CAREER CHOICE: A REVOLUATION IN VOCATIONAL INTEREST 1

CAREER CHOICE: A REVOLUATION IN VOCATIONAL INTERESTS

Gender Differences in Second Career Choice Preference: A Study on Modern Era’s Career

Choice, Whether Based on Personal Interest or Environmental Influence

Aqsa Zakir

652-A-B, Assessment

Department of Psychology, University of Karachi

Dr. Amena Z. Ali

Dated: 5th, Jan. 2021

CAREER CHOICE: A REVOLUATION IN VOCATIONAL INTEREST 2

ABSTRACT

The present study aims to develop a vocational interest inventory with respect to the modern era,

based on the concept of Thurston interest schedule and to measure the gender differences among

career choices, a total sample of 572 participant of mean age 16.4 were stratified from the entry

levels of Matric, Cambridge, AKU and Federal board’s schooling system of private, government

and semi-government schools and colleges, through online google form and in person survey.

The findings supported the hypothesis that girls and boys having gender difference in vocational

interest, several factors such as cultural gender beliefs about competence, fidelity approach to

resolve identity confusion, parents support and socio economic status impact on student’s

vocational interest. The new interest schedule has more relevant fields to this digitally globalize

era and can be use to add those career choice into educational system which are purely interest

based.

Keywords: Career choice, Vocational interest inventory, Thurston interest schedule, New

interest schedule, Gender differences.

CAREER CHOICE: A REVOLUATION IN VOCATIONAL INTEREST 3

Contents

ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................................. 2

GENDER DIFFERENCES IN SECOND CAREER CHOICE PREFERENCE: A STUDY ON MODERN

ERA’S CAREER CHOICE, WHETHER BASED ON PERSONAL INTEREST OR

ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCE ............................................................................................................. 4

Rationale .................................................................................................................................................. 6

Hypothesis................................................................................................................................................ 6

METHODOLOGY ..................................................................................................................................... 7

Sample ...................................................................................................................................................... 7

Measures .................................................................................................................................................. 7

Procedure ................................................................................................................................................. 7

RESULT ...................................................................................................................................................... 8

Table 1 ...................................................................................................................................................... 8

Table 2 ...................................................................................................................................................... 9

Table 3 .................................................................................................................................................... 12

Table 4 .................................................................................................................................................... 18

DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................................................ 19

REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................... 21

Appendix A ................................................................................................................................................. 23

Appendix B …………………….......……………………………………………………………25
CAREER CHOICE: A REVOLUATION IN VOCATIONAL INTEREST 4

GENDER DIFFERENCES IN SECOND CAREER CHOICE PREFERENCE: A STUDY ON

MODERN ERA’S CAREER CHOICE, WHETHER BASED ON PERSONAL INTEREST OR

ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCE

From the era of farming till the era of technology the revolution in fields impact on career

selection. The Selection of a vocational career without having thorough knowledge of it is just

same as diving in the mid of the sea when you do not know to swim. Within the revolution in

fields of career choice a question may arise about beliefs of gender differences regarding career

choice is persisting same as before? To answer this question let first understand the Vocational

interest (Schermer J.A. 2016) is defined as the individual difference and preference for career

choices of certain work and work related environment that are same in different kind of positions

where as Career choices Mwoleka, J. (2011) are the options of preferences of work that in

which particular area of filed he wants to struggle for in his whole life.

Furnham (1992) suggest the six theoretical approaches to vocational interest which are

Developmental; development and changes in vocational interests throughout the lifespan effect

by environment, Psychodynamic; irrational intrapsychic conflicts on vocational decisions which

may resolve by Interactions with “significant others” and role models, Motivational; is the needs

of the individual and how they can be satisfied in the context of organizational setting,

Sociological; emphasize on socioeconomic, previous level of education and opportunities and

political factors as determinants of vocational aspirations and possibilities, Decision-making;

factors underpinning individuals’ decision-making schemes and how these affect choices,

existential; focus on the self-actualization or self-realization of the individual through the

accomplishment of vocational goals.

