Frames With Internal Hinges

Modelling Plane Frames with
Internal Hinges at the Joint

of Beams and Columns
Janice Kaye L. Aquino1,
Lovely L. Rañosa1,
Dr. Andres Winston Oreta2,
Dr. Benjie Dimaculangan2
1
Student Researcher,
2
Professor, De La Salle University - Manila
April 14, 2016

CIV605M: Advanced Structural Analysis Case Study
Modelling Plane Frames with Internal Hinges at the Joint

of Beams and Columns
Janice Kaye L. Aquino and Lovely L. Rañosa
Abstract
Framed structures are systems of bars with rigid joints. The rigidity of joints
causes the bending of bars with equal rotation of all bars connected in a joint. With
rigid joints, the bars in plane systems are acted on by axial forces, bending moments,
and shearing forces. This greatly increases the number of unknowns, framed structures
being many times statically indeterminate. This paper presents the results of a case
study performed to enhance the understanding of introducing hinges at the ends of a
beam and at the top of a column of plane frames. The introduction of matrix algebra in
the analysis allows an excellent systemization and simplification of calculations and, at
the same time exceptional conciseness and transparency of mathematical procedure.
The impact of hinges in the frame structure is modelled using Microsoft Excel Program
and verified through GRASP software. A numerical simulation was performed using a
two-storey plane frame to investigate the impact using Direct Stiffness Method.
Keywords: Hinge at a joint, beam and column joint, GRASP Software, Direct Stiffness Method
I. INTRODUCTION
Framed structures are systems of bars with rigid joints. The rigidity of joints causes the bending
of bars with equal rotation of all bars connected in a joint. Trussed girders, with (actual or supposed)
hinged connections at the joints are determinate or over determinate in form, whereas framed structures
(without diagonals) having hinged joints are geometrically indeterminate. With rigid joints, the bars in
plane systems are acted on by axial forces, bending moments, and shearing forces. This greatly increases
the number of unknowns, framed structures being many times statically indeterminate. The introduction
of matrix algebra in the analysis allows an excellent systemization and simplification of calculations and,
at the same time exceptional conciseness and transparency of mathematical procedure.
For two members meeting at a rigid joint there is one unknown moment, as shown in Figure 1,
and the introduction of a hinge is equivalent to producing one release.
Figure1. Introduction of a hinge for two members
For three members meeting at a rigid joint there are two unknown moments, as shown in Figure
2, and the introduction of a hinge into one of the members produces one release; the introduction of a
hinge into all three members produces two releases.
Aquino, JL/Rañosa, LL Page 1

Figure2. Introduction of a hinge for three members
For four members meeting at a rigid joint there are three unknown moments, as shown in Figure
3; the introduction of a hinge into one of the members produces one release, the introduction of a hinge
into two members produces two releases, and the introduction of a hinge into all four members produces
three releases.
In general, the introduction of hinges into of the members meeting a rigid joint produces
releases. The introduction of a hinge into all members produces ( ) releases.
Figure 3. Introduction of a hinge for four members
Research Question
This paper attempts to investigate the impact of introducing hinges at the ends of a beam and at the top of
a column using a numerical simulation of Microsoft Excel and GRASP Software. Specifically, it sought
to address the following problems:
1. How to model a plane frame when the hinges are at the ends of the beam and at the top of a
column?
2. What is the effect of introducing a hinge in different joints in a plane frame?
3. What are the actual applications of introducing a hinge in structural frames
Objectives of the Study

1. Understand how to model a plane frame (a) when the hinges are at the ends of the beam and (b)
when the hinges are at the top of the columns.
2. Understand the effect of internal hinges applied at the joint of a plane frame.
3. Show an actual application of internal hinges applied at the joint of a plane frame.
II. STRUCTURAL MODEL AND MATRIX FORMULATION
The impact of introducing hinges at the ends of a beam and top of a column were presented in
this paper using three structural models, (a) plane frame without introducing hinges at the joint; (b) plane
frame with hinges applied at the ends of a beam; and (c) plane frame with hinges applied at the top of a
column.
Furthermore, two methods were used in analysing nodal displacements, nodal reactions and force
members of the different models, namely, (a) exact method and (b) approximate method.

