Chapter 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND PROCEDURE

This chapter presents the method and deign of research used, the

sources of data, respondent of the study, research instrument used, data

gathering procedure and the statistical tool use in the treatment of data.

Research Method and Design

This study will utilize the experimental method in determining the validity

of the worksheets. Descriptive method according to Aguinaldo “is design to

gather information about present and existing conditions. It determines and

reports the way things are (Okendu, 2012). The experimental method will also be

used to test the level of effectiveness of the worksheets. Experimental method

according to Aguinaldo is “the procedure which involves a situation in which a

certain phenomena may be controlled. It describes and analyses variables in

carefully controlled conditions as a basis for interfering or concluding. It consists

of manipulating an experimental variable under highly controlled condition to

determine how and why a particular event occurs (Aguinaldo, 2002).

Specifically, this study used the pretest-posttest control group research

design in assigning groups and in applying the treatments. According to Bautista

(1998) and Fraenkel and Wallen (1994), the randomized pretest-posttest control

group design uses two groups of subjects with both groups being observed or

measured twice. The first measurement serves as the pretest, the second as the

posttest. Observations in pretest and posttest were represented by scores of the

students. Random assignment is used to form groups. The measurements or

observations are collected at the same time for both groups. This experimental

research design is good and desirable if the number in each group is small (less

than 30).

Setting of the Study

The study will take place in San Mateo Senior High School under the

supervision of Mrs. Arleen D. Canapi, School Head.

In year 2016, San Mateo Senior High School started implementing the K-

12 enhanced basic education by 12 teachers for the instruction and training of

students in all branches of technical vocational and sciences with the following

tracks and strands: the Academic track has General Academic Strand also called

GAS, Accounting Business and Mathematics or ABM and Technical Vocational

and Livelihood TVL track has Animation, Cookery, Electrical Installation and

Maintenance or EIM, and Computer Programming. As of today, the school has

the same tracks offered but has added STEM strand under academic and the

Beauty Care strand under TVL track and has gone far beyond its vision in

building steps towards the dreams and goals of the Filipino youth.

Moreover, the researcher desired to conduct the research in San Mateo

Senior High School to evaluate the effectiveness of the developed worksheets in

the academic performance of the selected grade 11 students.

Figure 2. San Mateo Senior High School Vicinity map
Subject of the Study

This study focus on the development, validation and effectiveness of

worksheets in Physical Science. Instructional materials play an important role in

ensuring the effectiveness of teaching and learning activities. Worksheet is a kind

of printed instructional material that is prepared and frequently used by teachers

in order to help students to gain knowledge, skills and values by providing helpful

comments about the lesson objectives and enabling students to engage in active

learning and learning-by-doing in and out of the school. The use of instructional

materials generally improved students’ understanding of concepts and led to high

academic achievements.

Procedure of the Study

The researcher will undergo different processes for this research;

planning, testing, development, validation and evaluation. The necessary permits

will be secured, the least mastered skills will be identified base from the

summative test which will also be the basis of items to be constructed for the

pretest and postest.

The researcher will have two groups, the experimental and control groups.

The effectiveness of worksheets will be determined after the pretest and postest

administered to these two groups. The data to be obtained will be subjected to a

statistical treatment. Final defense schedule will be requested. All the corrections

and suggestions will be integrated for the polishing of the manuscript.

Sources of Data

The data of this study have two sources, the primary and the secondary

data. The results of the pretest and postest and the responses from the interview

belong to the primary data. The lesson plan and the questionnaires from the

pretest and post test before and after administering the worksheets will be the

secondary source of data.

Sampling Design and Sample

Random sampling will be used in this study to determine the student-

respondents. The groups of students will be divided into control and experimental

groups using the simple random sampling procedure. Each group will have

fifteen (15) students both form heterogeneous sections who will form part of the

study.

Construction of the Instrument

The questionnaire for pre-test post-test, and worksheets will be developed

base on the identified least mastered skills from the summative test.

Questionnaires to be used in the interview for experimental group will be

developed base on reviewed literature on material evaluation and other related

topics, conflated or put together different principles and criteria for evaluating

instructional materials formulated by different authorities in the field. (Annex 1)

Validation of the Instrument

 Pilot testing and an item analysis will be done to validate the test to be

used in pretest and posttest, after pilot testing, the validated test items will be the

basis for making a new set of questionnaires.

The validity of worksheets will be determined by the teacher-respondents

who have the experience and currently teaching the subject (Physical Science), it

includes the experts like master teachers, Head of the Science Department and

or the assigned committees in reviewing the learning materials in the District or

Division office.

