than7.0 (% w/w) production only when mixed with long-fibred pulp [11]
Ash content: less than 12.0 (% w/w) furniture and veneer [14].
Acid insoluble ash: less than 2.0 (% w/w)
Total soluble solid: greater than 85.0 (% w/w) Botanical Description of leaves:
PH: 5%w/v solution 4.0-7.0 Bi-pinnate with 3-11 pairs of bright green, oblong to
elliptic-oblong leaflets, asymmetrical 1.5-6.5 cm long x 0.5-
Uses of bark: 3.5 cm broad entire, glabrous[8] folding at night, the bright
Astringent, bitter, acrid, sweet, mildly thermo genic, colour of leaflets changes into duller glaucous green on
expectorant, aphrodisiac, ophthalmic, depurative, maturity[13] when young, leaflets are nyctinastic, but fixed in
restrorative, tonic[18] bronchitis, leprosy, paralysis, older leaves[3].
helminthes infections, antidiarrheal activity, dental
infections [25] toothache and diseases of the gum[15], eczema, Phytoconstituents of leaves:
pruritus, worm infestation and paralysis[3], alexiteric, Flavone, 3', 5-dihydroxy-4', 7-dimethoxyflavone and a
anthelmintic, cures diseases of blood, leucoderma, itching, nitrogenous compound, N-benzoyl-L-phenylalaninol,
skin disease, excessive perspiration, piles, deafness, boils, friedelan-3-one and g-sitosterol; Hexaglycosylated saponins
scabies, syphilis, and weakness[4] used for making soap and [10], quercetin, unsaturated carboxylic acid methyl ester, a
for tanning [14]. triterpene saponin, albigenic, albigenin,[24]; two tri-O-
glycoside flavonols i.e, kaempferol, quercetin;
Formulations containing A. lebbeck bark extract: albizziahexoside (a hexaglycosylated saponins) [27, 3] and
By using aqueous, ethanolic and petroleum ether extracts in cardiac glycoside [17]. On performing the phytochemical
varied concentrations along with different polymer, the gel screening of leaves of different extract of A. lebbeck, it was
formulation was designed. The physiochemical parameters observed that leaves were rich in flavonoids, tannins and
of formulations (pH, viscosity, spread ability etc.) were saponins, along with the presence of carbohydrates,
determined. The results showed that formulation containing alkaloids, whereas, steroids are absent in all extracts and
2.5 gm of ethanolic extract of bark have promising effect due to denaturation of proteins by heat, the absence of
than other formulations [26]. proteins and amino acids is also observed. On performing
the FTIR spectrum of A. lebbeck leaves the various
Botanical Description of heartwood: functional groups are identified [28]. In dry ethanolic extracts
Dark brown in colour streaked with dark and brown shades. of A. lebbeck leaves, FTIR analysis indicated the presence
The texture of the surface was appeared to be hard, rough of alcohols, phenols, alkanes, carboxylic acids, aromatics,
and course in touch, and splintery in fracture characteristic ketones and alkyl halides compounds [28] are mentioned in
with very mild characteristic odour with slightly astringent Figure 1.
taste [22]. Wood provides good fuel and has a caloric value
of 22 kilojoules per kg In India, annual wood yields of 5 HPTLC Studies on the Phenyl Propanoids of A. lebbeck
m3/ha were recorded in rotations of 10 - 15 years, but yields leaves [29]
depend on environmental conditions [11]. The mobile phase of toluene: chloroform:acetone (4: 2.5:
3.5 v/v/v) produced high resolution and more number of
Phytoconstituents of heartwood: reproducible peaks for the phenyl propanoids of A. lebbeck
Melanoxetin, d-pinitol, okanin and leucopelangonidin, a leaves.
stereoisomer (-) melacacidin (7,8,3’, 4’- tetrahedroxyflavan-
3,4-diol), and lebbecacidin[22]. In methanol extractive of The petroleum ether extracts of A. lebbeck leaves displayed
heart wood phenols, tannins, flavonoid, proteins, the presence of 13 types of phenyl propanoids with 13
carbohydrates, and glycoside were found to be present different Rf values ranged from 0.02 to 0.92. of which two
while saponins and alkaloids were absent [22]. (Rf 0.48 and 0.83) were identified as phenyl propanoids,
others were unknown.
Physicochemical evaluations of heartwood powder of A.
lebbeck [22] The ethyl acetate extract of A. lebbeck leaves illustrated the
Loss on drying: not more than 7% (w/w) presence of 14 different types of phenyl propanoids with 14
Ash value: not more than 3% (w/w) different Rf values with range from 0.01 to 0.94.
Acid insoluble ash: not more than 2% (w/w)