A. Plane Frame without internal hinges

To determine the effect of internal hinges at a joint, the researchers presented the
following plane frame model without internal hinges (Figure 4) as a basis in evaluating the
impact of hinges in plane frames.
Figure 4. Structural Model of Plane Frame without internal hinge at the joint
The material properties and sectional properties of members are presented in Table 1. The
structural analysis of the given structural model was based on the following load combination as
shown in Equation 1.
(Equation 1)
Table 1. Elemental Properties

Element Node Length (mm) E (N/mm2) I (mm4) A (mm2) Angle
1 1 to 2 3000 30000 480000000 75000 90
2 2 to 3 3000 30000 480000000 75000 90
3 3 to 4 4000 30000 960000000 75000 0
4 2 to 5 4000 30000 960000000 75000 0
5 4 to 5 3000 30000 480000000 75000 270
6 5 to 6 3000 30000 480000000 75000 270
In the analysis using Direct Stiffness Method, the elemental stiffness matrix for frame
element transformed to global coordinate system is presented in Equation 2. S and C represent the
sine and cosine of the angle θ between the global axis and the local axis, positive
counterclockwise.

(Equation 2)
The following equations shows the elemental stiffness matrix of each element
transformed to the global coordinate system of a frame without internal hinges.
Element 1
Element 2
Element 3
Element 4

Element 5
Element 6
The transformed global stiffness matrix of the given structural model without internal
hinges used the following equation
(Equation 3)
Furthermore, combining the elemental stiffness matrix of the six(6) elements produces a
global stiffness matrix using Equation 4. Notice that the size of the matrix is 18 by 18 since there
are 6 nodes and each node has 3 degrees of freedom.
(Equation 4)




Structure Stiffness Equation
Nodal forces located at a fixed supports are unknown nodal forces, F1, F2, F3 at node 1 and F16, F17, F18 at node 6, for which the
nodal displacements at the supports are equal to zero.
For non-nodal loads located at members 3 and member 4, the following procedure was taken into consideration.
From Load Combinations for LL and DL:
Combined dead and live loads:
( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
Figure 5. Solving for Non-Nodal Loads

Therefore, the equivalent nodal loads are as follows;
F4 = 25500 N F9 = -10800000 N-mm

F5 = -16200 N F10 = 0
F6 = -10800000 N-mm F11 = -16200 N
F7 = 12750 N F12 = 10800000 N-mm
F8 = -16200 N
Combining, and using the equivalent nodal loads shown in Figure 5, the following equation presents the structure stiffness
equation of the plane frame without internal hinges applied at the joints.
Noting that , the structure stiffness equation can be partitioned to simplify the calculation
of unknown nodal displacements shown in the following equation.

Partitioned Structure Stiffness Equation
Eliminating the rows and columns associated with zero displacements, the reduced set of equations becomes
Reduced Structural Stiffness Equation

After evaluating the elements of equation numerically, inverting the matrix and solving
for displacements, the computed values are:
The values of nodal displacements will be used to calculate the nodal reactions using the
following equation:
The member forces are calculated next using the elemental force-displacement relationships
Member 1:

Member 2:
Member 3:
Member 4:
Member 5:

Member 6:
B. Plane Frame with internal hinges applied at the ends of a beam
From the basic structural analysis, the introduction of a hinge into a beam or frame
structure produces a “release” of a force at the location of the hinge. The bending moment is zero
at that point. The value of a force at a specific location in a member of a structure yields an
“equation of condition”. By considering a portion of the structure as a free body by isolating at
the hinge, the equation of condition can be used to generate an additional equation that is
independent of the overall equilibrium equations.
This paper presents two solutions in the analysis of plane frame with the introduction of
hinges at the ends of a beam and at the top of a column.
B.1 Exact Solution
Using the same structural model shown in Figure 4, consider the frame shown in Figure
6, where internal hinges are applied at the ends of member 3.
Figure 6. Structural Model of Plane Frame with internal hinge applied at the ends of a beam

