VEHICLE TO INFRASTRUCTURE COMMUNICATION

DIFFERENT METHODS AND TECHNOLOGIES USED FOR IT

In [1], a new approach for deployment of a communications architecture for VANETs (and therefore,
for ITS Communications Systems). It adapts present solutions by separating the roles of services
implemented inside an OBU and the ITS/VANETs applications that will use them, specifying standard
and common communication technologies/protocols for implementation of the ITS-LCI and for
access to the modules services on the OBU, which are already commonly implemented by many
vehicle Connectivity Control Unit’s (CCU) device manufacturers. By maintaining the lower-level
medium-access communication and lower-level vehicle control functions inside the OBU, we can
maintain the responsibility of its implementation on the automotive industry because its correct
implementation is a delicate issue with both legal and social repercussions. On the other hand,
higher-level control functions and high-level ITS applications can be independently researched and
developed by third party software makers, with more expertise on efficient application software
algorithms. A simulation is done [2] of a real-life traffic scenario is conducted in order to study
network feasibility and its benefits for road traffic fluency and safety. The simulations of the traffic
areas were analysed and from this paper it could be seen that if this technology were to be
implemented, it can reduce traffic congestion. From [3] we can learn about V2I communication
safety messaging in dedicated short range communications. From the conclusions drawn from the
paper one can find that ACARS will be suitable for a good range of environments; this means that
vehicles will be able to maintain good performance, despite the different locations they are that is
affected by propagation phenomena. Interestingly is that, it can perform indoor, outdoor and urban
areas. In the future, evaluation of the impact of ACARS on other environments and also consider
other context information such weather condition, traffic signs, tunnel effect. Evaluation of the
algorithm in a V2V network is also to be performed. System created in [4] shows a novel V2I system
based on ROF technique. This realizes multiple information interaction by fibre-optic communication
between control station (CS) and local base station LBS and by RF communication between LBS and
each vehicle. China has been using fibre to the curb program. The technology used in system made
in [4] is: optical access to transfer high data bandwidth and faster transmission bit rate. Radio-over-
fibre (ROF) technique is an attractive approach to future V2I communication system for its huge
bandwidth and high reliability between (CS) and local base (LBS) which would provide multi-services
with higher quality for each terminal vehicle, and for its availability of centralized operation and its
transparency for bandwidth and modulation techniques which would be easier for system upgrade
as well. In [5] a new approach to density estimation has been discussed because currently, most of
the vehicle density estimation approaches are designed for using infrastructure-based traffic
information systems, which require the deployment of vehicle detecting devices such as inductive
loop detectors or traffic surveillance cameras. However, these approaches are limited since they can
only be aware of traffic density in a very specific and reduced area. So, [5] presents a solution to
estimate the traffic density on the roads that relies on the V2I communication capabilities offered by
Vehicular Networks. [5] proposes to achieve such a solution by counting the number of beacons
received per RSU. The density estimation function takes into account that each vehicle sends one
beacon per second, & these messages unlike warning messages are not decoded by other vehicles.
As expected, complex roadmaps present a number of received beacons lower than simple roadmaps
for a similar vehicular density. Therefore, the characteristics of the roadmap will be very useful in
order to accurately estimate the vehicular density in a given scenario. We can also have an approach
“Intelligent Transportation System” to manage traffic flow which is modelled as to nearby to “Stop
and Move” and to improve the efficiency of traffic flow which in turn reduces the accidents. The
solution is to control the traffic at intersection as well as reducing the waiting time in case of heavy
traffic. In regards to implementation [6] does so by through the help of Arduino board, ultrasonic
sensor & wireless modules. When the ultrasonic sensor senses the vehicles. Within its range, the
wireless modules connected will sent a signal to the driver the distance between the vehicles, its
speed and its priority of the vehicles (in case of ambulance (or) any other emergency vehicles). The
proposed Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) will be an integrated solution to the vehicles to
drive with improved in safety and increased driver convenience. In vehicle to infrastructure
communication the vehicles in a certain range when it crosses the border they are connected to the
traffic light system. The traffic light and vehicle are connected to each other by using receiver and
transmitter automatically. The vehicle to infrastructure communication with traffic management
system to alert the driver to obey the traffic rules and manage the traffic. This system shares the
information of traffic light and automatically gives penalty to the vehicle that violates the rules. In
[7] the performance of using Zigbee and Bluetooth technologies when used in V2I communications.
The problem with existing standards such as IEEE 802.x & DSRC employ 2.4 or 5.9 GHz bands, which
get crowded or saturated with messages from many vehicles or third-party access points preventing
in-time delivery of messages. The idea of the test was to employ artificially generated messages of
selected lengths and to determine the travel time (back and forth) between two communicating
nodes - that means to count the time between a query is issued and the reply is correctly received
back at the transmission point. Only correct received messages were considered for this set of
measurements. The results obtained from [7] were that: ZigBee typically transfers messages faster
than Bluetooth. The main conditions needed to be a technology for short range communications:

● Radio link duration and reliability

● Robustness to interferences
● Low rate of message drop

We also have works which gives a way to manage autonomous vehicles crossing an intersection with
no collisions[8]; as well as maintaining that the car drives continuously, or to decrease the waiting
time at the intersection. The methodology of safely crossing an intersection, including reducing the
waiting time at the intersection. Thr traditional traffic light will be replaced by the intersection
manager. The approach relies on the exchange of information between an incoming car and the
intersection manager. The theoretical working of system in [8] is that to coordinate a car and
intersection manager, the following message protocol has been designed: A car sends a message to
intersection manager to request the state of intersection. The intersection manager will check its
state and whether it is occupied by a previous car. Then it will shift the time index and reserve it for
incoming car. It will then return the message of the time index back to the incoming car.

IDEA:

● The proposed work is a means to present a new algorithm for urban traffic light control with
mixed traffic (communicating and non-communicating vehicles) and mixed infrastructure.
The Road Side Unit (RSU) manifests its connectedness to equipped vehicles by broadcasting
its communication address and geographical coordinates. The RSU builds a map of
connected vehicles approaching and leaving the junction. The traffic management is in
feedback on the traffic demand of communicating vehicles
● The experimental study of IEEE802.11n with diminished settings compared to the legacy
system (i.e. IEEE802.11g) using off-the shelf devices in vehicle-to-infrastructure scenario. The
motivation of this article is to understand the interaction between the vehicle speed and
 goodput of WLAN based networks compared to IEEE802.11n with diminished settings and
legacy standard.
● From the results of the outdoor performance of IEEE802.11n WLAN at various speeds it is
seen that the throughput is increased by approaching the access point contrary while
moving away is decreasing due to the adaptive data rate. The access point adaptive data
rate which gets impact from the subsequent use of the different primary modulation type
received by the testing vehicle is dependent on its distance (here expressed in elapsed time)
from the AP.
● Goodput is calculated by multiplying the size of sending files by transferring file quantity and
dividing it by the useful connectivity window. The useful connectivity window decreases
proportional by increasing the velocity of speed. The peak transferred file rate with a value
of 1440 was obtained by slow movement. When the speed of the vehicle was increased to
100 km/h, IEEE802.11n technology still allows transferring 324 times 100 000 bytes large file
during connectivity window while passing three AP zones.

We can have V2V2I architecture, which is a hybrid of the V2V and V2I architectures. The V2V2I
architecture leverages the benefits of fast queries and responses from the V2I architecture, but with
the advantage of a distributed architecture not having a single point-of failure from the V2V
architecture. In this, vehicles still communicate with each other, similar to how they communicate in
the V2V architecture. However, the road network is broken into zones, in which one vehicle is
designated as a Super Vehicle. The V2V2I architecture combines the advantages of both the V2V and
the V2I specifically the fault tolerant behaviour of the V2V and the fast queries and accuracy of the
V2I architecture. For gathering speeds and locations in the pure V2V architecture, all of the vehicles
report their data to the other vehicles that are “close” to them, and those vehicles can choose to
propagate this data to other vehicles. Early warning to drivers is given at intersections to help them
avoid possible collisions. This can be achieved with the help of a low-cost camera unit combined with
special hardware for image capture/processing and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communication.
Therefore, when an object on a collision path, such as a motor vehicle, pedestrian, or animal is
detected by the system, a warning is issued to the nearby vehicles enabling drivers to react to critical
situations quickly and effectively. The solution outlined in [10] is to use a low-cost camera unit
combined with a processing unit with wireless capabilities. The system would be able to provide
early warnings to drivers about possible collisions. The system uses image processing techniques and
algorithms to determine the probability of a collision. An audio as well as a visual warning would be
provided to drivers so that they would be able to react to the situation in time.