Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1 - 2011
Series V: Economic Sciences
Delia FRATU1
1
Department of Doctoral School in Marketing. Transilvania University of Braşov.
120 Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Braşov • Vol. 4 (53) • No. 1 - 2011 • Series V
Recent opinions regarding family life- young people sharing the same house
cycles take into account their increasing before affording one of their own.
complexity, brought about by the Individuals can identify themselves with
breakdown of the traditional family into a social class, and the values of this class
single-parents families, extended can influence behaviour. Tourists who
cohabitation before marriage or groups of belong to a superior social layer dedicate a
122 Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Braşov • Vol. 4 (53) • No. 1 - 2011 • Series V
big part of their time to travelling and influenced by the situation in which he
tourism. Their reason for travelling is most currently finds himself.
often leisure or business and they generally The time a tourist disposes to decide the
travel alone or with their family. Their purchase during the journey, and also the
means of transport are exclusively time gap between the moment of purchase
luxurious vehicles such as car, yacht or and the moment of payment, influences the
plane. He owns vacation houses or stays in purchasing behaviour. For example, the
luxurious hotels and demands a big variety tourist does not pay as much attention to
of auxiliary services during this journey. details when the time to decide the
Tourists who belong to a medium or purchase is short. Generally speaking, the
inferior social layer dedicate only a small purchase decision is adopted more easily
part of their time to travel. They usually when the time gap between the purchase
travel forced by family or medical and the payment is larger.
problems and often travel in a group to Physical environment refers to the place
benefit from price discounts. They usually from where the client buys the product,
use public transport such as bus or train such as light, temperature, sound, and also
and demands accommodation and meal at what defines the tourism product, such as
quite low rates. They rarely demand weather, climate, access, the beauty of the
auxiliary services during the journey. scenery. The journey environment
Reference groups can be defined as influences the tourist’s post-consuming
groups of people that influence an reactions.
individual’s attitude or behaviour. These Situational environment is defined by the
groups may consist of family members, presence of relatives, friends, work
friends or colleagues. Reference groups colleagues or other persons at the moment
influence their members by the roles and of the purchase decision or during the
norms expected from them and they may journey. For example, a person will react
be seen as an important determinant of differently in the presence of his boss and
behaviour. in the presence of a colleague; a child will
An opinion leader is someone in the react differently in the presence of his
reference group from whom other parents or teachers, and in the presence of
members seek guidance; therefore such his friends; during a journey a person acts
persons can have great influence on differently if he/ she travels alone.
purchase decisions. The state of mind has a direct effect on
They influence the reference groups as a consumer behaviour. For a tourism agency,
consequence of: it is much easier to satisfy a client in a
• their capacities of personifying the good mood rather than a nervous client.
group Apart from these three categories of
• their rich experience and knowledge factors there is one more with great
• their privileged position in the influence on consumer behaviour,
communicational system. consisting of economic factors such as:
Tourism firms are interested in attracting income per person, income per family,
opinion leaders because of their abilities to prices of products and services, salary,
influence groups and try to convince them expenditure, GDP per person, inflation rate
regarding the quality of their services. etc.
2.3. Situational Factors The economic factors are the most
In addition to an individual’s personal sensitive to environmental change and, as a
and social necessities, his needs are also result, they have been very affected by the
economic situation of the past two years.
Fratu, D.: Factors of influence and changes in the tourism consumer behaviour 123
Between 2008 and 2010 the tourism recovery perspectives, already weak. The
industry registered a lot of changes which euro and the pound fell in value facing the
surprised even specialists of the domain. American dollar, but the possibilities to
travel in Europe have increased for tourists
3. Changes in the European Tourism from all over the world, with special offers
Consumer Behaviour and low price vacations.
Tourism plays an important role in the The low income, the economic and
European economy, totalizing 1.8 million financial instability reflected in the
enterprises which operate in this domain bankruptcy of prestigious firms and banks;
and 5.2 percent from the total labour force natural disasters such as Iceland’s volcano-
works in tourism. Also, tourism and the crisis from Greece had a negative
contributes with over 5 percent at the impact on the European consumer,
European gross domestic product. especially regarding tourism consumption.