The elemental stiffness matrix are the same as in the case of analysing plane frame
without internal hinges except for the elemental stiffness matrix of the beam with internal hinge.
Elemental Stiffness Matrix
Element 1
Element 2
Element 3
The force-displacement relationship for the beam element is shown in the following
equation.
(Equation 5)
With a pin at the left node, the bending moment . Expanding the second row of
equation, the result would be:
(Equation 6)
Solving Equation (6) for in terms of the other displacements and find
(Equation 7)
Substituting from equation (7) into equation (5) and expanding the first row, the result
would be
(Equation 8)
Similarly, for the third and fourth rows, the result would be
(Equation 9)

(Equation 10)
Writing the above equations in matrix yields the following force-displacement

relationship for a beam element with pin at the left node:
(Equation 11)
In equation (11), the second row is zero since and the second column is zero since
the effects of have been incorporated into the other stiffness elements. In other words, the
effects of are implicitly contained in equation (11).
Because the axial and bending effects in the frame element are uncoupled, equation (11)
can be modified by adding the two rows and columns corresponding to the axial effects to obtain
the equation for a frame element with a pin at its left and right end. The result would be:
Element 3
For a pin at the left end, , the third column and the third row are equal to zero.
Similarly, for a pin at the right end, , the sixth column and the sixth row are equal to zero.
For other elements in the given frame, the force-displacement relationship of the frame element
are the same with the analysis of frame without internal hinge.
Element 4
Element 5

Element 6
Furthermore, combining the elemental stiffness matrix of the six(6) elements produces a
global stiffness matrix using Equation 4. Notice that the size of the matrix is 18 by 18 since there
are 6 nodes and each node has 3 degrees of freedom.
Structure Stiffness Matrix (Global)
For non-nodal loads located at members 3, the following procedure was taken into
consideration.
From Load Combinations for LL and DL:
( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
Member 3:
Figure 7. Solving for Non-Nodal Loads at Member 3 (hinges at the ends of a beam)
The same applies for the computation of non-nodal loads at Member 4. Therefore, the
equivalent nodal loads are as follows;
F4 = 25500 N F9 = 0
F5 = -16200 N F10 = 0
F6 = -10800000 N-mm F11 = -16200 N
F7 = 12750 N F12 = 0
F8 = -16200 N
Combining, and using the equivalent nodal, the following equation presents the structure
stiffness equation of the plane frame without internal hinges applied at the joints.

Solving for Global Stiffness Matrix for Plane with internal hinges located at the ends of the beam



Substituting computed non-nodal loads in the structure stiffness equation, results would be;
Noting that , the structure stiffness equation can be partitioned to simplify the calculation
of unknown nodal displacements shown in the following equation.

Eliminating the rows and columns associated with zero displacements, the reduced set of equations becomes

The values of nodal displacements will be used to calculate the nodal reactions using the
following equation:
The member forces are calculated next using the elemental force-displacement relationships
Solving for Member Forces
Member 1:

Member 2:
Member 3:
Member 4:
Member 5:

Element 6:
B.2 Approximate Solution

An approximate to the problem can be obtained by introducing a very short horizontal
member at node 3 and node 4, which has very little bending stiffness. We then use our original
frame program for analysing the structure. For example, introducing the given member properties
of the very short horizontal members.
Figure 8. Structural Model for Hinge Approximation
Table 2. Elemental Properties using Approximate Method

1 1 to 2 3000 30000 480000000 75000 90
2 2 to 3 3000 30000 480000000 75000 90
3 3 to 4 0.000001 10 0.001 10 0
4 4 to 5 4000 30000 960000000 75000 0
5 5 to 5 0.000001 10 0.001 10 0
6 2 to 6 4000 30000 960000000 75000 0
7 5 to 6 3000 30000 480000000 75000 270
8 6 to 7 3000 30000 480000000 75000 270