CAREER CHOICE: A REVOLUATION IN VOCATIONAL INTEREST 5

Holland’s (1959, 1997) Another theoretical approach to vocational interest is Holland’s RIASEC

model in which R is realistic; I, investigative; A, artistic; S, social; E, Enterprising and C is

Conventional, these all are the individual characteristics which directly effect by environment.

Correll, S. (2001). Cultural beliefs about gender differences in competence that certain

abilities are associated with men ( such as men are good in math’s) and other certain with women

(such as women are good in Arts) makes an impact on adolescent’s decision making of career

preference that they should go in fields associated with gender specific competence handed down by

society e.g. men should be engineer and with these beliefs and decision making the transition process

of and adolescent from school to work is always challenging because it is accompanied by doubt,

worries; imagination work as shaper or constructor for student career (Stead, et al., 2004), this

phenomena may regulate through Identity vs role confusion from the Erick Erikson’s eight

stages of life characterizes the adolescents of age 12-19 is a role confusion resolves by

identification through psychological moratorium in which teens put their identity on hold and

explore further options for their identity and succession in exploration lead the to fidelity that is

with the ideological differences teens are able to commit their selves to others while accepting

others (Paris. et al., 2020).

A study of (University of East Anglia ,2018; Abiola, J. 2014) suggest that beside of personal

interest, openness to a new experience with individual characteristics and the labor market are

cause of career mobility, that is mobilization from different organizations, industries, to different

occupational options is more in younger and with the age effect being strongest, while

environment and socioeconomic status of parents impacts on the educational aspiration on

vocational interest of adolescents.

CAREER CHOICE: A REVOLUATION IN VOCATIONAL INTEREST 6

(Qualifix The National Learner’s Database, n.d) whereas Parents wants their children to be

happy and successive and this influence their career choice though, children who are supported

and love by their parents are more confidence in choosing a career which makes them competent

and made to select more satisfying career choices later in life on the other hand excessive

parental control regarding adolescents' occupational decision-making results in negative

outcomes.

Rationale

From the past the revolution in fields and its dimensions have given us infinite options in

career choice from which we are not aware and it is the demand of every one’s, career planning

to be self-employed apart of being others employ and must have hands on technology or may

have knowledge about technology fields in this era of digitally globalized world also the gender

differences in career choices are consistent with previous findings? which lead us to develop new

vocational interest schedule and to analyze the gender differences in vocational interest . This

study of vocational interest schedule development base on the measure of Thurston interest

schedule which is the old enough tool to measure one’s interest in current different fields of

science and technology. So we develop a new schedule based on current fields and dimensions of

science and technology to measure vocational interest.

Hypothesis

There will be gender differences in career choice preference 2 among entry level students

of schools and college.

CAREER CHOICE: A REVOLUATION IN VOCATIONAL INTEREST 7

METHODOLOGY
Sample

A total of 572 students of entry level (i.e. 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th, O3, A1 & A2) including

49.3 percent boys and 50.7 percent girls of the age range 16 to 19 were selected from private,

government, semi-government schooling system of Cambridge, AKU, Matric and Federal board

for this study.

Measures

A self- developed questionnaire, attached in appendix A, was used to ask at least 5 career

choices of participants in which they see their-selves in next five years, including the consent of

confidentiality and demographics of their class age, schooling system, board of education and

their parent’s profession and education.

Procedure

With the collaboration of 57 researchers the sample was drawn from the entry level

students of the Matric, Cambridge, AKU and Federal board through the online platform of

google form and through in person survey. Each researcher had to sampled the 1 boy and 1 girl

from each 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th, O3, A1 and A2 levels

CAREER CHOICE: A REVOLUATION IN VOCATIONAL INTEREST 8

RESULT
Table 1

Descriptive Statistics

Valid Cumulative Std.