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 Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 6(11): November 2013

The methanolic extract of A. lebbeck leaves demonstrated For the determination of phytoconstituents in the pod of the
the presence of 6 different types of phenyl propanoids with plant, the ethanolic and petroleum ether extract of bark were
6 different Rf values 0.02, 0.18, 0.32, 0.34, 0.76 and 0.94. made, and subjected to preliminary phytochemical
screening, followed by the method given in WHO
Medicinal uses of leaves: Guidelines and Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia. The results
Tuberculosis, reddishness of eyes, and trauma, antiseptic, shows the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, glycosides,
antimicrobial, anti-ovulatory, anti-fertility, anti- protozoal, saponins, tannins, flavonoids and proteins in the ethanol
anti- dysenteric, anti- tubercular, anti-cancer activity [27]. extract whereas in the petroleum ether only fats and oils
were present [24]. Other constituents are 3’, 5-dihydroxy-4’,
Botanical Description of flower: 7 dimethoxy flavone, N- Benzoyl- L- phenyl alaninol [27]
Inflorescences are globular clusters and an axillary cluster albigenin, a triterpene, albigenic acid, a triterpenoid
of 15-40 white fragrant flowers [8]; Peduncle to 100 mm, sapogenin [21]
pedicel 1.5-5 mm long, calyx puberulous, 3.5-5 mm long,
corolla inconspicuous, 5 - 11 mm long, ending in 5 Uses of pod:
triangular lobes covered with soft downy hairs at the apex, Antiprotozoal, hypoglycemic and anticancer properties [15]
free numerous filaments, 15-30 mm long, fused at the base, antidiabetic [4]
mostly white to cream, tipped with pale green, and
becoming dark yellow with age[3]. Pollination is done Fruiting season: April to June [22]
by insect [13] maturant, emollient, aphrodisiac, and their Botanical Description of seed: Round cream colored seeds
smell is useful in hemicranias[4]. [31]

Phytoconstituents of seed:
Chemical constituents of flower: Crude protein, calcium, phosphorous, iron, niacin, ascorbic
Lupeol, α and β amyrin [18], benzyl acetate, benzyl benzoate acid, amino acid composition of protein is arginine,
and crocetin [10] different sterols i.e, taxerol, cycloartemol, histidine, leucine and isoleucine lysine, methionine, phenyl
lupeol, campesterol, sitosterol [3] triterpene, lebbekanin, alanine, theonine, tyrosine and valine [18], echinocystic acid
saponin, saponin glycosides, crocetin lebbekanin-D, F, G & and sitotosterol, [24] N-demethyl budmunchiamines [19], AL-
H [30]. On performing the preliminary qualitative analysis of α AI (Albizia lebbeck a-amylase inhibitor)[32]; fatty acid
A. lebbeck on flower powder; phenols tannins, flavonoids reported are palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic,
were present in the methanol and water extract, steroids and arachidic, cis-11- eicosenoic, behenic, pentadecanoic, n-
alkaloids were present in the methanol and chloroform heneicosanoic, cis-9- heptadecenoic, octadecenoic and
extract whereas glycoside shows their presence in all the myristic acidsthe [33].
extracts (methanol, chloroform, benzene, diethyl ether ,and
water) [30] . Uses of seed:
Piles and diarrhoea [25], astringent, aphrodisiac, and used as
Physicochemical evaluations of flower powder of A. brain tonic, for treating gonorrhea, and the seed oil is
lebbeck [30] applied topically to cure leucoderma, scrofulous swellings
[4]
Loss on drying: not more than 9% (w/w)
Ash value: not more than 8% (w/w)
Acid insoluble ash: not more than 1% (w/w) The seed shows nutritional and ant nutritional contents [34].
The proximate composition (% dry matter) of A. lebbeck in
Uses of flower: seed is moisture (3.10 ± 0.001), crude protein (27.30 ±
Chronic cough, bronchitis [18], tropical pulmonary 0.001), ether extract (7.50 ± 0.10), crude fibre (38.50 ±
eosinophilia, asthma [24] inflammation, scrofula, skin 0.01) and carbohydrate (19.40 ± 0.00) [34].
diseases, leprosy, leucoderma, chronic catarrh, seminal
weakness, opthalmopathy, poisoning [17], for the treatment The elemental composition in the seed were examined and
of spermatorrhea[4] and snakebite [21] it was found that they are rich in Mg (7.47 ± 0.07) ppm, Fe
(2.80 ± 0.002) ppm and Se (4.87 ± 1.03) ppm, whereas the
Flowering season: April to June [22] amount of Cd (0.15 ± 0.001) ppm [34].
Botanical Description of pod:
When mature they are light yellowish-brown, , glabrous, Albezia lebbeck containing herbal formulation:
flat, leather-like, indehiscent, 12 - 35 cm long, and 3 - 6 cm Various Pharmaceutical industries are using A. lebbeck as a
wide, rolling along the sutures, containing 3 – 12 seeds.[3] raw ingredients in manufacturing of various medicines, the
Mature pods remain on the tree till May-July.[22] details are given in Table 1.
Phytoconstituents of pod:

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 Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 6(11): November 2013

O O H
O O H
O H
HO

O O H

HO
O H O H
O O H

p - c o u m a r ic a c id p - c o u m a r ic a c id Q u e r c e t in

OH

H
HO
Me
H H
H 3C O OH

Me H
O
O
H
O OH
H3C

Sapogenin A p ig e n in
H 3C CH3
O

OH
C H O
CH3 CH3 3

O
C H O C H 3
3 H
OH
CH3 O H
H H

HO O H O O
H H
H 3C H H
CH3
H H
O H

E chino cyst ic ac id C a r d ia c g ly c o s id e s

CH 3

H 2C OH
H
HO
H O
CH 3 CH 3 H
O OH
OH
H H
CH 3
H H
HO HO
H
H 3 C CH 3 HO OH

Betulinic acid beta-Sitosterol D-(+)-Catechin

OH
OH
OH
O
HO O
N
OH
OH N NH2
O
OH H

Friendelin 3-one iso -M e la cac id in L -H istid ine

1239
 Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 6(11): November 2013

O H
H3C H

O O
CH3
H
H

HO HO
O OH H H

5-Hydroxy-4',7-dimethoxy-flavone a lp h a - A m y r in b e t a - A m y r in

H 3C CH3

OH
CH3
CH3 O
OH
CH3

HO
H 3C CH3

E c h in o c y s t ic a c id

Figure-1: Structure of some phytoconstituents present in Albizia lebbeck

Table 1: Herbal formulation of A. lebbeck

S. Name of product Manufacturer Medicinal uses Ref
No no.
1. Aller-7™ Natural Factors Seasonal allergies, healthy respiratory and immune systems, promote clear 36
(Aller-Ease airway passages and easy breathing, stabilize mast cells (which promote
Formula) respiratory health), and neutralize free radicals, which can damage the
body’s respiratory and immune systems.
2. Herbal formulation Treatment of piles 37
3. Asthocalm Sambhav Pharma Respiratory system booster, mainly for asthma. 38
Indore, Madhya
Pradesh
4. Shirishavaleha Journal of Ayurveda For humoral antibody formation and cell-mediated immunity, 39
and Integrative immunomodulatory activity.
Medicine
5. Albizia lebbeck. Natural remedies Pvt Anti-allergic 40
Ltd

CONCLUSION: molecules for synthesizing novel agents having good

Albizia lebbeck has been traditionally used in the cure of
various diseases, as we have illustrated in this article.
Moreover, numerous research works have been reported for
its uses. The plants appear to have a broad spectrum of
activity on several ailments. The various parts of the plant
have been explored for anti-asthmatic, anti-inflammatory,
anti-fertility, anti-diarrhoeal, antiseptic, anti-dysenteric,
anti-tubercular and many other activities. It is reported to
contain melacacidin, D-catechin, β-sitosterol,
albiziahexoside, betulnic acid, echinocystic acid glycosides
and triterpenoids, which may be responsible for the
different biological activities. Hence, pure
phytoconstituents may be isolated and used as lead
therapeutic activity. Standardization of extracts, phyto-
pharmacology of different extracts, isolation and
characterization of active phytoconstituents, elucidation of
mechanism of action of the isolated compounds and clinical
trial of the extracts/drugs are essential in respect of
development of quality herbal medicine. In the changing
global scenario the interest towards plants with medicinal
value is increasing substantially in the primary healthcare
system both in the developed and developing countries.
Therefore, the information will help the scientists and
researchers to screen the compounds responsible for
different bioactivities, and to elucidate the mechanism of
action.

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 Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 6(11): November 2013

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: 21. Pathak N. L, Patel N. J, Kasture S.B, Jivani N. P, Bhalodia S Y,

Malavia S. V. 2010; Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Albizia
This research was supported by Prof. Abhimanyu Kumar, Lebbeck Methanolic Extract In Arthritic Rats, international
Director General, Central Council for Research in journal of pharma Research and development. Pub/arti/vol-
Ayurvedic Sciences, Department of AYUSH, New Delhi. 1/issue-12/feb/001
22. Yadav S. S, Galib, Prajapati P. K., Harisha C. R., 2011;
Pharmacognostical Screening and Phytochemical Evaluation of
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