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Original Article
[ DOI: 10.18869/acadpub.jhs.1.1.65 ]
The evaluation of removal efficiency of phenol from aqueous solutions using Moringa
Peregrina tree shell ash
Amin Zarei.1 *Edris Bazrafshan. 2 Hamed Faridi 1 Razieh Khaksefidi.1 Mostafa Alizadeh.1
1- Student Scientific Research Center of Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
2- Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
*ed_bazrafshan@yahoo.com
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Abstract
Background and purpose: Phenol is one of prevalent contaminants found in many industrial
wastewaters. The combination with special features, such as high toxicity, carcinogenic
properties, vitality gathering ability, low biodegradation potentiality and others, based on the
U.S Environmental Protection Agency, classified as a priority pollutant. The purpose of this
study was to determine the efficiency of Moringa Peregrina tree shell ash for the removal of
phenol from aqueous solutions.
Materials and Methods: This study is experimental and pilot scale. To determine the
efficiency of Moringa Peregrina tree shell ash for the removal of phenol from aqueous
solutions; the examination was carried out in a batch system. To achieve the aim of this study,
the effect of each of the parameters affecting the adsorption process, such as initial pH of
solution, contact time, adsorbent dose and initial concentration of phenol in solution were
studied.
Results: The results showed that the highest percentage of phenol removal by the ash
occurred at pH 6, initial concentration100 mg.L-1and adsorbent dose 0.4 g/l in which the
79.96% phenol was removed. For the analysis of the absorption constant, the Freundlich and
Langmuir isotherm were used. The results showed that the experimental data fit the Langmuir
(R2=0.9833) much better than the Freundlich model (R2=0.9373).
Conclusion: According to the results of this study, it was found that the Moringa Peregrina
tree shell ash is not only a low-cost adsorbent but also has a high performance in the removal
of phenol from aqueous solutions.
[Zarei A. *Bazrafshan E. Faridi H. Khaksefidi R. Alizadeh M. The evaluation of removal efficiency of phenol from
aqueous solutions using Moringa Peregrina tree shell ash. IJHS 2013; 1(1): 65-74]
http://jhs.mazums.ac.ir
1. Introduction
One of the major forthcoming challenges of maximum allowance of phenol in drinking water
human being is providing healthy water for the is 0.002 mg/L (15).
large population all over the world. This need is So, diagnosis, determination and measurement of
an important issue especially in the developing the phenol combinations in waste water
countries. Water resources are always prone to containing these materials and eliminating them
different contaminations due to anthropogenic and from industrial waste water before introducing
natural actions, which we should rapidly return into the water resources seem necessary. Up to
them into the usage cycle regards to the shortage know different methods are applied to eliminate
of water resources (1,2). phenol combinations from the water
Phenol has an especial importance among the environmental like biologic filtration by
contaminating materials of water (3). Phenol is ultrasound waves, photocatalistic destruction,
one of the most frequent contaminators in waste membranous filtration, enzymatic filtration, and
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water of producing resin, plastic, yarn, extraction by solvent, chemical oxidation, light
petrochemical, coal, ceramic, glue, iron, steel, oxidation, photochemical destruction and wet
aluminum, leather, food process and etc. oxidation (11-16,29).
Furthermore, phenol is used as a solvent, Most of these techniques have especial failures
disinfectant and an additive to increase the like high operative and device costs, needs for
effectiveness of disinfectant (2-9). additive chemical substrate, high energy
Phenol is an inflammable composition with a consumption, needs to further space and
high solubility in water and many other organic producing mug and toxins (30,31).