Frequency Percent Mean
Percent Percent Deviation
Gender
Boys 282 49.3 49.3 49.3
Girls 290 50.7 50.7 100
Total 572 100 100
Age 572 16.47 1.364
Board of Education
MATRIC 379 66.1 66.2 66.2
CAIE 172 30.1 30.1 96.3
AKU 5 0.9 0.9 97.2
FEDRAL 16 2.8 2.8 100
Total 572 99.8 100
Schooling System
Private 493 86.2 86.2 86.2
Government 65 11.4 11.4 97.6
Semi-
14 2.4 2.4 100
Government
Total 572 100 100
N from School and College
School 260 45.5 45.5 45.5
College 312 54.5 54.5 100
Total 572 100 100
CAREER CHOICE: A REVOLUATION IN VOCATIONAL INTEREST 9

Table 2

CAREER CHOICE PREFERENCE 2 OF BOYS AND GILRS

Choice 2 (Boys) Frequency Percent Choice 2 (Girls) Frequency Percent

Nil 49 17.3758865 Nil 50 17.3010381
Accountant 6 2.12765957 Actor 3 1.03806228
Actor 4 1.41843972 Air hostess 3 1.03806228
Air force 2 0.70921986 Anchor 2 0.69204152
Army 8 2.83687943 Architecture 2 0.69204152
Artist 7 2.4822695 Army nursing 1 0.34602076
Astronaut 1 0.35460993 Army officer 1 0.34602076
Automotive engineer 2 0.70921986 Automobile Eng. 1 0.34602076
B.Tech 1 0.35460993 Aviation 1 0.34602076
Bakery 1 0.35460993 Banker 3 1.03806228
Banker 11 3.90070922 Beautician 1 0.34602076
Dentist 8 2.83687943 bio tech 1 0.34602076
Biologist 1 0.35460993 Blogger 3 1.03806228
Business man 21 7.44680851 Business woman 7 2.42214533
Business Manager 1 0.35460993 Cardiologist 2 0.69204152
Chartered
Car Maker 1 0.35460993 2 0.69204152
Accountant
Cardiologist 2 0.70921986 chef 3 1.03806228
Chef 3 1.06382979 Chemical engineer 2 0.69204152
Chemical
4 1.41843972 Civil Engineer 3 1.03806228
engineering
Clinical
CIT 1 0.35460993 2 0.69204152
Psychologist
Civil engineer 5 1.77304965 Computer Master 1 0.34602076
Computer engineer 7 2.4822695 Content creator 1 0.34602076
content Creator 1 0.35460993 CSS 3 1.03806228
Cosmetologist 2 0.70921986 Dentist 26 8.99653979
Counsellor 1 0.35460993 Designer 2 0.69204152
Cricketer 4 1.41843972 digital marketing 1 0.34602076
Data Scientist 1 0.35460993 Doctor 21 7.26643599
Digital Marketer 5 1.77304965 DPT 3 1.03806228
Doctor 11 3.90070922 Electrical Eng. 1 0.34602076
Electronic Eng. 1 0.35460993 Engineer 4 1.38408304
Engineer 4 1.41843972 Environmentalist 1 0.34602076
Exercise
1 0.35460993 Eye specialist 4 1.38408304
Physiologist
CAREER CHOICE: A REVOLUATION IN VOCATIONAL INTEREST 10

