Chp4 1

12/17/2020
Pavement Engineering (BFT 40203) Dr. Mohamad Yusri
Chapter 4
Rigid Pavement
Presented By:
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mohamad Yusri Aman
Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
1. Rigid pavements are so named

because the pavement structure
deflects very little under loading due
to the high modulus of elasticity of
their surface course.
2. A rigid pavement structure is typically

composed of a PCC surface course
built on top of either
(1) the subgrade or (2) an
underlying base course.
3. Because of its relative rigidity, the pavement structure distributes loads

over a wide area with only one, or at most two, structural layers.
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Surface Course
Materials for concrete pavement

 Concrete, a mixture of:
Cement
Water & air
Aggregate
 Supplementary cementitious material (SCM)
 Chemical admixture
 Dowel bars
 Tie bars
 Reinforcement
 Curing compound
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Rigid Pavement
• The rigid pavement are associated
with rigidity or flexural strength or
slab action.
• The load is distributed over a wide
area of subgrade soil.
• Rigid pavement is laid in slabs with
steel reinforcement
 The first concrete pavement was built
in Bellefontaine, Ohio in 1893.
 In 2001 there was about 95,000 km
was constructed in United States.
Concrete Pavement in Malaysia

 The initial design of concrete Reasons behind the decision to
pavement was a Jointed change to CRCP:
Reinforced Concrete
Pavement (JRCP). PLUS (2007)
To minimize transverse joints,
 Constructed on N2 in Gurun, thus improving riding quality
Kedah ~ Length 5.7 km. To reduce long term
maintenance requirements
 However in 1989, the
government had issued an JKR (2000)
instruction to PLUS to adopt To have better riding quality
Continuously Reinforced To have less maintenance on
Concrete Pavement (CRCP) joints
Easier placement /construction
as compared to JRCP
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Concrete Pavement Elements
Pavement Types & How They

Effect the Subgrade
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Rigid Pavement Vs Flexible Pavement

RIGID PAVEMENT FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
 Design is based on flexural strength or  Design is based on load distributing
slab action characteristics of the component layers
 Have high flexural strength  Have low flexural strength
 Have low repairing cost but completion  Have low completion cost but repairing cost is
cost is high
high
 Life span is more as compare to flexible
 Have low life span (High Maintenance Cost)
(Low Maintenance Cost)
 Surfacing can be directly laid on the sub  Surfacing cannot be laid directly on the sub
grade grade but a sub base is needed
 Strength of the road is less dependent  Strength of the road is highly dependent on the
on the strength of the sub grade strength of the sub grade
 Rolling of the surfacing in not needed  Rolling of the surfacing is needed
 Road cannot be used until 14 days of  Road can be used for traffic within 24 hours
curing
 Force of friction is less Deformation in the sub
 Force of friction is high grade is not transferred to the upper layers.
 No Damage by Oils and Greases
 Damaged by Oils and Certain Chemicals
Components/Terminology
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JPCP JRCP
Jointed Plain Concrete Jointed Reinforced
Pavement Concrete Pavement
CRCP
Continuously Reinforced
Concrete Pavement
Jointed Plain Concrete Pavement (JPCP)
1. no steel reinforcement
2. uses contraction joints to control
cracks
3. transverse joints are spaced in
order to prevent joint-cracks due to
temperature and moisture stresses
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Jointed Plain Concrete Pavements

(JPCP)
Plain concrete pavement
4.2 m max
Plain concrete pavement PCP
5 m max
Plain concrete pavement - dowelled PCP - D
No dowels – must have short slabs + lean concrete sub‐base
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Aggregate Interlock
Aggregate Interlock
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Looking at a plain concrete pavement
Joints
Along – 4.2m
Across – 4.3m
Widened truck
lane
* All joints sealed with
silicone since mid‐1980s
Jointed Plain Concrete Pavements

(JPCP)
– No steel mesh
– 12-30’ joint spacing
– 6-10” Slab
– No dowels
– Stabilized base
– Problems
• Pumping & Faulting
• Corner Cracks, Breaks
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Jointed Plain Concrete Pavement (JPCP)
1. dowel bars are used at transverse joints to assist in load transfer

2. tie bars are typically used at longitudinal joints
Jointed reinforced pavement
(JRCP)
– Reinforcement (0.1 – 0.2%)
– 30-100’ Joint Spacing
– 6-10” Slabs
– Construction joints w/ dowels
– Granular or stabilized subbase
– Problems
– Load transfer failure
– Large tensile stresses
– Environmental damage at joints
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Jointed Reinforced Concrete Pavement (JRCP)
1. uses steel reinforcement

2. steel reinforcement and
contraction joints assist in crack
control
3. the reinforcing steel / wire mesh
is used to hold the cracks tightly
together
Jointed Reinforced Concrete Pavement (JRCP)

4. dowel bars are used at transverse joints to help in the transfer of load
5. the reinforcing steel / wire mesh assists load transfer across cracks
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mesh reinforcement
8 - 15 m typ.
Jointed reinforced dowelled concrete pavement JRCP - D
To limit joint opening prefers 8m max
Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavement (CRCP)

