Gluon Polarization

Measurements at STAR
Matthew Walker
for the STAR Collaboration

February 6, 2011

STAR
 Outline

! Brief theoretical motivation

! Inclusive measurements: Jets and pions
! Correlation measurements: Di-Jets
! Status and Prospects

STAR Matthew Walker, MIT February 6, 2011 WWND, Winter Park, CO 2

 d to ∆χ = 1. In order to account for unexpected
tuation.
ustomaryHowever for δu,
to consider they of
instead only
∆χ 2
= 1 between

Theoretical Motivation
2
mple
ge of of how the ∆χ = 1 does not
uncertainty. – –
the available sets of fragmentation
he first moments of0.04u and x!ud resemble a parabola x!d 0.04
six units relative to those from KRE, due to the
hat the overall goodness of KKP fit is poorer than
0.02 0.02
tes for δd computed with the respective best fits
e to the
!
ideal situation. However for δu, they only
Polarized 0 DIS tells
∆χ2us = 1that
does the
1 1
very good example of
spin contribution
how the
from quark
not = ∆Σ + Lq + ∆G + Lg 0

erences between the available0.4 sets of fragmentation 2 2

spin is -0.02
only ~30%.
DSSV
-0.02

2
DNS DSSV !" =1
-0.04 0.2 KRE -0.04
Without RHIC data
DNS KKP DSSV !" =2%
2 With RHIC data

– 0.3
x!s 0 0.4 x!g
0.04
–
x!g 0.2

0.02 Substantial
-0.2 0.2 improvement for
0.1
0.05 < x < 0.2,
0
0.06 but large
0 0 uncertainties at
KRE (NLO) 0.04
-0.02 low x
KKP (NLO) -0.1
unpolarized
2
KRE "min+1
-0.04 0.02 -0.2 GRSV maxg
2
KRE "min+2% GRSV ming -0.2

x
10-2 0-110 -2
10 1 0.06
10
-1
10
-2
10
-1
1

x!s
–
KRE (NLO)
x x
-0.02
D. de Florian et al., Phys. Rev.0.04
D71, 094018 (2005). D. de Florian et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 101 (2008) 072001
KKP (NLO)
STAR Matthew Walker, MITunpolarized 2 February 6, 2011 WWND, Winter Park, CO 3
-0.04KRE " +1
 Theoretical Motivation
Extracting gluon polarization
1 1
!
= ∆Σ + Lq + ∆G + Lg
d∆σ ∆f1 ⊗ ∆f2 ⊗ σh · aLL ⊗ Dfh
2 2
ALL = =
dσ f1 ⊗ f2 ⊗ σh ⊗ Dfh

aLL
1 qg → qg
0.75 gg → gg
0.5
∆f1 0.25
qq → qq q q̄ → q q̄
σh 0

-0.25
∆f2 -0.5

-0.75
gg → q q̄
-1

-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 -0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

cos!*
long-range short-range long-range

! 1

Extract !g(x,Q2) using a global fit ∆G(Q ) = 2

0
∆g(x, Q2 )dx

STAR Matthew Walker, MIT February 6, 2011 WWND, Winter Park, CO 4

 STAR Detector
!=0
! = -1 !=1

Magnet !=2
0.5T

Endcap Electro
Magnetic
Calorimeter
Time Projection Chamber (TPC)
(EEMC)
West

East Barrel Electro Magnetic Calorimeter (BEMC)

Not shown:
Trigger detectors
or polarimeters

STAR Matthew Walker, MIT February 6, 2011 WWND, Winter Park, CO 5

 Inclusive Measurements
! Inclusive measurements have:
! High statistics ALL =
1 (N++ + N−− ) − R(N+− + N−+ )
PB PY (N++ + N−− ) + R(N+− + N−+ )
! Simple triggers
! Simple reconstruction
! Multiple subprocesses contribute
! Wide range of xgluon in each reconstructed bin

1
0.8 Q 2=100GeV 2/c2 p =28 GeV/c 1.0

dN / d(log x)
T
x10 5
0.75
∆G frac

0.6
a)
0.4 0.5
p = 5.6 GeV/c 0.25
0.2 T

0 0
10
-3
10
-2 10 -1 1
X gluon
1
STAR Matthew Walker, MIT February 6, 2011 WWND, Winter Park, CO 6
 Inclusive Jets

detector
Jet

! STAR is well suited for Jet measurements with

"0
large acceptance (2" in azimuth) "+

particle
! TPC provides charged tracking (|#| < 1.3)
! B/EEMC provide electromagnetic energy

parton
reconstruction (-1 < # < 2) g

! Jets reconstructed using a midpoint cone

algorithm
q

STAR Matthew Walker, MIT February 6, 2011 WWND, Winter Park, CO 7

 Inclusive Jets
105
! Shape comparison between Run 6 4
STAR
10
Data and simulation shows good
Preliminary Run 6