Exporter 2 0.70921986 Fashion designer 12 4.15224913

Fashion designer 2 0.70921986 Film maker 1 0.34602076
Food Nutritionist 1 0.35460993 Financial Advisor 1 0.34602076
Foot baller 1 0.35460993 General physician 1 0.34602076
Freelancer 1 0.35460993 Graphic designer 1 0.34602076
Game designer 1 0.35460993 Gynecologist 3 1.03806228
Gamer 2 0.70921986 Hacker 2 0.69204152
Graphic designer 1 0.35460993 HR manager 1 0.34602076
information
Gyne 1 0.35460993 1 0.34602076
technology
Host 1 0.35460993 Interior Designer 2 0.69204152
information Tec 2 0.70921986 IT Engineering 1 0.34602076
Interior Designer 1 0.35460993 Journalist 1 0.34602076
Investment Banker 1 0.35460993 Judge 1 0.34602076
Journalist 1 0.35460993 Lawyer 4 1.38408304
Judge 2 0.70921986 Makeup artist 2 0.69204152
Lawyer 1 0.35460993 Marketing 2 0.69204152
Manager 2 0.70921986 Marketing Agent 1 0.34602076
Marketing job 1 0.35460993 MBA 2 0.69204152
Mechanical engineer 8 2.83687943 Microbiologist 4 1.38408304
Media Science 1 0.35460993 News anchor 1 0.34602076
Medical 1 0.35460993 Nurse 3 1.03806228
Model 2 0.70921986 Nutritionist 2 0.69204152
Mountain biker 1 0.35460993 Painter 5 1.73010381
Navy 1 0.35460993 Petroleum Engineer 1 0.34602076
Nuclear Eng. 1 0.35460993 Pharmacist 12 4.15224913
Officer 1 0.35460993 Photographer 2 0.69204152
Painter 1 0.35460993 PHYSIOL0GIST 1 0.34602076
Pharmacist 5 1.77304965 Physiotherapist 4 1.38408304
PHISIOTHERAPIST 1 0.35460993 Pilot 3 1.03806228
Photographer 2 0.70921986 Politician 3 1.03806228
Pianist 1 0.35460993 Psychiatrist 1 0.34602076
Pilot 6 2.12765957 Psychologist 4 1.38408304
Politician 1 0.35460993 Pvt. Clinic 1 0.34602076
PSYCHIATRIST 1 0.35460993 Researcher 2 0.69204152
PSYCHOLOGIST 1 0.35460993 sketcher 1 0.34602076
Reporter 1 0.35460993 skin specialist 1 0.34602076
Sales Manager 1 0.35460993 Social work 2 0.69204152
Scientist 3 1.06382979 Software Engineer 3 1.03806228
Singer 3 1.06382979 Software developer 1 0.34602076
CAREER CHOICE: A REVOLUATION IN VOCATIONAL INTEREST 11

Social Entrepreneur 1 0.35460993 style designer 1 0.34602076

Software 1 0.35460993 Surgeon 4 1.38408304
Software
1 0.35460993 Teacher 13 4.4982699
development
Software engineer 6 2.12765957 textile 3 1.03806228
Suparco 1 0.35460993 Textile Designer 1 0.34602076
SSG Commando 1 0.35460993 Textile engineer 1 0.34602076
Surgeon 1 0.35460993 Therapist 1 0.34602076
Teacher 13 4.60992908 Tv artist 1 0.34602076
Technologist 1 0.35460993 Web Designer 3 1.03806228
textile designer 1 0.35460993 writer 2 0.69204152
Traveler 1 0.35460993 YouTube 1 0.34602076
Video game maker 1 0.35460993 Zoo Owner 1 0.34602076
Videographer 1 0.35460993
Vlogger 2 0.70921986
Vocalist 1 0.35460993
web designer 1 0.35460993
Web developer 1 0.35460993
YouTube 2 0.70921986
Zoologist 1 0.35460993
Total 282 100 Total 289 100

This represents the frequency of each career choice made by 282 boys and 289 girls.

During the pooling, the data above the age of 19 and career choice which identifies the boy’s

choice (e.g. Business man) from girls table were discarded.

 CAREER CHOICE: A REVOLUATION IN VOCATIONAL INTEREST 12

Table 3

Classification of Career Choices into Fields & Gender Frequencies (Cont.…)

PHYSICAL BIOLOGICAL
Frequency Frequency
SCIENCES SCIENCES

Sub-Fields Career Choices Boys Girls Sub-Fields Career Choices Boys Girls
Astronomy Astronaut 1 Bio & Biologist 1
Automotive Eng. 2 1 Technology zoologist 1
Engineering
Electrical Eng. 1 1 Microbiologist 4
& Technology
Engineer 4 4 Bio tech 1
Aviation 1 Cosmetologist 2
Civil engineer 5 3 Medicine Cardiologist 2 2
Mechanical
8 Dentist 8
engineer 26
Nuclear Eng. 1 Doctor 11 21
Textile engineer 1 DPT 3
General
Petroleum Engineer 1
physician 1
Car Maker 1 Gynecologist 1 3
Chemical engineer 4 2 Eye specialist 4
Computer engineer 7 Skin specialist 1
Earth & Sup arco 1 Surgeon 1
environmental
science Environmentalist 1 Pharmacist 5 12
Medical 1
Psychiatrist 1 1
Therapist 1
Food
Physiology 1
Nutritionist 2
Physiologist 4
Physiotherapist 1 4