Element 1
Element 2
Element 3
Element 4
Element 5

Element 6
Element 7
Element 8
Nodal forces located at a fixed supports are unknown nodal forces, F1, F2, F3 at node 1
and F22, F23, F24 at node 8, for which the nodal displacements at the supports are equal to zero.
For non-nodal loads located at members 4 and member 6, the following procedure was
taken into consideration.
( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
Figure 9. Solving for Non-Nodal Loads for Hinge at the ends of a beam using Approximation Method







The displacements , , and are associated with the added

node, node 4. Likewise, the displacements , , and are associated
with the added node, node 5. Comparison of values obtained using exact
solution with approximate solution show very good agreement. Displacement
at and are computed rotational values at node 3 and node 4

Member 1:
Member 2:
Member 3:

Member 4:
Member 5:
Member 6:
Member 7:

Member 8:
C. Plane Frame with internal hinges applied at the top of a column
Using the same structural model shown in Figure 4, consider the frame shown in Figure
10, where internal hinges are applied at the top of column 1 and column 3.
Figure 10. Structural Model of Plane Frame with internal hinge applied at the top of a column
Table 3. Elemental Properties of Plane Frame with Internal at the Top of Columns
1 1 to 2 3000 30000 480000000 75000 90
2 2 to 3 0.001 30000 0.0001 10 90
3 3 to 4 3000 30000 480000000 75000 90
4 4 to 5 4000 30000 960000000 75000 0
5 5 to 5 4000 30000 960000000 75000 0
6 2 to 6 3000 30000 480000000 75000 270
7 5 to 6 0.001 30000 0.0001 10 270
8 6 to 7 3000 30000 480000000 75000 270





Global Stiffness Equation

Partitioned Stiffness Matrix Equation
Reduced Stiffness Matrix Equation

Solving for nodal displacements
Solving for nodal reactions

Member 1:
Member 2:
Member 3:
Member 4:

Member 5:
Member 6:
Member 7:
Member 8:

III. MATRIX SOLUTION USING EXCEL

The introduction of matrix algebra in the analysis allows an excellent systemization and
simplification of calculations and, at the same time exceptional conciseness and transparency of
mathematical procedure.
This part of the case study presents the screenshots in the analysis of plane frames with
and without internal hinges applied at the ends of a beam and at the top of a column.

The analysis of plane frame without internal hinges was based in Figure 4. The first part
of the screenshots shows the elemental properties and simplified computation of using the sine
and cosine of the angle for each member.
Elemental Properties
The next screenshots using Microsoft excel present elemental stiffness equation of each
element which is then combined to form the global stiffness matrix equation.


Global Stiffness Matrix Equation

Computed Nodal Displacements and Nodal Reactions


B.1 Exact Solution

Elemental Stiffness Equation

Global Stiffness Equation
Partitioned Stiffness Equation

Solving for Nodal Displacement

B.2 Approximate Solution

Elemental Stiffness Matrix Equation


Partitioned Stiffness Equation

Reduced Stiffness Matrix Equation
Solving for Nodal Displacement
Solving for Nodal Reactions


Elemental Stiffness Matrix Equation


Reduced Stiffness Matrix

Solving for Nodal Displacement and Nodal Reactions

IV. COMPUTER-AIDED ANALYSIS

GRASP stands for Graphical Rapid Analysis of Structures Program. It is user-friendly
software for two dimensional analyses of framed structures which includes beams, trusses and
rigid frames. Especially developed for the Windows, GRASP uses a Graphical User Interface
(GUI) which provides an interactive, easy to use, graphical environment for modelling and
analysis. GRASP is primarily based on a graphical means of interaction with the user and can
provide direct feedback and effect of modifications (Understanding 2D Structural Analysis by
A.W.C. Oreta : A Tour of GRASP)
The Graphical Rapid Analysis of Structures Program (GRASP) was used in the analysis
of plane frame without and with internal hinges applied at the ends of a beam and at the top of the
column. The computer-aided analysis using GRASP verified the computed values using
Microsoft Excel.
The computed nodal displacements, nodal reactions and member forces using Microsoft
Excel show very good agreement with the results using GRASP Software.
The figure below shows a screenshot of the basic loading for the structural model in
Figure 4. Loading includes a 2 kN/m dead load applied at the beams. 4 kN/m live load applied at
the beams and a wind load/earthquake load at the joints on the left side of the plane frame.
Furthermore, The structural analysis of the given structural model was based on the
following load combination as shown in Equation 1.
(from Equation 1)
Dead load applied at the beams