103
agreement 102 Run-6
Data
! Motivates use of correction based 10 MC

on PYTHIA MC 1
20 40 60 80
pT [GeV]
26.19 < pT < 39.63 GeV 39.63 < pT < 59.96 GeV
1.0

0.8

0.6
1

(Data - MC) / MC
0.4 STAR
Jet Profile !(!r)

0.2 Preliminary Run 6

11.44 < pT < 17.31 GeV 17.31 < pT < 26.19 GeV 0
1.0

0.8

0.6
-1 STAR
0.4
Preliminary Run 6
Data
0.2 MC

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

20 30 40 50 60
!r/r from Jet Axis pT [GeV]
MC: Pythia 6.4 + Geant 3

STAR Matthew Walker, MIT February 6, 2011 WWND, Winter Park, CO 8

 Inclusive Jets
STAR Run-6 ! Data agrees well

1.0
Systematic Uncertainty
Theoretical Uncertainty
105 Inclusive Jet Cross Section STAR with NLO pQCD
pp @ 200 GeV
Cone Radius = 0.7
Preliminary Run 6
calculation after

0.5
-0.8 < ! < 0.8 hadronization and

(Data - Theory) / Theory

104

underlying event
correction is

0.0
STAR
3
10 Preliminary Run 6
applied
d2! / 2!dpTd! [pb/GeV]

! !1
Ldt = 5.39 pb

-0.5
! Data-theory Comparison
102
of Inclusive Jet Cross Section
2 !
d! pp @ 200 GeV
!Ldt = 5.39 pb
!1

Cone Radius = 0.7

2!dpTd!
-1.0
10 -0.8 < ! < 0.8

15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
pT [GeV]
STAR Run-6
1
Systematic Uncertainty Pileup Timebin Luminosity JES
1.0 1.0
STAR

0.1 Theory 0.5 Preliminary Run6 0.5

NLO pQCD + CTEQ6M 0.0 0.0
Had. and UE. Corrections
-0.5 -0.5
-1.0 -1.0
15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 20 30 40 50 20 30 40 50 20 30 40 50 20 30 40 50
pT [GeV] pT [GeV]

STAR Matthew Walker, MIT February 6, 2011 WWND, Winter Park, CO 9

 Inclusive Jets

D. de Florian et al. PRL 101 (2008) 072001.

ALL systematics (x 10 -3)

Reconstruction + [-1,+3]
Trigger Bias (pT dep)
! Run 6 results: GRSV-MAX/ Non-longitudinal ~ 0.03

GRSV-MIN ruled out, a gluon Polarization (pT dep)

polarization between GRSV-std Relative

Luminosity
0.94

and GRSV-zero favored Backgrounds

1st bin ~ 0.5
else ~ 0.1

pT systematic ± 6.7%

STAR Matthew Walker, MIT February 6, 2011 WWND, Winter Park, CO 10

 Run 9 Projected Precision

! Projected statistical precision of 0.001 in several pT bins

! Several systematic studies underway

STAR Matthew Walker, MIT February 6, 2011 WWND, Winter Park, CO 11

 Neutral Pions
! STAR is able to measure neutral pions over a wide
pseudorapidity range using its electromagnetic calorimeters
! Forward rapidity collisions dominated by qg collisions with a
low x gluon
! GRSV-Max ruled out by Run 6 result

STAR Matthew Walker, MIT February 6, 2011 WWND, Winter Park, CO 12

 Correlation Measurements
! Reconstructing multiple physics objects (di-jets, photon/jet)
provides information about initial parton kinematics
! Adds information about the shape of !g(x,Q2)

! STAR well suited for correlation

measurements with its large
acceptance
1
x1 = √ (pT 3 eη3 + pT 4 eη4 )
s
1
x2 = √ (pT 3 e−η3 + pT 4 e−η4 )
s
√
M= x1 x2 s
x1
η3 + η4 = ln
x2

STAR Matthew Walker, MIT February 6, 2011 WWND, Winter Park, CO 13

 Charged Pions 14

D. deFlorian, Phys. Rev. D 79 (2009) 114014.

1: Asymmetries measured by STAR at RHIC for π − (left) and π + (right) compared to the prediction
! Comparison of A LL (" +) to A (" -) can give the sign of
LL
fferent sets of polarized pdfs. The theoretical predictions were corrected to account for the jet trigger
cy. !g(x,Q2)
! Calculating ALL as a function of z alleviates problems of
trigger is to enhance the contribution from large pjet with respect to the small p jet
T events
trigger bias
T

herefore, increase the average !x" resulting in larger asymmetries.