The main field of Biological and Physical Science is same as of Thurstone but We

divided the Physical Science into three subfields of Astronomy, Engineering and Technology,

Earth & Environmental Sciences and Biological sciences into Bio-technology, Medicine and

Physiology as per the students selected choices

 CAREER CHOICE: A REVOLUATION IN VOCATIONAL INTEREST 13

Classification of Career Choices into Fields & Gender Frequencies (Cont.…)

BUSINESS
MANAGEMENT Frequency COMPUTATIONAL Frequency
& ACCOUNTING
Sub-Fields Career Choices Boys Girls Career Choice Boys Girls
Accounting Accountant 6 Data Scientist 1
Chartered
2 Researcher
accountant 2
Banking Banker 11 3 Scientist 3
Investment banker 1 Gamer 2
Business Zoo Owner 1
Business woman 7
Business man 21
Exporter 2
Freelancer 1
MBA 2
Social Entrepreneur 1
Pvt. Clinic 1
Management Business manager 1
Manager 2
Sales Manager 1
HR manager 1

We characterized the accounting banking business and management collectively into one

field where as computational is same as of Thurstone interest schedule but with the new career

choices.
CAREER CHOICE: A REVOLUATION IN VOCATIONAL INTEREST 14

Classification of Career Choices into Fields & Gender Frequencies (Cont.…)

COMPUTER
SPORTS &
Frequency SCIENCE Frequency
SCIENCE
&TECHNOLOGY
Career Choice Boys Girls Career Choice Boys Girls
Foot baller 1 B.Tech 1
Mountain biker 1 CIT 1
Traveler 1 Computer Master 1
Exercise
1 Game designer 1
physiologist
Cricketer 4 Hacker 2
Information
2
Technology
IT Engineering 1
Software 1
Software Developer 1 1
Software Engineer 6 3
Technologist 1
Video Game Maker 1
Web Developer 1
Graphic Designer 1 1
Web Designer 1 3

The Sports & Science and Computer Science & Technology are new fields that we

emerged and hence are more relevant to the modern era’s revolutionized fields.
 CAREER CHOICE: A REVOLUATION IN VOCATIONAL INTEREST 15

Classification of Career Choices into Fields & Gender Frequencies (Cont.…)

HUMINITARIAN Frequency PERSUASIVE Frequency

Sub-Field Career Choice Boys Girls Sub-Field Career Choice Boys Girls

Law & Air hostess 3 Internet Blogger 3

Enforcement Air force 2 forums Vlogger 2
Army 8 3 YouTube 2 1
Army nursing 1 Marketing Digital marketer 5 1
Army officer 1 Marketing 2
CSS 3 Marketing Agent 1
Navy 1 Marketing job 1
Officer 1 Politician 1 3
Pilot 6 3
SSG Commando 2
Judge 2 1
Clinical
2
Psychologist
Social
Counsellor 1
Workers
Financial Advisor 1
Psychologist 1 4
Social work 2
Teacher 13 13
Nurse 3

We classify the Humanitarian into subfields of Law & Enforcement whereas Persuasive

has the Marketing and global forums named as Internet Forums which is another comparative

field to Thurstone
CAREER CHOICE: A REVOLUATION IN VOCATIONAL INTEREST 16

Classification of Career Choices into Fields & Gender Frequencies (Cont.…)

CREATIVE
Linguistic Frequency Frequency
ART
Career
Boys Girls Career Choice Boys Girls
Choice
Anchor 2 Beautician 1
Host 1 Bakery 1
Content
Journalist 1 1 1 1
Creator
Lawyer 1 4 Chef 3 3
News
1 Painter 1 5
anchor
Reporter 1 Sketcher 1
Writer 2 Textile 3
Textile
1 1
designer

