HY DRAULIC SY STE MS

PASCAL ’S L A W

If a force is applied to a liquid in a confined space, then the resulting pressure will be felt equally in all
directions.

BRAHMA ’S PRE SS

Piston A Piston B
Area — 0.0020? Aren — O.0O4rrr (X
F crce - 1000N Torce - 20C0N p

1 t

• The smaller the area under load, the greater the pressure generated.
• The larger the area under pressure, the greater will be the load available.

BRAMAH’S PRE SS - OPE RATION

For given system pressure
• Force produced is proportional to area.
• Distance moved is inversely proportional to area.
E g: Light Aircraft Braking Systems

BRAHMA ’S PRE S S - A PASSIVE HY DRAULIC SY STE M

• Pressure is generated only when it is required.

A CTU A TOR S
• A pump in itself will not develop pressure.
• For pressure to build flow has to be restricted.
• Restriction in aircraft hydraulic systems is provided by actuators.
 BASIC HY DRAULIC SVSI E MS

ACTIVE HY DRAULIC SYSTE MS

• A pump supplies pivssuic
Two types
• Open centre hydraulic systems
• Closed came hydraulic systems.

BASIC HYDRAULIC SY STE MS COMPONE NTS

1. OPE N CE NTRE SYSTE M

• Only one service can be operated at a time

 2. C L O S E D CE NTRE SY STE M

• Multiple systems can be operated at the same time.

• Operating pressure is maintained in that part of the system which leads to the selector valves.
• Returning the selector valve to neutral position produces a hydraulic lock across the actuator.

PUMPS
• Draw oil from reservoir and deliver a supply of fluid to the system.
Pumps may be
• Hand operated
• E ngine driven
• E lectric motor driven
• Pneumatically ( ATM)
• Ram Air Turbine ( R A T )

E NG INE DRIVE N PUMPS

• Constant delivery, fixed volume type.
• Constant pressure, variable volume type.

CONSTANT DE LIVE RY (FIXE D VOLUME ) PUMP

• Supplies fluid at a constant rate

• Supplies a variable volume of fluid and controls its own pressure.

 HY DRAULIC SY STE M - COMPONE NTS

1.A C C U MU L A T O R

• Device used to store hydraulic fluid under pressure.

ACCUMULATOR FUNCTIONS
• Dampens out pressure fluctuations.
• Allows for thermal expansion and contraction of fluid trapped in the pipes.
• Provide a small emergency supply of fluid to the system in the event of pump failure.
• Prolong the period between the cut out and cut in off A C O V .

2. Automatic Cut-Out Valve(ACOV)

• Controls the system pressure

• Provides the pump with an idling service when no services have been selected.
ACOV – CUT IN
• Spring pressure greater than pump output pressure.
ACOV - CUT OUT
• Hydraulic pressure greater than spring pressure.
 3. HYDRAULIC ACTUATORS OR JACKS

• Convert fluid flow into linear motion.

1. SING LE ACTING ACTUATOR
• Hydraulically operated only in one direction.
• Return movement is by spring force.
2. DOUBLE ACTING UNBALANCE D ACTUATORS
• Operated hydraulically in both directions.
• More force can be applied during extension of piston than during retraction.
• Operation which offers the greater resistance is carried out in the direction in which the piston
rod extends.
E .g. landing gear will raise when rod extends and when rod retracts landing gear will lower.
3. DOUBLE ACTING BALANCE D ACTUATOR
• E qual force can be applied to both sides of the piston.

HYDRAULIC LOCK
• When hydraulic fluid is trapped between piston of an actuator and a non return valve, a
hydraulic lock is said to be formed.

PRE SSU R E CONTROL

OPE RATING PRE SSURE

• Large Aircrafts - 3000 psi
• Small Aircrafts - 1500 psi

• System pressure is maintained by spring in the control piston in case of variable

volume pump
• A C O V in case of constant volume pump.
I. THE RMAL RE LIE F VALVE

• Relieves pressure caused by thermal expansion in isolated lines.

• Operates at 10% above normal system pressure.
2. HIG H PRE SSUR E RE LIE F VALVE

Pressure
Return

• Bypass full pump output to reservoir in the event of failure of normal pump control system.
 • In aircrafts with single hydraulic system, powered flying controls arc given priority over other
systems.
• A subsystem for the operation of powered flying controls is fed through a pressure maintaining
valve.
• G ives priority to primary systems, if the system pressure falls.
• Isolates secondary systems from the pressure supply if the system pressure falls below a
predetermined value.
4. PRE SSU R E RE DUCING VALVE

• Reduce main system pressure to a suitable value for the operation of services such as wheel
brakes.
F L O W CONTROL

• Permits full flow in one direction, but blocks flow in the opposite direction.
• Also known as check valve.
 4. HYDRAULIC RE STRICTOR VALVE (CHOKE )

• Permit limited fluid flow in one direction and Full flow in other
• Used to slow the operation of a sen ice where either gras ity or airflow may cause the sen ice to
over speed
5. HY DRAULIC SE LE CTO R VAI A E

• Used io direct fluid to appropriate tide of an actuator

6. HYDERAULIC SHUTTLE VALVE

• Allows an alternate system to operate the actuatnts

7.SEQUENCE VALVE
• Ensure that landing gear and landing gear door open and close incorrect
sequence
8. HYDERAULIC FUSE .

Hydraulic fuse blocks lines in vulnerable areas if a serious leak should occur