h the present experimental accuracy it is not yet possible to perform a precise extraction
STAR Matthew
polarized Walker,
gluon density MIT
from February 6, 2011
this observable. Nevertheless, WWND,
the data can already rule outWinter Park, CO 14
 Di-Jets Run 6
! Run 6 data and simulation
agreement is good
! Run 6 cross section and
asymmetry analyses are
progressing

STAR Matthew Walker, MIT February 6, 2011 WWND, Winter Park, CO 15

 2006 Cross Section
Dijet Cross Section
105
pp @ 200 GeV ! Unpolarized differential cross
Cone Radius = 0.7
max(pT) > 10 GeV, min(pT) > 7 GeV section between 24 and 100
104 -0.8 < ! < 0.8, |!!| < 1.0 (GeV/c2)
|!!| > 2.0

STAR Preliminary
! NLO theory predictions using
d3!/dMd!3d!4 [pb/GeV]

103 ! !1
CTEQ6M provided by de
Ldt = 5.39pb
! Florian with and without
d 3! corrections for hadronization
102 dMd!3d!4 and underlying event from
PYTHIA
STAR Run-6
10
Systematic Uncertainty
! Statistical Uncertainties as
Theory
lines, systematics as rectangles
NLO pQCD + CTEQ6M
1 Had. and UE. Corrections

30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Mjj [GeV]

STAR Matthew Walker, MIT February 6, 2011 WWND, Winter Park, CO 16

 2006 Cross Section
Systematic Uncertainty
Theoretical Uncertainty
1.0

!
Ldt = 5.39 pb !1 STAR Preliminary
!
0.5
(Data - Theory) / Theory

! Comparison to theory
(including hadronization
0.0

and underlying event

correction) shows good
agreement within
-0.5

Data-theory Comparison STAR Run-6

of Dijet Cross Section systematic uncertainties
pp @ 200 GeV Theory:
CTEQ6M
-1.0

Cone Radius = 0.7

max(pT) > 10 GeV, min(pT) > 7 GeV NLO pQCD
Had. UE. Corrections
-0.8 < ! < 0.8, |!!| < 1.0, |!!| > 2.0

30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Mjj [GeV]

STAR Matthew Walker, MIT February 6, 2011 WWND, Winter Park, CO 17

 2006 Asymmetry
1 N ++ − RN +− 0.08
Dijet ALL
pp @ 200 GeV
Data Run-6
ALL = Sys. Uncertainty
PB PY N ++ + RN +− Cone Radius = 0.7
max(pT) > 10 GeV
0.06 STAR Preliminary
min(pT) > 7 GeV
-0.8 < ! < 0.8, |!!| < 1.0
|!!| > 2.0
0.04
! Run 6 Longitudinal double
helicity asymmetry

ALL
0.02

! Systematic uncertainties
0.00
show effects on trigger
efficiency from different -0.02
GRSV STD
DSSV
theory scenarios GRSV !g = 0 !
Ldt = 5.39pb !1
GRSV !g = ! g !
! Scale uncertainty (8.3%) 30 40 50 60 70 80
from polarization Mjj [GeV]

uncertainty not shown

STAR Matthew Walker, MIT February 6, 2011 WWND, Winter Park, CO 18

 2009 Simulation
! Different detector, different trigger, updated geometry
! 9 STAR MC productions with partonic pT > 2 GeV
! PYTHIA 6.4.23, proPt0 (PYTUNE 329)
! Virtual Machine prepared with STAR software stack and deployed to over 1000 machines
! Run using cloud computing resources at Clemson University in South Carolina (Ranked
#85 best supercomputer)
! Over 12 billion events
generated by PYTHIA, filtered

N Machines
1400
to allow only 36 million to Available Machines

undergo detector simulation 1200

Working Machines

(GEANT3), and 10 million 1000 Idle Machines

through full reconstruction

800
! Took over 400,000 CPU hours
600
and generated 7 TB of files
transferred to BNL 400

! Largest physics simulation on 200

cloud, largest STAR simulation 0

in CPU hours Jul17 Jul24 Jul31
Date

STAR Matthew Walker, MIT February 6, 2011 WWND, Winter Park, CO 19

 Data/Simulation Run 9
STAR Run 9 Data Preliminary

Normalized Yields
6
10 p+p # Jet + Jet + X
Data s = 200 GeV

10
5 Simulation 10
5

5
10

104 R cone = 0.7

! Run 9 data -0.8 < ! < 0.8

simulation
|$ !| < 1.0
10
3 104
|$ %| > 2.0

agreement is 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 -1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

good 1 1 1
(Data-Simu)/Simulation

0.8 0.8 0.8

0.6 0.6 0.6
0.4 0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2 0.2
0 0 0
-0.2 -0.2 -0.2
-0.4 -0.4 -0.4
-0.6 -0.6 -0.6
STAR Preliminary
-0.8 -0.8 -0.8
-1 -1 -1
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 -1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