We reformed the field Artistic of Thurston into Creative Art and choice that could be fall

in Artistic were classified into Media Science & Media Industry where the field Linguistic has

no change
CAREER CHOICE: A REVOLUATION IN VOCATIONAL INTEREST 17

Classification of Career Choices into Fields & Gender Frequencies

Media Science &

Frequency
Media Industry
Sub-
Career Choice Boys Girls
Field
Artist 7
Actor 4 3
Designer 2
Fashion
2 12
Designer
Film maker 1
Makeup Artist 2
Model 2
Photographer 2 2
Style Designer 1
Videographer 1
Tv artist 1
Musicale Pianist 1
Singer 3
Vocalist 1

This one is the new emerged field in comparison to old Thurston

 CAREER CHOICE: A REVOLUATION IN VOCATIONAL INTEREST 18

Table 4

Evaluated Frequency of Each Field

Physical Biological Business Computatio Computer Sports Media Lin Creative Humanit Persuasive
Science Science Management nal Science Science Science guis Art arian
& & & Media tic
Accounting Technolo Industry
gy

Boys 35 36 47 6 18 7 22 4 7 37 11
Girls 15 90 17 2 12 1 24 10 15 40 11
Total
Frequency
50 126 64 8 30 8 46 14 22 77 22
of Each
Field
N 571 571 571 571 571 571 571 571 571 571 571
Total
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Percentage
1.40105078 2.45 13.4851
8.7566 22.06655 11.2084063 5.25394 1.4011 8.056042 3.85289 3.8528897
Percentage 8 184 138

This represent the gender specific and overall frequency of each field
CAREER CHOICE: A REVOLUATION IN VOCATIONAL INTEREST 19

DISCUSSION
The hypothesis that there will be gender differences in career choice preference two

among entry level students of schools and college is supported with analyzed data. The girls’

frequency is higher in biological and social sciences fields where as boys are more bound with

physical, computational, computer science and technology fields that is approach to fidelity has

the root of cultural beliefs about gender competences that in which fields they should go (Correll,

S. 2001; Stead, et al., 2004). Another fact could be the need of fame or acceptance called

motivation, one of the component of Furnham (1992) theoretical model of vocational interest, is

more high in girls in a men dominating culture leading them to pursue the more respect and fame

related fields in a view of cultural perspective, whereas (Abiola, J. 2014) parent’s role in

choosing vocational interest play an important role, developing them with the vision that what

they are and what they should be can become a key aspect of choosing career and this view could

reside in developmental aspect of Furnham (1992) theoretical model of vocational interest.

The more frequencies of girls in social science and Biological science, whereas of boys in

physical and technical filed represent their environmental effects and individual characteristics as

suggested by Holland’s (1959, 1997) in his vocational interest theory.

The development of the interest schedule according to modern era reside 11 fields in

which 3 are new which is computer science& technology, Sport science & technology Media

science & Media Industry in comparison to Thurston interest schedule whereas Biological

science, Physical Science, persuasive, Linguistic, Humanitarian, Business Management and

Accounting, computational, with their sub fields converting the field Artistic into pure Creative

Art while merging the field Musicale into Media science & Media Industry, while the original

Thurston (Review of Thurstone Interest Schedule 1948)was developed by Thurston L.L. and
CAREER CHOICE: A REVOLUATION IN VOCATIONAL INTEREST 20

revised in 1937 has .90-.96 scale reliability only 10 broad fields named : physical science,

biological science, computational, business, executive, persuasive; linguistic, humanitarian,

artistic, and musical. The pattern of scale scoring and administration is same as of the original

