THEORETICAL PARADIGM

Social Learning Theory (Bandura, 1960)

Goal Setting Theory (Edwin Locke and Gary Latham, 1960)

Self-Efficacy Theory (Bandura, 1970)

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

This study supports the three (3) theories in this study that is related to the

research topic entitled “Perception on The Level of Competency in Fire Safety and

Firefighting Principles and Problems Encountered by Criminology Interns” such as

follows:

Social Learning Theory was first developed by Canadian psychologist Albert

Bandura in the 1960s. The theory posits that people learn not just through their own

experiences, but also by observing and imitating the behavior of others. Bandura

argued that social learning is an on-going process that involves cognitive and behavioral

components, and that individuals can learn new behaviors by watching others.

Individuals can acquire new behaviors through several different mechanisms, including

observation, modeling, and reinforcement. Overall, social learning theory emphasizes

the importance of social influence and social context in shaping human behavior. It has

been widely applied to areas such as education, psychology, and criminology, and has

influenced a range of fields including advertising, marketing, and public policy.

This theory is employed in this study to identify the importance of observation

and imitation by Criminology interns to their trainers, supervisors, and other experienced

personnel in fire safety and firefighting and not just by relying only to their experiences.

This observation and modeling can shape their own behaviors and attitudes towards fire

safety and firefighting. They may also learn from the consequences of these actions,

such as successful or unsuccessful outcomes. Interns may receive positive

reinforcement, such as praise or rewards, for demonstrating their competency in fire

safety and firefighting. On the other hand, they may receive negative reinforcement,
such as criticism for displaying inadequate knowledge or skills. These reinforcement

experiences can influence their perceptions and attitudes towards fire safety and

firefighting, as well as their motivation to learn and improve.

Edwin Locke and Gary Latham’s Goal Setting Theory was proposed in the late

1960s. The theory suggests that setting specific, challenging goals can motivate people

to work harder and achieve better results. The underlying idea is that when people have

clear and specific goals, they are more likely to focus their efforts, persist in their efforts,

and be more creative in finding ways to achieve those goals. Locke and Latham's goal-

setting theory emphasizes the importance of setting clear and specific goals that are

challenging but achievable. According to the theory, goals should be specific,

measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART). The theory suggests that

the process of setting goals can lead to better performance and motivation because it

provides individuals with a clear sense of direction and purpose.

This theory is employed in this study to determine the importance of exploring of

setting clear and challenging goals. This theory could also use to identify potential

problems or barriers that may impact the achievement of these goals. If they do not

have access to the necessary resources or training, they may struggle to meet their

goals and develop their competency in this area. By identifying the problems, they could

develop strategies to overcome them and ensure that they have the support they need

to succeed.

Self-Efficacy Theory was developed by the renowned psychologist Albert

Bandura in the 1970s. Self-efficacy is the belief in one's ability to accomplish specific

tasks or meet specific challenges successfully. It is a key component of Bandura's

social cognitive theory, which emphasizes the role of cognitive processes in shaping

human behavior. Bandura's theory proposes that self-efficacy affects people's

motivation, performance, and emotional well-being. According to Bandura, people with

high self-efficacy tend to approach challenges with confidence and persistence, while

those with low self-efficacy may avoid challenges or give up easily. Self-efficacy is also
believed to be influenced by factors such as past experiences, social support, and

feedback from others.

This theory is employed in this study to emphasize how internship program is

important. Criminology interns who perceive themselves as competent in fire safety and

firefighting principles may feel more confident in their ability to perform tasks related to

these areas. As a result, they may be more motivated to engage in fire safety and

firefighting activities during their internship, which can lead to better performance and

learning outcomes. On the other hand, if Criminology interns have low self-efficacy in

these areas, they may be less likely to engage in these activities, which can negatively

affect their performance and learning outcomes.