solvent (10). The presence of phenol in water Adsorption process is one of the most common
causes malodor and bad taste. Also entrance of methods widely used for elimination of organic
phenol in drinking water resources disinfected by and non-organic contaminations from the water
chlorinated compositions cause’s chlrophenol resources. Adsorption process is one of the most
combinations. These materials cause medicinal simple, effective and cost benefit alternative
taste and smell in water and make it inappropriate methods to phenol removal from aqueous
to use and revealed to protest of users. Also, environments (32-35). Active carbon, silica and
phenol is potential human carcinogen and is of active aluminum are used as the absorbent (36) but
considerable health concern, even at low problems like high costs and the possibilities of
concentration. Owing to their toxic effects, activation and reclamation of the absorbent which
including permeabilisation of cellular and are important from economic point of view,
cytoplasmic coagulation, phenolic contaminants provoke investigators to search for new
can damage sensitive cells and thus cause absorbents (37). At the present time, biomass
profound health and environmental problems (7, draws increasing interest all over the world
11-13). According to the classification of United because it is a renewal material which is available
State Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), widely with low costs and no damage to the
phenol compositions are among the prior environment (38). Moringa Peregrina seed is one
combinations. This agency considered a of the desert type restricted growth in the
concentration of less than 1 mg/L in the output of southeast of Sistan and Balouchestan in Iran, and
the filtered waste water to the superficial water, North Africa and southwest of Asia. Moringa
due to the potential effects of contacts to phenol oleifera seed usually grows in the upper mountain
(14). Institute of Standard and Industrial Research slopes where the surface is covered by rocks
of Iran (ISIRI) considered the maximum allowed rubble (39). So, in this study the effective removal
concentration of phenol introducing to the of phenol from aqueous solutions with the
superficial water as 1 mg/L. Also according to the activated carbon from Moringa Peregrina tree
guides of World Health Organization (WHO), the shell was evaluated.
2. Methods
2.1. Preparing phenol solution stock solution prepared with distilled water. To
All chemicals used for this study are of adjust the pH, the concentration of phenol
Analytical grade (AR) and are obtained from solution was then poured into the pH meter by
Merck Company. Stock solutions of phenol were using solutions of HCl and NaOH 0.1 N.
prepared by dissolving the required amount of A known mass of Moringa Peregrina tree shell
phenol (99.9% purity) in deionized water without ash (adsorbent dosage) was then added to the
pH adjustment. Working solutions of the desired solution, and the obtained suspension was
concentrations (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 80 and 100 immediately stirred for a predefined time. After
mg/L) were obtained by successive dilutions. the desired contact time, the samples were
withdrawn from mixture by using a micropipette
2.2. Method of measuring Phenol concentration and the mixtures were then filtered through
The residual phenol concentration in the Whatman 42 filter paper and the concentration of
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solutions was determined using UV- phenol in the filtrates was analyzed. Then the
spectrophotometer (Model T80 UV/VIS) by amount of phenol adsorbed, qe (m/g), was
analyzing the color resulting from the reaction of obtained as follows:
phenol with 4-aminoantipyrine at maximum
wavelength λ = 500 nm (41). Solutions with (1)
concentration higher than that detected by (C 0 −C e )V
qe =
spectrophotometer were determined by dilution. M
by spectrophotometer and results were analyzed. Figure 1 shows the effect of initial pH value of
[ DOI: 10.18869/acadpub.jhs.1.1.65 ]
The above test was done in temperature between the solution (in the range of pH=2-12) on the
23 ±2 0C and repeated twice then the Final results efficiency of adsorption of phenol by Ash with a
are reported as the average of the two concentration of 0.4 g/L initial phenol
measurements. concentration of 50 mg/L respectively.
Removal efficiency, %
of adsorbent dose on the removal of phenol from 90
140
gaz ashes oily skin adsorption dose was done in a
80 120
range of 0.01 to 0.07 g per 100 mL of a solution
qe (mg/g)
containing 50 mg/L at the optimal pH of 6 and 70
100
50 Adsorbed 20
2.7.The effect of exposure time phenol, mg/g
40 0
To measure the effect of exposure time on
adsorption process, tests were done in different 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Initial pH
times (15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 and 210 min) Figure 1. Effect of initial pH on the adsorption of phenol onto
for the primary phenol concentration of 50 mg/L activated carbon obtained from Moringa Peregrina tree shell
in pH=6 and 23 ± 2 ℃. 0.03 mg of adsorbent (Phenol concentration = 50 mg/L; adsorbent dose = 0.4 g/L;
contact time = 60 min)
dissolved in 100 mL of the present solution in
Erlenmeyer 250 mL flask and mixes the samples
after exposure to the Shaker and the elapsed time 3.2.Effect of adsorbent dose on the phenol
then it was filtered as mentioned earlier and removal
analyzed. Adsorption experiments continued to The absorptive capacity of the adsorbent dose is
determine the effect of initial phenol one of the most important parameter for
concentration at pH =6 and 23 ± 2℃. In this stage determining the initial phenol concentration;
0.03 grams of adsorbent were mixed in 100 mL of therefore, to determine the effect of adsorbent
solution containing different phenol dosage on the adsorption process, the adsorbent
concentrations (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 80 and 100 mg/L) dose in the range of 0.7 to 1 g/L and the initial
and solutions exposed to the absorbent for 60 min phenol concentration of 50 mg/L, in pH =6 and 23
with a rate of 120 rpm on the shaker. Then ± 2 ℃ temperature in 60 minute time period
samples were filtered and analyzed as mentioned considered.
