Reviews of Related Studies and Literatures

Related Theories

These theories were presented and integrated by the researches because they deemed that

these will help in the further understanding of their study.

Social Cognitive Career Theory

Lent et al. (1994) developed SCCT to facilitate understanding of career choice, interest,

and performance processes. This theory identifies the factors that interplay when a student

chooses a certain track and progresses on the chosen career path. Moreover, it provides a

framework on using social cognitive processes to explain success and failure, academic

outcomes, and career outcomes.

Social Cognitive Theory originated in psychology, but based on an unofficial November

2013 Google Scholar search, only two percent of articles published on SCT are in the pure

psychology field. About 20% of articles are from Education and 16%from Business. The

majority of publications using SCT, 56%, come from the field of Applied Health Psychology.

The majority of current research in Health Psychology focuses on testing SCT in behavioral

change campaigns as opposed to expanding on the theory.

Myers Briggs’ Theory

Myers-Briggs theory was developed by the mother-daughter partnership of Katharine

Briggs and Isabel Briggs Myers. One way to discover your closest Myers-Briggs type(s) is to

complete the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator instrument and go through a validation process under

the supervision of a qualified MBTI practitioner.

 Base on this theory, the individual has the capability on deciding on their own. The

researchers link this theory on their study because along with the duration of the study, they

would like to figure out if they decided on their own or there are other intervening factors that

affect their decision.

One of the questions in the instrument used by the researcher has to do with this theory

which is, “Why did you choose Accountancy, Business and Management Strand when you were

in Senior High School year?”

Happenstance Theory

John Krumboltz's planned happenstance theory makes it fine to not always plan, because

unplanned events could lead to good careers.

John Krumboltz is an established career theorist. He most recently developed ideas about

supporting indecision in clients. He states that indecision is desirable and sensible, as it allows

the opportunity for clients to benefit from unplanned events. This theory is called planned

happenstance.

This emerging theory specifically addresses the need for people to deal with change

within the rapidly changing labour market. Managing life transitions is seen as an essential

career management skill. Krumboltz’s theory offers insight on how to deal with the limited

degree of control we have over some career experiences.

At the core of this theory is the fact that unpredictable social factors, chance events and

environmental factors are important influences on clients’ lives. As such, the counsellor’s role is

to help clients approach chance conditions and events positively. In particular, counsellors foster
in their clients, Curiosity to explore learning opportunities, Persistence to deal with obstacles,

Flexibility to address a variety of circumstances and events, Optimism to maximize benefits from

unplanned events.

Krumboltz states that people with these qualities are more likely to capitalize on chance

events and turn serendipity into opportunity.

Factors (the types of skills demanded by employers) in field-of-study mismatch. Using

data from the program for International Assessment of Adult Competencies’ Survey of Adult

Skills (PIAAC), this paper shows that although students may choose to specialize in a particular

field, it is not solely up to them to actually work in that field. In accordance with assignment

theories, both the degree of saturation of a particular field in the labor market and the level of

generic skills of a particular field predict the occurrence of field-of-study mismatch, highlighting

that mismatch is the result of both labor supply- and demand-side factors. The paper then

evaluates the costs to individuals – in terms of wages, risk of being out of work and job

satisfaction. Findings suggest that the costs of field-of-study mismatch may only be high in terms

of individual earnings when it is associated to qualification mismatch. For economies, field-of-

study mismatch, when associated with qualifications mismatch, can amount to important costs,

meriting the attention of policy makers to better aligning course places to skill needs or by

encouraging skill transferability across fields.

Base on this theory, the individual has the capability on changing their decisions. The

researchers link this theory on their study because along with the duration of the study, they

would like to figure what are the reasons or factors why did they changed their decision.
 One of the questions in the instrument used by the researcher has to do with this theory

which is, “ Cite reasons why you enrolled on courses that is not in line with ABM Strand.”

Theoretical Framework

MYERS
HAPPENSTANCE
BRIGGS’
THEORY
THEORY

SOCIAL
COGNITIVE
THEORY

Figure 1.1

The three theories above are connected to each other as shown above. Myer’s Brigg Theory is
connected to Happenstance Theory and Social Cognitive Theory. Happenstance Theory is
connected to Myer’s Brigg Theory and Social Cognitive Theory. Social Cognitive Theory is
connected to Myer’s Brigg Theory and Happenstance Theory