Questionnaires to be used in the interview with the students will be

validated by the experts in the field of teaching.

Data Gathering Procedure

The result of the summative exam will be the source of identifying the

least mastered skills. These least mastered skills will be the basis of the lesson

and in the construction of the test items for the pre-test and post-test. Pilot testing

and item analysis will be done to ensure validity of test items. Once through with

validation, pretesting will be done to reveal the mean scores. Prior to pretesting,

the developed worksheets should also undergo validation by the experts before

using them in the experiment. After a certain period of time in the conduct of

experiment, post testing will be done to finally get the mean scores.

An interview will be conducted to know the feedback of the respondents in

using the worksheets for the Physical Science.

Statistical Treatment
 To accurately interpret the data, the study will utilize descriptive statistics

using frequency, percentage distribution and mean with the help of the University

Statistical Center using SPSS version 22.

References

Books

Anderson K. (2003). Getting What You Want: Developing a Workbook. New

York, USA: Dutton Publishing, Inc.

Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2013) How to Design and Evaluate

Research in education (8th Ed.). New York: Mcgraw-Hill Book Company

Harmon, D. A., & Jones, T. S. (2005). Elementary education: A reference book.

California: ABC-CLIO Inc.

Journals

Beth Lewis article: “What is TLM in the Classroom”? Thought.Co writer

Evaluation and Selection of Learning Resource: A Guide(2008) Prince Edward

Island Department of Education, Charloottetown, Prince Edward Island,

Canada, CIA 7N8

Gates, A. 2005. “An Analysis of Certain Purposes and Merits of Workbooks

Materials.” Curriculum Journal, 6.

Implementing Rules and Regulations of the Enhanced Basic Education Act of

2013 September 4, 2013.

Instructional Design and Materials Evaluation Guidelines (2004). Retrieved from

www.goitech.org/...toolkit/evaluation/print/forms...
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Ministry of Education, Guyana Government, url: https://goo.gl/YUqxzB

Ministry of Education, Guyana. (Copyright 2019). Retrieved July 2, 2017, from

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https://education.gov.gy/web/index.php/teachers/tips-for-

teaching/item/2036

Okendu, J.N., 2012.The Influence of Instructional Process And Supervision On

Academic Performance of Secondary School Students of River State,

Nigeria. Journal of Academic Research International, 2(3).

SEI-DOST & UP NISMED, (2011). Science framework for philippine basic

education. Manila: SEI-DOST & UP NISMED

Sevil Kurt, Alipaşa Ayas. The Effect of The Worksheets On Students'

Achievement In Chemical Equilibrium. Article in  Journal of Turkish

Science Education · September 2011.

Studies

Adalikwu Stephen A. And Isaac T. Iorkpilgh

Aguinaldo M. M.”Simplified Approach to Thesis Writing”, 2002.

Aubrey Francisco. “Identifying the Top Four Challenges in K-12 Education”.

November 16, 2015

Basilan, M. L. (2016). Facilitation Techniques in Enhancing English Language

Che-Di Lee, 2014. Worksheet Usage, Reading Achievement, Classes’ Lack of

Readiness, and Science Achievement: A Cross-Country Comparison.

International Journal of Education in Mathematics, Science and Technology.

Coştu, B. & Ünal, S. (2005). Le-Chatelier prensibinin çalışma yaprakları ile

öğretimi. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Elektronik Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 1, 1.

Estacio, Randel De Leon. Development and Validation of a Learning Assessment

Tool and Instructional Material in Physics 1 (Mechanics) in Quezon City

2011-2012. Polytechnic University (QCPU). Presented to Graduate School

Eulogio “Amang” Rodriguez, 2015.

Kurt, S. & Ayas, A. (2010). Bir Öğretim Teknolojisi Olarak Çalışma Yapraklarının

Kimyasal Reaksiyonların Hızı Konusunda Öğrenci Başarısına Etkisi, International

Educational Technology Conference, İstanbul, Boğaziçi University.

Ma. Leticia Jose C. Basilan “Scantiness of Instructional Materials in Senior High

School: Basis for a Proposed Digital Instructional Archive”

Marissa Siahaan, Makmur Sirait. Development of Student Activity Sheet

(Worksheet) Based on Guided Inquiry to Improve Student’s Critical

Thinking Skills in Senior High School. Graduate State University of

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 APPENDIX A
SAMPLE QUESTIONNAIRE

Part 1. Profile of the Teacher-respondents

Direction: Please fill in the blanks.