1. No contraction joints
2. transverse cracking is allowed but is held tightly together by the continuous steel
reinforcement
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Continuously reinforced concrete
(CRCP)
• Reinforcement (0.5-0.7%)
• 7-9” Slab
• Granular or stabilized subbase
• Cracks spaced 3-8 ft
• Problems
– Punchouts
• Keys for success
– Drainage
– Materials
– Reinforcing design
Continuously Reinforced Concrete

Pavement (CRCP)
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Continuously reinforced concrete (CRCP)
bar reinforcement
1 - 2.5 m typ.
Continuously reinforced concrete pavement CRCP
Special design – cracks at 1 – 2.5m

No joints except at start/end of day
Looking at a CRC pavement
Cracks initially about 5m, then later 1‐ 2.5m
Still need joints along pavement
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Pavement Type Selection Guidelines
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Construction Joints
Construction Joints
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Hinge or Warping Joints
• Control cracking along the centerline of

the pavement
• Depends on construction type
– Lane at a time
• Keyed joints
– Two lanes
• Dummy groove w/ sealant
– Tie bars to maintain aggregate interlock
Lane 1 Lane 2
How to Prevent Problems
• Use short slabs (12-30’) to minimize joint movement

– Jointed plain concrete
– Maintain aggregate interlock
• Use tie bars to keep cracks closed

– Tie bars add no structural value to pavement, only keep
cracks tight
Steel Tie Bar
• Use joints with dowels

– Allow for joint opening
Dowel bar
– Dowels provide load transfer
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Principles of joint layouts
Designing for construction

• Maximize constant width paving runs
• Economical construction
Avoiding conflicts
• Continuity of joint lines
• Acute angles
• Isolation joints
Continuity of joints
avoid mismatched joints
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Simple field detail to avoid acute angle
300-500 mm
This line would have

formed acute angle
Steel design
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• Reinforcing steel
– Keep cracks tight, carry tension due to friction
• Tie bars
– Tie lanes or lane/shoulder together
• Dowel bars
– Load transfer
Dowel Bar
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Why do we need dowels?
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Effect dowels on pavement responses
Effect dowels on pavement responses
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Dowel Bar Placement
Key design/construction issues dowelled joints
 Dowels assembled in ‘cages/baskets’
 Joint movement – dowel alignment critical
 Dowel baskets – nothing except dowel across joint
 Must not be disturbed during construction
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Dowel Bars-Stainless Steel
Dowel Bars-Epoxy Coating
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Good dowel alignment
Dowels aligned parallel :
• To each other
• Surface
• Road centreline
Poor dowel alignment

• Very critical
 Joint must be able to freely

open and close
 If installed in baskets, they

must support dowels to avoid
displacement during paving
 Particularly with stiff slip

formed concrete ‘bow wave’
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Result of bad dowel alignment
Joint cannot open/close
Crack along back of dowel

difficult repair
Dowel cages - construction
Baskets strong, clipped to ground

Not disturbed during paving
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Any ties across line of joint must be cut

otherwise restrict free joint movement
Two baskets tested

A - frame U - frame
Both “acceptable”
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Never let an architect near a

dowelled joint !
Each part of this joint is dowelled
Centreline joint movement ?
Dowel Bar Recommendations - PCA

Slab Thickness, in Diameter, in Length, in
5 5/8 12
6 3/4 14
7 7/8 14
8 1 14
9 1 1/8 16
10 1 1/4 18
11 1 3/8 18
12 1 1/2 20
Dowels spaced 12” center-on-center
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Tie bar
Tie Bars - Design

 Use Table 4.2 to select steel to meet As requirement
 Spacing = Bar Area / As
 Calculate length
Why do we
need tie
bars ?
Lane separation
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Effect of tie bars on pavement responses
Tie Bars – Common Practice

• Simplify construction
• 0.5” diameter
• 36” long
• 30-40” spacing
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Reinforcing steel
Temperature Reinforcement
• Only to keep cracks tight
• Calculate amount of steel by balancing forces
– Account for slab size, friction, allowable stress in steel
hfL
As 
2 fs
Where: As = required area of steel (in2) / foot of pavement width
h = slab thickness, in
f = coefficient of resistance (1.5)
L = length of slab (ft)
fs = allowable stress in steel (lb/in2)
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Standard Re-bar: Strengths
Standard Re-bar: Sizes
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JRCP
Design assumes a crack will occur
mesh reinforcement
8 - 15 m typ.
Jointed reinforced dowelled concrete pavement JRCP - D
Jointed pavements
Assumption : cracks will occur
1. Reinforcement not intended to stop

crack occuring
2. Reinforcment is to stop a crack from

opening
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JRCP design model

In use for many years – ‘conventional wisdom’
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This design is for longitudinal wires only
For convenience reinforcement is used in the form of

mesh/fabric
Standard sheet of reinforcing fabric/mesh

6m x 2.2m
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Indicative grade of reinforcement *
Slab length up Standard WTM Wire details

to 10m fabric
175 mm A7 7mm x 200mm
200 mm A8 8mm x 200mm
225 mm A9 9mm x 200mm
* suggested only, must be confirmed for individual projects
Reinforcement location
• Cracksstart at top of slab, so to stop crack

opening, reinforcement is near top of slab
• Reinforcement in top third, minimum cover
50mm
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Structural value ?
• Reinforcement does not add to load carrying

capacity, not in flexural zone
• No reduction in thickness when reinforced
• Even if reinforcement in lower half of slab – does
not contribute to load carrying – neutral axis
• Joint has to open/close