Live load applied at the beams
Wind load applied at the beams

Load Combinations of the structural Model
After performing the analysis using GRASP Software, we find
Nodal Reactions of Plane Frame without Internal Hinge

Nodal Displacements of Plane Frame without Internal Hinge
Member Forces of Plane Frame without Internal Hinge

Member Forces of Plane Frame without Internal Hinge
Axial, P – diagram of the structure

Shear, V – diagram of the structure
Moment, M – diagram of the structure

Internal Hinges applied at the ends of a beam
Location of hinge
Nodal Reactions of the Structure

Nodal Displacement of the Structure
Member Forces of the Structure

Member Forces of the Structure
Axial, P – diagram of the Structural Model

Shear, V – diagram of the Structural Model
Moment, M – diagram of the Structural Model

Location of hinge at the top of a column
Nodal Reactions of the Structural Model

Nodal Displacements of the Structural Model
Member Forces of the Structural Model

Member Forces of the Structural Model
Axial, P- diagram of the Structural Model

Shear, V- diagram of the Structural Model
Moment, M- diagram of the Structural Model

V. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
This part of the study discusses the effect of introducing internal hinges to a plane frame
when the hinges are applied at the ends of a beam and at the top of a column.
A. Nodal Displacement
The table below shows a comparison of nodal displacements that took place upon changing
the frame joints from moment-resisting to non-moment-resisting joints. There is a significant
increase in the horizontal translation (along the x-axis) when an internal hinge is applied
nodes 3 and 4. About 41% increase in translation may be observed at joints 3 and 4 (u7and
u10) for when end releases are applied on member/element 3, while about 51% increase in
horizontal displacement (u4 and u13) when columns 3 and 5 are released at the top. These
displacements may be primarily attributed to the action of the lateral force acting on node 3.
Owing to the frame’s fixed supports, the displacement along the vertical and rotational
direction is kept at minimal.
Table 4. Comparison of Nodal Displacement

Location of Internal Hinge
Nodal Displacement Without Ends of Beam Top of Column
u1 0 0 0
u2 0 0 0
u3 0 0 0
u4 4.1418 4.5137 11.9618
u5 -0.0138 -0.0150 -0.2588
u6 -0.0009 -0.0012 -0.0005
u7 6.7213 11.5189 13.7921
u8 -0.0275 -0.0370 -0.2741
u9 -0.0006 -0.0029 -0.0005
u10 6.7026 11.5056 13.7723
u11 -0.1021 -0.0926 -0.5035
u12 0.0000 -0.0031 0.0000
u13 4.1239 4.4893 11.9461
u14 -0.0726 -0.0714 -0.0560
u15 -0.0006 -0.0008 -0.0060
u16 0 0 0
u17 0 0 0
u18 0 0 0
The differences in nodal displacements are shown further in the bar graph. The
significant increases are apparent for the frame with location of internal hinges at beam ends and
at top of columns, particularly at joints 3 and 4.

Results on Nodal Displacement

16
14 Without Hinge
Nodal Displacement (mm, rad)
Ends of Beam
12
Top of Column
10
8
6
4
2
0
u1 u2 u3 u4 u5 u6 u7 u8 u9 u10 u11 u12 u13 u14 u15 u16 u17 u18
-2
Location of Nodal Displacement
B. Nodal Reactions
The changes between frame conditions vary slightly on node 1 as shown by the values of its
vertical and horizontal reactions. A significant increase is noticeable in the moment reactions
when the top of members 2 and 5 are released.
On the other hand, reactions at node 6 show a decrease in the horizontal and vertical
reactions, while an increase in the rotational reaction. This may imply that as moments are
released in the joint, a redistribution of this moment is expected, possibly to adjacent joints or
at the frame supports.
Table 5. Comparison of Nodal Reactions

