Chapter II

Review of Literated Literature

This chapter presents the literature relevant to the concept of the

present study. It also analyses some studies and materials from the

Internet to provide sufficient background and materials from the

Internet to provide sufficient background and information essential

for the accomplishment of this study. It sought to collect claims of

previous studies about Factors Influencing Students' Choice junior,

senior academic track.

Conceptual Literature

Several Studies Including the one by Moneva (2019) stated that

students who think criticality and choose the correct are prepared for

their future and capacity the track will help them improve their

skills and Capabilities they choose.

Frank (2017) in his study revealed that Decision-making represents an

essential and continual part of the career development experience, one

that influences a variety of outcomes and dictates how successful and

satisfying the overall career experience will be for the individual.

Given the importance of decision-making, it is necessary for search

and staffing professionals to possess a reasonable understanding of

how it will affect candidate behaviour.

Yvonne J Moogan, Steve Baron (2003) Results showed that in the problem

recognition phase, boys were more likely to be introduced to HE by

their parents than were girls, and those pupils who made their minds

up earlier to enter HE (more academic pupils) were less likely to rely

upon teachers but more upon parents.

Parental Influence

Choosing a career is often considered a major turning point in a young

adult's life. This decision alone has the potential to open the door

for success or close the door of opportunity. While often perceived to

be an individual choice, research suggests that a variety of

influences such as family, school, community, and social and economic

factors are likely to manipulate one's ultimate career decision

(Ferry, 2006). Among these factors, students report that parents have

the greatest influence on which career they choose (Kniveton, 2004).

Research shows that parental norms and values most often affect

children's career aspirations via parental interactions (Lavine,

2002), involvement in schoolwork (Simpson, 2003), and gender

expectations (Jacobs, Chhin & Bleeker, 2006; Hesse-Biber & Carter,

2000). While parents may assume other variables such as occupation or

education to be most influential, their influence is most often

exerted through normative channels including their interest in

schoolwork and aspirations for educational achievement (Simpson,

2003).

Environment
The study aimed to investigate the factors determining the students'

career choice and find out their job preparedness strategies.

Moreover, the study sought to propose a theory which could explain the

students' career choice from a social environmental perspective.

Primary data for this study were collected from 120 students selected

from fourteen academic departments of the Noakhali Science and

Technology University (NSTU) in Bangladesh based on snow-ball

sampling. The study revealed that several factors involving students'

family preferences, teachers' advice, job prestige, job security,

remunerations, scope of promotion, scope of pension, scope of

professional development, personal interests, academic majors,

educational attainments and career development trainings have

significant association with the students' career decision-making.

However, gender and social class did not have significant effects on

the students' career choice. The study proposed a career choice theory

which indicates that the students' career choice and career

preferences are not determined by their personal interests alone;

rather they are determined by the interplay of several social,

cultural and economic forces. The study indicated that the majority of

the respondents undertake self-study to pursue their preferred jobs.

While career development trainings play an important role in

developing the competencies of the students for jobs, a majority of

the respondents do not have such trainings. As such, the study

suggested that the students of the NSTU should undertake career

development courses as a strategy for job preparedness. Finally, the

study suggested that the NSTU should set up a career guidance and
counseling cell to link their students with the current labor market.

Shahanaz,(2021)

Interest

Vocational interests have a rich history throughout the last century

of psychological research, playing an influential role in fields such
as personality, development, education, counseling, and organizational
psychology. Yet interest measures are typically developed with the
goal of matching people to careers, and there has never been a
quantitative review of interests and career choice.
the present study reintroduces base rates into the evaluation of
predictive accuracy. We demonstrate the importance of taking base
rates into account by comparing interest category hit rates and
employment rates within those categories. Overall, the results of this
study demonstrate that interest inventories possess considerable
validity for predicting career choice, supporting their use in
research, education, and work contexts.

Aptitude

Today aptitude test for career assessment becomes more common among
the young adults. Among the numbers of available aptitude tests,
Differential Aptitude Test (DAT) is a widely used one. The more
scientific way of career choice usually follows aptitude test next to
intelligence, personality and interest tests. As it is not quite
possible to administer the entire above mentioned tests, it can be
possible to administer the aptitude test and intelligence test for a
better career choice.
The result also reveals that Intelligence Quotient (IQ) is
significantly related to the most important subtest of DAT: Abstract
Reasoning and Educational Aptitude. In this regard can be said that,
although there is no significant relationship exist between the all
the subtests of DAT with SPM but it is satisfying the relationship
with abstract reasoning and educational aptitude. Therefore Aptitude
test with intelligence may be suggested a better assessment for career
guidance especially in educational set up.

Related literature
 Considering your skills and abilities and how they may fit a
particular occupation comes out of one of the earliest career
development fields, Trait-Factor theories, and is still used
today. These theories recommend creating occupational profiles for
specific jobs as well as identifying individual differences, matching
individuals to occupations based on these differences. You can
identify activities you enjoy and those in which you have a level of
competency though a formal assessment. In John Holland’s Theory of
Vocational Choice, he stated that people who choose to work in an
environment compatible to their personality type are more likely to be
satisfied and be successful in the future. He also identified that
there are six personality types: Realistic, Investigative, Artistic,
Social, Enterprising, and Conventional. Also, there are six basic
types of work environments that come hand in hand with each
personality type. The theory is based from the phrase, "Birds of the
same feather flock together.", which means that people are more likely
to choose a career path in an environment which is suitable to their
personalities and to work with people who are more similar to them.
(Holland, 2001) It shows that the personality of each Grade 9 students
can affect their choice in their career. Everyone has unique talents
that can be used in a career of some type. For many, these talents
have been present since childhood; for others they are learned over
time. Skills can be broken down by types and matched up with specific
career paths. In order to determine what career you should choose,
begin by looking at skills that can be used on the job or look at
career paths that compliment your current skills and talents. Also,
with the theory of Lent, Brown and Hackett which is The Social
Cognitive Career Theory. It states that there are influences in an
individual’s career choice which connects to self-efficacy, outcome
expectations and personal goals and on how these variables interact
with other aspects of the person and his or her environment (e.g.,
gender, ethnicity, social supports, and barriers.). Also with Roe
(2016), Adigwe (2016), Okeke (2005), Gesinde 2003) they had said that
Parental influence has been implicated in the career choice of
children. Adding up with Gesinde (2021) statement, that gender can
play a big part in their career choice. Therefore, the abovementioned
factors affect the career choice of grade 9 students. In Lent, Brown,
and Hackett’s Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT) The Social
Cognitive Career Theory states that there are influences in an
individual’s career choice which connects to self-efficacy, outcome
expectations and personal goals. SCCT focuses on several cognitive-
person variables (e.g. self efficacy, outcome expectations, and
goals), and on how these variables interact with other aspects of the
person and his or her environment (e.g., gender, ethnicity, social
supports, and barriers.)