Therefore, it represents the third largest Given these conditions of economic
socioeconomic activity in the EU after the instability, the European tourism consumer
trade, distribution and construction sectors. has changed his behaviour looking for
Taking into account the sectors linked to it, shorter trips, special offers and discounts,
the tourism contribution to GDP is even short distance trips, eventually city-breaks.
greater; being estimated to generate over Also, tourists have become very careful
10 % of the European Union's GDP and when spending money for travel. They are
provide approximately 12% of all jobs. willing to assign a smaller amount of
The European tourism has recently money to travel than in previous years, and
experienced a difficult economic situation. they want to be sure that they benefit of the
In 2010, Europe’s travel industry maximum of services.
recovered compared to the low level from In the European Union, tourism
2009, but the recovery is not as high as operators adapted the offer on demand by
expected. decreasing tariffs to attract tourists. For
At the beginning of 2010, many example, hotels in Frankfurt lowered
countries reported mixed results regarding tariffs up to 36 percent, in Brussels tariffs
the number of visitors. Meanwhile, have decreased by 30 percent, while in
statistical data registered by airlines and Athens and Berlin tariffs have decreased
accommodation units show that in the by 21 percent.
European tourism industry, the trend is Tourism agencies promote cheaper
ascending, but modest and it is on the track tourism packages and special offers. The
to recovery. early-booking concept became very
Another factor that contributed to the popular because tourists prefer to pay in
delay of the European tourism’s recovery advance for a trip in order to benefit from a
was the ash cloud from Iceland’s volcano, discount. Also e-tourism has developed a
a phenomenon which affected 6 million lot because tourists can create their own
tourists in Europe in April and May, and tourism packages on the internet, at the
which caused airlines 1.7 billion Euros net desired costs.
loss from sales. The business segment remains very
The global economy is on track to affected without encouraging perspectives
recovery, being influenced by economies for recovery.
from Asia and America which register Leisure tourism remains more demanded
continual and considerable increases. than business tourism, and this trend will
In Europe, many countries implemented continue. Due to the drastic decrease of
austerity measures, delaying the economic business tourism, operators have opted for
124 Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Braşov • Vol. 4 (53) • No. 1 - 2011 • Series V
resorts” and “The balneal decade”. These Romania's image has suffered a lot of
programmes address all social categories. damage. Beside the economic collapse in
Hotel operators from mountain resorts which it is nowadays, the international
and rural areas lowered the tariffs mass-media overreacted and exaggerated
comparing to 2009 and continue to lower all the negative aspects, because good
them in order to attract tourists even in off- news is not news.
peak season. Romania’s image has to regain strength.
The number of Romanian tourists who Actions like building a positive reputation,
spent their holiday at the Black seaside has finding an up-to-date identity for the
decreased. Romanian tourists who spent country and developing and promoting a
holidays at the seaside chose shorter stays. strong image brand should be prioritised.
The Romanian tourism consumer is One of the beauties of imagining Romania
much more attentive regarding expenses. is that one can endlessly rediscover it. It is
The low income, the rising prices, the almost chameleonic in the international
instability of the work place, all these are imagination and it can be anything.
reasons for which people think twice For the Romanian tourism, 2010 was as
before deciding to spend money. Given difficult as 2009, maybe even more
these conditions, travelling becomes for difficult, being the second year of crisis.
many Romanians a luxury. Romania needs a serious introspection,
The optimistic part is that now it is time which should result in a clear, strong and
for the Romanian tourism to re-invent exciting image.
itself, to offer quality services at The hope for 2011 is that it will be a year
competitive tariffs. Also, the limited of recovery for internal, incoming and
budget of Romanian tourists can encourage outgoing tourism.
internal tourism. Romania can become a For the internal tourism, the special offer
desired destination by foreigners, too, if campaigns are expected to attract more
offering quality services at lower tariffs. tourists and for incoming tourism the new
Romania as a tourism destination has a country brand is expected to have a high
big potential. From the Black seashore and impact. For the outgoing tourism, it is
the Danube Delta, to the beauties of the expected that the present economic
Carpathian Mountains, beautiful situation will be overcome and more
Transylvanian cities and villages and the people will afford to travel.
painted monasteries, it is a country worth
visiting. 5. Conclusions
It is a pity that these natural and cultural Consumer behaviour is a very important
beauties are not promoted in order to raise aspect to analyze in every marketing
interest and attract tourists. activity, especially in the tourism sector.
The Romanian tourism should be Consumer behaviour is influenced by
supported by local authorities in the first many factors which can be grouped in
place to build a proper infrastructure. categories such as personal factors, social
In the second place, tourism operators factors, situational factors and economic
should be helped in order to overcome factors. By understanding these factors,
difficult situations such as, for example, one can identify an individual’s needs.
seasonality and receive support, so as to The tourism industry finds itself in times
have the possibility to practice lower of uncertainty. In the period 2008-2010,
prices. the tourism industry faced difficulties,
126 Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Braşov • Vol. 4 (53) • No. 1 - 2011 • Series V