Nodal Reactions Without Ends of Beam Top of Column
F1 -17685.64 -17025.12 -19136.30
F2 10325.06 11215.61 22837.50
F3 30939316.48 31468998.65 57408902.31
F16 -20564.36 -21224.88 -19113.70
F17 54474.94 53584.39 41962.50
F18 33760932.64 35590523.47 57341116.81

Results on Nodal Reactions

70000000.00
Without
60000000.00
Nodal Reactions (N, N-mm))
Ends of Beam
50000000.00
Top of Column
40000000.00
30000000.00
20000000.00
10000000.00
0.00
F1 F2 F3 F16 F17 F18
-10000000.00
Location of Nodal Reactions
C. Member Forces
Member forces are tabulated below. Positive values are indicative of tension for axial forces,
upward for shear forces and counter-clockwise for bending moments.
Beam end releases of member 3 are denoted by P9 and P12 having zero values.
Ends of Top of
Member Member Forces Without Beam Column
1 P1 -17685.64409 -17025.12109 -19136.29758
P2 10325.06 11215.61 22837.50
P3 30939316.48 31468998.65 57408902.31
P4 17685.64 17025.12 19136.30
P5 -10325.06 -11215.61 -22837.50
P6 22117615.80 19606364.64 -9.56
2 P4 -2221.99 -5277.01 -1581.11
P5 10288.99 16500.72 11425.00
P6 1654924.40 15831042.15 2384171.63
P7 2221.99 5277.01 1581.11
P8 -10288.99 -16500.72 -11425.00
P9 5011045.72 0.00 2359169.74
3 P7 10528.01 7472.99 11168.89
P8 10288.99 16500.72 -4775.00
P9 -5011045.72 0.00 -13159169.74
P10 -10528.01 -7472.99 -11168.89
P11 22111.01 15899.28 4775.00
P12 -18632979.46 0.00 -5940828.37
4 P4 10036.35 13751.89 1026353.43

P5 36.07 -5285.12 -723.35

P6 -23772540.20 -35437406.79 -1465445.30
P13 -10036.35 -13751.89 -1026353.43
P14 32363.93 37685.12 723.35
P15 -40883185.51 -50503071.10 -1427942.45
5 P10 10528.01 7472.99 -114659.66
P11 -22111.01 -15899.28 19125.01
P12 18632979.46 0.00 -172023379.08
P13 -10528.01 -7472.99 114659.66
P14 22111.01 15899.28 -19125.01
P15 12951050.43 22418957.85 -171955593.57
6 P13 20564.36 21224.88 19113.70
P14 -54474.94 -53584.39 -41962.50
P15 27932135.08 28084113.25 -9.55
P16 -20564.36 -21224.88 -19113.70
P17 54474.94 53584.39 41962.50
P18 33760932.64 35590523.47 57341116.81
Results on Member Forces

100000000
Member Forces (N, N-mm))
50000000
0
P1 P3 P5 P4 P6 P8 P7 P9 P11 P4 P6 P14P10P12P14P13P15P17 Without
-50000000
Ends of Beam
-1E+08 Top of Column
-1.5E+08
-2E+08
Location of Member Forces
D. Maximum Axial Load

Member/ element 6 is subjected to the maximum axial load resulting from the assigned load
case on the frame. There is an increase in the axial loads for columns 1 and 2, while a
decrease in columns 5 and 6, when internal hinges are introduced into the frame system.
Maximum Axial
Member Without Ends of Beam Top of Column
1 – col 10.325 10.915 22.837
2 – col 10.286 16.200 11.425
3 – bm 10.528 7.473 11.169

4 – bm 10.036 13.752 7.945

5 – col 22.111 16.200 20.975
6 – col 54.475 53.885 41.963
Results on Maximum Axial Load

