1A- Question Formation

Direct Questions:
We need question formation for making correct questions
If we are asking a question from someone, if we won’t form a correct question
nobody will understand us.
Rules of Direct Questions! : Why do we need direct questions
If we are forming a yes or no question, we need to start the question with do/does
or am/is/are
If there is a preposition after the verb the preposition will come at the end of a
sentence
If who/what/which is the subject we don’t use do/did Who did ate the last
cookie?! Who ate the last cookie?!
Indirect Questions: Why do we need them?
We use indirect questions when we want something but in a more polite way.
Rules of Indirect questions:
Indirect questions have an order of subject then a word
We don’t use do/did at the second part of the question
You can use if r whether in question without a question word (What/How/When
ect. and after Can you tell me/Do you know ect….
1B-Auxiliary Verbs
Why do we use auxiliary verbs?
We use auxiliary verbs for not repeating the main verb.
Ex: I like cooking, but my mom doesn’t like cooking doesn’t
With so and neither to say that someone or something is the same. We need to use
so + auxiliary + subject with an affirmative verb, and neither (or nor) + auxiliary +
subject with a negative verb
to say that someone or something is different
to make reply questions
to make tag questions, to check information
Tag questions are often used to ask another person to agree with you
Ex: Jack and Lily are perfect couple, aren’t they
Tag questions are also used to check something you think is true
Ex: He is a writer isn’t he?
2A-Present Perfect Simple
and Continuous
Why do we use Present Perfect Simple?
We use it…
to talk about past experiences when you don’t say when something
with yet and already
with superlatives and the first, second, last time ect.
with nonaction verbs(verbs not usually used in the continues form ex: be, have,
know, like)
This use is common with time expressions like How long
Don’t use the simple present or continuous in situations like (I know Keiko since
I was a child)
When we say or ask how much/many we have done or how often we have done
something up now

Present Perfect Continuous: have/has + been + verb + -ing

We use Present Perfect Continuous to
with action verbs, to say that an action started in the past and still happening now
This use is common with time expressions like How long…... for or since, all
day/evening ect.
Don’t use the simple present or continuous in this situation
for repeated actions, especially with a time expression, ex: all day
for continuous actions that have just finished(but that have results)
to talk about unfinished action we usually use the present perfect continuous with
action verbs and the present perfect simple with nonaction verbs
some verbs can be action or nonaction depending on their meaning ex: have a good
time action have a carnonaction
with verbs live or work you can often use the present perfect simple or continuous.
However, we usually use the present perfect continuous for shorter actions.
The present perfect simple highlights the completion of an action. The Present
Perfect Continuous highlights the duration of an action, that may or may not be
finished

2B-Adjectives as nouns,
Adjective order
Adjectives as nouns
Why do we use Adjectives as nouns, Adjective order?
You can use the + some adjectives to talk about groups of people
Ex: The Japanese
Specific groups in society
Ex: The deaf
To talk about one person, use A Japanese child

You can also use adjective + people to talk about a group of people
Ex: Young people

Adjective Order
You can put more than one adjective before a noun. These adjectives go in a
particular order.
Opinion adjectives
Ex: Nice, charming
Always go before descriptive adjectives
Ex: Big, old
If there is more than one descriptive adjective, they go in order of
Opinion (Expensive), size (Little), age (brand new), shape(long), color(blue),
pattern(striped), origin/place (Japanese), material(silk), noun(scarf)