√
Invariant Mass (GeV/c ) 2
1 x1 !
34
cos("*)
∗
M= x1 x2 s η34 = ln
2 x2 cos θ
STAR Matthew Walker, MIT February 6, 2011 WWND, Winter Park, CO 20
 2009 Projections
east barrel - east barrel and west barrel - west barrel east barrel - west barrel
0.06 0.06

A LL

A LL
MC
GRSV std
Scale uncertainty
0.05 GRSV m03 0.05 GRSV std
GRSV zero
GS-C(pdf set NLO)
DSSV
! 8 pb-1 processed 0.04 2009 STAR Data
0.04

so far 0.03 0.03

! Average 0.02 0.02

polarization: 59% 0.01 0.01

0 0
! Figure-of-merit:
0.96 pb-1 -0.01 -0.01
STAR Projected Precision
-0.02 -0.02
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Wed Sep 22 15:18:55 2010 M [GeV/c2] M [GeV/c2]

East West East West

STAR Matthew Walker, MIT October 1, 2010 SPIN 2010 21

 Prospects-Inclusive Jets

! First look at 500 GeV

data in Run 9
! Future 500 GeV runs
will significantly
surpass statistical
precision of current
constraints, including
the upcoming Run 11

STAR Matthew Walker, MIT February 6, 2011 WWND, Winter Park, CO 22

 Prospects: Di-Jets 500 GeV
500 GeV Projections for 390 pb-1 at 50% polarization
STAR: east barrel - endcap STAR: west barrel - endcap
0.02 0.02

A LL

A LL
390 pb-1 (P = 50%) NLO

0.015 GRSV std 0.015

DSSV

0.01 0.01

! Dijets at 500 GeV can 0.005 0.005

access the gluon 0

1.0 < ! < 2.0, -1.0 < ! < 0.0
0
1.0 < ! < 2.0, 0.0 < ! < 1.0

polarization at lower x
3 4 3 4

-0.005 -0.005

20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110

! Expectations are for M [GeV/c2 ] M [GeV/c2 ]

smaller asymmetries
STAR: east barrel - east barrel and west barrel - west barrel STAR: east barrel - west barrel
0.02 0.02
A LL

A LL
Scale uncertainty
GRSV std
! Larger luminosities 0.015 0.015 DSSV

should improve 0.01 0.01

statistical uncertainties 0.005 0.005

0 0
-1.0 < ! < 0.0, -1.0 < ! < 0.0
3 4 0.0 < ! < 1.0, -1.0 < ! < 0.0
0.0 < ! < 1.0, 0.0 < ! < 1.0 3 4
3 4
-0.005 -0.005

20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110

M [GeV/c2 ] M [GeV/c2 ]

STAR Matthew Walker, MIT February 6, 2011 WWND, Winter Park, CO 23

 Prospects-Prompt Photons
! Material removed before Run 9 significantly reduces conversion
backgrounds
! Forward photons measure lowest x
! Correlation with mid-rapidity jet provides cleanest identification of
initial parton kinematics
0.2 EEMC Photon + BEMC Jet

" -1
STAR Ldt=50 pb , Pol=0.60, s=200 GeV

! G/G
0.6
0.15
# -1
STAR Ldt=50 pb , Pol=0.60, s=200 GeV
" -1
STAR Ldt=300 pb , Pol=0.50, s=500 GeV

0.1
Photon + Jet, Full EEMC+BEMC
0.4 # -1
STAR Ldt=300 pb , Pol=0.50, s=500 GeV

Norm. from Pythia v8 with trigger simulation Norm. from Pythia v8 with trigger simulation
0.05 Background A subtraction assumes DSSV
0.2 LL
LDA Efficiency " 70% and purity " 25%
ALL

0
0

-0.05 COMPASS
Background A subtraction assumes DSSV -0.2
LL HERMES
-0.1
Analysis efficiency ! 0.74 and purity ! 0.40 SMC
-0.4
DSSV s=200 GeV DSSV s=500 GeV DSSV Q2 = 100 GeV 2
-0.15
GRSV STD s=200 GeV GRSV STD s=500 GeV GRSV STD Q2 = 100 GeV 2
-0.6
-0.2
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 10
-3
10-2 10-1
Photon xT xGluon

STAR Matthew Walker, MIT February 6, 2011 WWND, Winter Park, CO 24

 Summary
! 2006 results improved precision at mid-rapidity and new
techniques used to limit systematics
! First global analysis including RHIC Spin data suggest small
gluon polarization (0.05 < x < 0.2)
! Correlations measurements provide constraints on parton
kinematics
! Run 9 provides the largest 200 GeV data sample to date and
first look at lower x with 500 GeV data
! Expanded 500 GeV analyses will be possible with Run 11 data

STAR Matthew Walker, MIT February 6, 2011 WWND, Winter Park, CO 25