60.000
50.000
Maximum Axial (kN)
40.000
30.000 Without
Ends of Beam
20.000
Top of Column
10.000
0.000
1 2 3 4 5 6
Structural Member Number
E. Maximum Shear
Member 4 is subjected to maximum shear with a value of 37.685 kN when the moment
resistance at the ends of element 3 is released. This is as it should be, due to member 4’s
relative position in the structural frame and the loading condition it is subjected to. It is
observed that member releases vary the shear forces as either an increase or decrease.
Maximum Shear
1 – col 17.686 17.025 19.136
2 – col 2.222 5.277 1.581
3 – bm 22.111 16.200 20.975
4 – bm 32.364 37.685 20.988
5 – col 10.528 7.473 11.169
6 – col 20.564 21.225 19.114

Results on Maximum Shear

40.000
35.000
Maximum Shear (kN)
30.000
25.000
20.000 Without
15.000 Ends of Beam
10.000 Top of Column
5.000
0.000
1 2 3 4 5 6
F. Maximum Moment
Maximum bending moment is acting on member 4 with a magnitude of 50.502 kN.m, when
end releases are applied on member 3. The bending moment is reduced by as much as three
times when the columns are released at the top end.
Maximum Moment
1 – col 30.939 31.470 57.409
2 – col 5.011 15.831 2.384
3 – bm 11.526 16.200 10.416
4 – bm 40.883 50.502 10.424
5 – col 18.633 22.419 16.766
6 – col 33.761 35.591 57.341

Results on Maximum Moment

70.000
60.000
Maximum Moment (kN-m)
50.000
40.000
Without
30.000
Ends of Beam
20.000 Top of Column
10.000
0.000
1 2 3 4 5 6
REFERENCES
Sennett, R. (1994). “Matrix Analysis of Structures”. Waveland Press, Inc. United States of America.
Balendra, T. and Chen, W.F (1999). “Multistory Frame Structures”. Structural Engineering Handbook
Ed. Chen Wai-Fah. Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC, 1999
Oreta, A. (___)Understanding 2D Structural Analysis: A Tour of GRASP 2 – 1

APPENDICES
Some releases that are not possible for stiffness matrix solution are shown below
1. Releasing both beam and column connections (2 connections)
2. Releasing all beam and column connections (3 connections)

3. Releasing column connection at the top and bottom of the member

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Frames With Internal Hinges

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Modelling Plane Frames with

Internal Hinges at the Joint

April 14, 2016

Modelling Plane Frames with Internal Hinges at the Joint

Figure1. Introduction of a hinge for two members

Aquino, JL/Rañosa, LL Page 1

Figure2. Introduction of a hinge for three members

Figure 3. Introduction of a hinge for four members

Objectives of the Study

II. STRUCTURAL MODEL AND MATRIX FORMULATION

Aquino, JL/Rañosa, LL Page 2

A. Plane Frame without internal hinges

Table 1. Elemental Properties

Aquino, JL/Rañosa, LL Page 3

Aquino, JL/Rañosa, LL Page 4

Aquino, JL/Rañosa, LL Page 5

Aquino, JL/Rañosa, LL Page 6

Aquino, JL/Rañosa, LL Page 7

Aquino, JL/Rañosa, LL Page 8

Structure Stiffness Equation

From Load Combinations for LL and DL:

Combined dead and live loads:

Figure 5. Solving for Non-Nodal Loads

Aquino, JL/Rañosa, LL Page 9

Therefore, the equivalent nodal loads are as follows;

F4 = 25500 N F9 = -10800000 N-mm

Structure Stiffness Equation

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Partitioned Structure Stiffness Equation

Reduced Structural Stiffness Equation

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B. Plane Frame with internal hinges applied at the ends of a beam

B.1 Exact Solution

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Elemental Stiffness Matrix

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Writing the above equations in matrix yields the following force-displacement

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Structure Stiffness Matrix (Global)

From Load Combinations for LL and DL:

Combined dead and live loads:

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Structure Stiffness Equation

Structure Stiffness Equation

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Partitioned Structure Stiffness Equation

Reduced Structural Stiffness Equation

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Solving for Member Forces

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B.2 Approximate Solution

Figure 8. Structural Model for Hinge Approximation

Table 2. Elemental Properties using Approximate Method

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Elemental Stiffness Matrix

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Structure Stiffness Matrix (Global)