before.
100 350
3. Results 90 300
Removal efficiency, %
80 Phenol 250
3.1.The effect of initial pH on adsorption removal, %
70
qe (mg /g)
Removal efficiency, %
parameters for the adsorption process to reach 98
250
equilibrium. Effect of contact time on the
qe, mg/L
200
adsorption process at a temperature of 23 ± 2 ℃, 97
initial phenol concentration, adsorbent dose of 50 150
mg/L and 0.3 g, were studied for a contact time Phenol
100
15-210 minutes. 96 removal, %
Adsorbed 50
Figure 3 shows the effect of exposure time on phenol, mg/g
the adsorption capacity and the percentage of 95 0
phenol elimination in primary phenol 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
concentration of 50 mg/L. The adsorption Initial phenol concentration, mg/L
capacity and percentage of phenol elimination is
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140 phenol by the solid phase, when the two phase are
85 in balance. Figures 5 and 6 show the balanced
120
80 isotherms for phenol adsorption by Moringa
q (mg/g)
100
75 Peregrina and data of balanced adsorption
Phenol removal,% 80
70 analyzed with Freundlich and Langmuir
60 isotherms. Langmuir isotherm model is valid for
65 Adsorbed
60 phenol, mg/g 40 monolayer adsorption onto surface containing
55 20 finite number of identical sorption sites which is
presented by the following equation:
50 0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 (3)
qm KL Ce
Time, (min) qe = 1+K L C e
Figure 3. Effect of contact time for the adsorption of phenol onto
activated carbon obtained from Moringa Peregrina tree shell
(Phenol concentration: 50 mg/L, pH: 6, adsorbent dosage: 0.3 g/L)
In the above equation, q e stands for the absorbed
phenol in a certain amount of absorbent (mg/g),
3.4.The effect of primary phenol concentration Ce is for the balance concentration of solution
on the effectiveness of adsorption process (mg/L) and q m is the maximum amount of phenol
The effect of primary phenol concentration on needed to form a layer (mg/g). Langmuir equation
the efficiency of adsorption in temperature 23 ±2 could change to linear model to facilitate drawing
°c and absorbent dose of 0.3 g/L for 45 min and achieving Langmuir constant (KL) and the
exposure time. As shown in figure 4, phenol maximum adsorption of a layer of Moringa
adsorption rate will be increased by phenol Pregrina (q m ). K1 and q m could be achieved by
concentration, so phenol elimination depends on 1 1
linear drawing of q in contrast to C .
its concentration. e e
(4)
1 1 1 1
=q +q +C
qe m m KL e
0.035
1/qe
0.015
(5) 0.01
1
q e = K f Ce n 0.005
0
1
K f and are the constant of Froondlich and -0.005 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
n
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(6) 2.5
2 1
logq e = logK f + logCe
1.5 n
log qe
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful for the financial support 11. Bodalo A, Gomez E, Hidalgo AM, Gomez M,
of this project by the health research deputy of Murcia MD, Lopez L. Nanofiltration membranes
Zahedan University of Medical Sciences (Project to reduce phenol concentration in wastewater.
number: 5499). Desalination,2009;245:680-686.
12. Aksu Z, Yener J.A comparative adsorption
and biosorption study of mono-chlorinated
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