• Stop reinforcement short of joint – about 75mm
• Do not carry across joint
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Reinforcement support
• Need to support reinforcement in design location
• Crew will have to walk over it
• Regular grid of bar chairs approx 1m
Optimum slab length
Balance between :
• Cost of reinforcement
• Minimise wastage of cut reinforcement
• Cost of dowels at joints
• Unpredictability of joint movement and sealant
performance for long slabs
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Optimum slab length
Suggested about 9m
• Will probably not develop more than one crack.
• Uses 1.5 sheets of standard fabric with overlap
• Joint movement/sealant performance still
reasonable
• Joint sealant groove still only about 8mm – not
noticeable to traffic
Continuously reinforced concrete (CRCP)
bar reinforcement
1 - 2.5 m typ.
Continuously reinforced concrete pavement CRCP
Special design – cracks at 1 – 2.5m

No joints except at start/end of day
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12/17/2020
mdyusri@uthm.edu.my 79
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12/17/2020

Pavement Engineering (BFT 40203) Dr. Mohamad Yusri

Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Pavement Engineering (BFT 40203) Dr. Mohamad Yusri

1. Rigid pavements are so named

2. A rigid pavement structure is typically

3. Because of its relative rigidity, the pavement structure distributes loads

Pavement Engineering (BFT 40203) Dr. Mohamad Yusri

Pavement Engineering (BFT 40203) Dr. Mohamad Yusri

Materials for concrete pavement

Pavement Engineering (BFT 40203) Dr. Mohamad Yusri

Pavement Engineering (BFT 40203) Dr. Mohamad Yusri

Concrete Pavement in Malaysia

Pavement Engineering (BFT 40203) Dr. Mohamad Yusri

Concrete Pavement Elements

Pavement Engineering (BFT 40203) Dr. Mohamad Yusri

Pavement Types & How They

Pavement Engineering (BFT 40203) Dr. Mohamad Yusri

Rigid Pavement Vs Flexible Pavement

Pavement Engineering (BFT 40203) Dr. Mohamad Yusri

Pavement Engineering (BFT 40203) Dr. Mohamad Yusri

Jointed Plain Concrete Pavement (JPCP)

Pavement Engineering (BFT 40203) Dr. Mohamad Yusri

Jointed Plain Concrete Pavements

Pavement Engineering (BFT 40203) Dr. Mohamad Yusri

Plain concrete pavement PCP

Plain concrete pavement - dowelled PCP - D

Pavement Engineering (BFT 40203) Dr. Mohamad Yusri

Pavement Engineering (BFT 40203) Dr. Mohamad Yusri

Pavement Engineering (BFT 40203) Dr. Mohamad Yusri

Pavement Engineering (BFT 40203) Dr. Mohamad Yusri

Jointed Plain Concrete Pavements

Pavement Engineering (BFT 40203) Dr. Mohamad Yusri

Jointed Plain Concrete Pavement (JPCP)

1. dowel bars are used at transverse joints to assist in load transfer

Pavement Engineering (BFT 40203) Dr. Mohamad Yusri

Jointed Reinforced Concrete Pavement (JRCP)

1. uses steel reinforcement

Jointed Reinforced Concrete Pavement (JRCP)

Pavement Engineering (BFT 40203) Dr. Mohamad Yusri

Jointed reinforced dowelled concrete pavement JRCP - D

Pavement Engineering (BFT 40203) Dr. Mohamad Yusri

Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavement (CRCP)

Pavement Engineering (BFT 40203) Dr. Mohamad Yusri

Pavement Engineering (BFT 40203) Dr. Mohamad Yusri

Continuously Reinforced Concrete

Pavement Engineering (BFT 40203) Dr. Mohamad Yusri

Continuously reinforced concrete pavement CRCP

Special design – cracks at 1 – 2.5m

Pavement Engineering (BFT 40203) Dr. Mohamad Yusri

Pavement Engineering (BFT 40203) Dr. Mohamad Yusri

Pavement Engineering (BFT 40203) Dr. Mohamad Yusri

Pavement Type Selection Guidelines

Pavement Engineering (BFT 40203) Dr. Mohamad Yusri

Pavement Engineering (BFT 40203) Dr. Mohamad Yusri

Pavement Engineering (BFT 40203) Dr. Mohamad Yusri

Hinge or Warping Joints

• Control cracking along the centerline of

Pavement Engineering (BFT 40203) Dr. Mohamad Yusri

How to Prevent Problems

• Use short slabs (12-30’) to minimize joint movement

• Use tie bars to keep cracks closed