Thurston except of the most of the career choice explored in this study and the 121 boxes in a

sheet in comparison to Thurstone interest schedule which 100 boxes comprising two opposite

career choice in one box and the scoring is done by counting the marked choices across the rows

and columns relevant to that major field

Limitations: students need career counselling before filling the questionnaire because

most of the students wrote the organization names irrespective of the field in which they want to

work in that organization this create the ambiguity when classifying the name relevant to that

field. Also the career choices are not enough to fill in new interest schedule causing the

repetition of choices more than two times

The implication of the developed new interest schedule could be used to measure

students interest profile with respect to the modern era’s revolutionized fields and also those

careers and fields which are only interest based such as blogging vloging could be include as a

course of study in educational system

This study helps in finding out that the results are consistent with the developed

hypothesis and the new interest schedule has more relevant fields according to this digitally

globalize era
CAREER CHOICE: A REVOLUATION IN VOCATIONAL INTEREST 21

REFERENCES

Abiola, J. (Nov. 2014). Impact of Educational Aspirations On Vocational Choices of the Female

Secondary School Students in Ondo West Local Government Area of Ondo State,

Nigeria. European Scientific Journal. (Special eds.) vol.1 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e -

ISSN 1857- 7431 224

Chermer J.A. (2016) Vocational Interests. In: Zeigler-Hill V., Shackelford T. (eds)

Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences. Springer, Cham.

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28099-8_801-1

Correll, S. (2001). Gender and the Career Choice Process: The Role of Biased Self‐

Assessments. American Journal of Sociology, 106(6), 1691-1730. doi:10.1086/321299

Furnham, A. (1992). Personality at Work: Individual Differences in the Workplace (1st ed.).

Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203134122

Holland, J. L. (1959). A theory of vocational choice. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 6, 35–

45.

Holland, J. L. (1997). Making vocational choices: A theory of vocational personalities and work

environments (3rd ed.). Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.

Mwoleka, J. (June, 2011). Cultural Factors Contributing to Adolescents ‘Career Decision-

Making Difficulties: Individualistic-Collectivistic Perspectives.

https://alfredadler.edu/sites/default/files/Mwoleka%20MP%202011.pdf pg. 7

Paris, Ricardo, Raymond, & Johnson (Jul 22, 2020). Erik Erikson – Theory of Psychosocial

Development. Social Science LibreTexts.

CAREER CHOICE: A REVOLUATION IN VOCATIONAL INTEREST 22

https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Early_Childhood_Education/Book%3A_Child

_Growth_and_Development_(Paris_Ricardo_Rymond_and_Johnson)/15%3A_Adolescen

ce__Social_Emotional_Development/15.01%3A_Erik_Erikson__Theory_of_Psychosocia

l_Development

Qualifix The National Learner’s Database, (n.d). The Parent's Role in Career Selection: How

important is the role of the parent in the career guidance process?

https://www.qualifax.ie/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=179&Itemid=

207

Review of Thurstone Interest Schedule (1948). [Review of the book Thurstone interest

schedule, by L. L. Thurstone]. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 12(1),

63. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0050698

Stead, G. B. Els, C., & Fouad, N. A. (2004). Perceived career barriers among South African high

school learners. South Africa Journal of Psychology, 34(2), 206-221.

University of East Anglia (July 5, 2018). Age and education affect job changes. ScienceDaily

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/07/180705205142.htm#:~:text=New%20res

earch%20reveals%20that%20people,are%20factors%20in%20career%20mobility
CAREER CHOICE: A REVOLUATION IN VOCATIONAL INTEREST 23

Appendix A
Self-Developed Questionnaire
Demographics
Age:
Gender:
Birth Order: (first / middle /last / only)
Class: (9th / 10th /11th / 12th/ O3/ A1/ A2)
Subject you choose in Class 9th: Biology / Computer / Arts
Subject you choose in First year (If you're an intermediate student tick the faculty below):
• Pre-Medical
• Pre-Engineering
• Commerce
• Arts
Schooling System: (Private / Government / Semi-Government)
Matric Board / Cambridge System
Father’s Education:
Father’s Profession:
Mother’s Education:
Mother’s Profession:

In which profession you see yourself in next 5 to 10 years.

1. ________________
2. _________________
3. _________________
4. _________________
5. _________________