1. Name: (optional) _____________________________________

2. Age: ________
3. Educational Attainment: _________________________
4. Field of Specialization: _______________
5. Number of Years Teaching Science: ____________________

Part II. Evaluation on the Worksheets in Physical Science

Direction: Please check your chosen answer. Use the following rating scale.
5 = STRONGLY AGREE 4 = AGREE 3 = UNDECIDED
2 = DISAGREE 1= STRONGLY DISAGREE
Criteria in the Evaluation of Instructional 1 2 3 4 5
Materials
Objectives
1. The general objectives include the development of
logical judgmental behaviors.
2. The specific objectives are clearly stated.
3. The specific objectives are measurable and attainable
4. The objectives guide the students to have a full grasp
of the concepts to be discussed in each of the module.
5. The learning objectives are aligned with the mission,
vision, goal, and objectives of the University.
Average Weighted Mean

Content 1 2 3 4 5
1. Aligns with curriculum and learning competencies.
2. Is age appropriate and is designed to meet the needs
of individual learners from various skills levels.
3. The principles of language learning and language
acquisition have been followed in developing the
material.
4. Activities are short and varied which are likely to
match the attention span, interest and difficulty level
of the learners.
5. The contents are appropriate for the local context
and meet community standards for language content.
6. The use of language and expression is acceptable and
understandable to the learners.
7. The material is accurate, have used proper grammar
and spelling and free of all errors.
8. Contains vocabulary, sentence structure, and concepts
appropriate for the intended grade level.
9. Provides communicative activities, reflective of the
objectives set forth in the Curriculum Guide
10. Material stimulates growth in factual knowledge,
literacy appreciation, aesthetic values and ethical
standards.
Average Weighted Mean

Methodology 1 2 3 4 5
1. activity-based rather than lecture-based
2. draw students into group and co-operative learning,
as well as provide for individual growth
3. promote hands-on activities and an applied approach
to learning
4. encourage students to question, think, react,
reflect, and decide in ways that develop critical-
thinking and decision-making skills
5. offers choice and flexibility, as appropriate, to
meet needs related to individual aptitudes, abilities,
learning styles, multiple intelligences, and interests.
Average Weighted Mean

Usefulness 1 2 3 4 5
1. prepares the students to think logically and
critically
2. is simple and comprehensible
3. has contents that increase the students’ knowledge,
understanding, and proficiency/skills
4. provides opportunity for the development/ enhancement
of mathematical skills
5. has learning contents that provide adequate
information on the topics presented
6. encourages the students to become actively involved
in the learning activities
7. stimulates the learners’ analytical thinking skills
8. presents activities that seek to relate new concepts
from previous
Average Weighted Mean

Evaluation 1 2 3 4 5
1. supportive of continuous learning by the individual
2. provide for both formative and and summative
assessment evaluation as appropriate
3. relevant to the needs of student.
Average Weighted Mean

Appendix B
SAMPLE LETTER REQUESTING FOR PERMISSION TO CONDUCT THE STUDY

LEANDRO D. MATOCIÑOS
Principal II
San Jose Litex Senior High School
San Jose, Rodriguez, Rizal

Sir:

Warmest Greetings!

I would like to ask your permission to allow me to conduct a survey among your teachers in your
school. This is in view of my action research, entitled, “Development and Acceptability of
Enhanced Learning Activities in Physical Science”. I am conducting the survey among Senior
High School Science teachers both public and private schools in San Mateo, Rizal. Attached
herewith is the survey questionnaire for this study.

The survey would last about 10-15 minutes and would be arranged at a time convenient to the
teachers’ schedule (e.g during break). Participation is entirely voluntary and there are no known
or anticipated risks to participation in this study. All information will be kept in utmost
confidentiality and would be used only for academic purposes. The names of the respondents and
the name of your school will not appear in any publications resulting in this study unless agreed
to. After the data have been analyzed, you will receive a copy of the summary. If you would be
interested in greater detail, a copy of the entire study can be made available to you.

Your approval to conduct this interview will be greatly appreciated.

Thank you in advance for your interest and assistance with this research.

Sincerely,

MELISSA DP. BALMORES

SHS Teacher-San Mateo SHS/MAT Science

Noted by:

VICTORINO V. BUTRON
OIC- SMSHS- Assistant
Principal II
Approved by:

LEANDRO D. MATOCIÑOS
Principal II- San Jose Litex Senior High School