Kennet h S .

Willa ms Ot a w
o − nss−its f t e n + 1 binomia l c − of f i − e n c
c ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )ie

n n n .. n .
ed enoe byN(,nm − parenrightth e nm b er o binom i alco ef f i cient
s
inh e
n hro w o
P as c a0 s triagn l ewh ich r e c − on r e n t tot m o ulo m,w he
e r
n and m − h − b bracketlef t − r aum t = r 4 f − parenlef t − o Da
s v
vi le[4]) m = 5( H ee lan d S a c h [5] m =8 (Gr an v le [4] H u a r
S p e ar mna and Wli l m s [6],a nd m = p( pr m (Hex e a n S ach [ 5

W e bb[ 10)
In hisp ap er et r att h − e c a e m = 9 We dete min e px i tfo rm
u l f or n t, nine − parenright f r−o t = 0, one − comma ,.. ., ; s ee h eT
h oe−r min Se c on 2.
We u e hr u ho ut t e 3 − r − y r ep es en i on f n,a me ly,

(.1) n= a +a 3 + a32 + . + a3l = a a a... a,

1
hr e l ≥0 ,ea h ai = 0,1 or 2 a nd al = o r 2u le ss n = 0inw hic
ca s − e l = 0an d a0 = 0 . W ed eno teb y r a na rbir − tar y in t − e
dn i n usi v ,a n d wes u pp o e that t e 3−ar y r ep eset ati
a t f uK m m − e r [ 8 L eh rs t , p period − p115n 116]( p ro v e d i n
1
1 9 M t − h em tc S j − be tC sif ic−a t i n : i − r m − a r 11 A7.
K eywr dsan dp h es : b nomia coe f f icet s − period
ReseaR rchC on o il fC ana daGra a tA - 2 3 . p r t db yN at u a S c
ce sa En gner
uc n 7
 r
of r a nd n −r i−n bas e 3 . A sp eca (c a − n) eofa th

0) ( )period − r. (
0 (1) bl ()
w i hth e s a in erpr ta i − o nt hat bi = 0f − ibi > ai. f 3 -r ( qui v − al ntl
p
c(n, r) = 0) the resid ueo f (rn)mo du lo 9f −o low s r o m atheo t h e , . ](p parenrightbigg − rv−
(
92
parenlef tbigg e d 9 )
)

()n b0 + 3b1 1 + +b2 2 .. bl − 1 + +3bl

r ≡ (a1 ) (al−1 ) (mod9),
(1. 4)
1 .. bl − 1
a0a1!..al! y
her isd r
(euval ycn, r) hen theo
parenrightbig−u e−ml−t−o a−equal 1)t−comma r
eo(n) duo, n a
[seven − bracketright
r b0!b. .b c.0!1! . c!

w − he re c0 c1...cl i s the 3 - a ry rep r e en t at on o f n − r. Bo

h − t (one − period4) an
( . 5 ) a sof o l − l o w r − f om an exensi n ofLuca
ion by givng
d e − f t one − h − n is t rets u t enu m ber of 10 sa o l − l − o wi n g
th
t − h es in g a0a1 .. lth n

n(3) = n + 1− 2 13n2,
, (2
Nn(1 3) = 1 n3n 2+ 2n 1),
N n(23 ) = 22 13 2− 2 1.
r ul t . I S i a tin g of

a0 a1. ..al u=r0n 11s 210i 12

0. M ak ni g us e of h ere su
 0 im > 0

N n(0, ) =n+1− 2n13n2 − 1213 2− n02n1+2 32− 1

2t
(,
N n9
(
11
3−1
−
+n1n1− 3(3 + ( −1 t ) n1n22 2
, ,8,
N nt
2
+(−1)nd2t 1 n1 221 1+ 122+ 1 ReX)
(−
n22 2
+ 0 1)n1 2n n11 + 32 −n1 Re(Y )}
wh e er n d2 td − e no e − ts
1
t− 1 −n1 2 +12n1− 1−
22(2
1−
β)n n12
n 1
3+β )n2 n1− n21− 2 +n1 +
n12,
− (
Y =β β)2 2 (1 + 2β) 1,
(1 β 2+
a
o − rn = 0, 1, ..., 8 T able 1 giv e s h ev al u es o f

0n 2n11n, 12n, 21n, 22, n121, n122

= f oe f o= m u l,. ..8.N n(t 9g iv n i nth eT h o re m C early
T ab e 1
Right an sid soffo muae

inT heom f ort =0 ,,.. 8

nbai − ne3 n1n2 n01 n

0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0
02 0 2 0 00 0
0
21 0 0 0 0 1 0
0
1 2 1 45 1145 16 1 15 1

c e s t
v u a e n
a e g
hdemn y−d−e
r 0 1 . , T h i
u p s h t n 9 s
e a a a s m w c w
mi tion o fN n(t , 9(3 -t)i n S e ct on 4
3 . E v a − l uatio n o f th e su m S( ; α). Le t k be a po i
i − tv enteger−period L
c = c01..ckb ea sri g oflen th k + 1( ≥ 2) wit h ea ch
= d0d...dk b e as r − i n gof e − l n g h k + 1 withe ac h di = 0, 1, 2 and di ≤ c

As0 ≤ d − i ≤c i≤ 2(i = 0, 1..., k)we

di equivalence − negationslash0 m o d 3) (i = 0. .k ) na db y L u as th e o
rem ( s e (1 .3)

( ci − 1 + 3i) (c i − 1 )ci)
≡ di 1 di
c0 + 3c1 (c1 + 3c2
 )

1 c−
0 +3 1 . 1 ) 6≡ 0m ),
1 . k

(
0+ 3c1  +
c1
u
eo su eh
s e n = , m
wean d eecd ) , 5, 78b y
parenlef t − three.1) e( c , d ) ≡ + 1 (c )+ ( c ) − 3 m( o d 9 ) .

d d−1
 (3 .2)

foanyi t r otf niy α w d nethsum Sc α by

(3period − three)
d0 = dk =
evalu ato nw v llb f e ued e n t Sc to n to detem h ne m N (, 9α) or 3 -

go c
fi r s = c1..ck O−u f i r zero − l − tm... a r ke Le mm 1Fo r k ≥ 2we
h( av )

c
bracelefttpbraceexbraceex c − zero + 3 braceexbraceex
1
braceleftmid 0 + 3d1 bracerightmid 0 0
+
parenlef tbigg−zero parenrightbigg−three
c1
equivalence − e0  e
av
parenlef tbigg−h 
c + 3c1
= id2parenlefttp( parenleftbigg − comma + 3+3
d)0) d − c ) parenrighttp

bracelefttp (c
d1
2braceleftbt braceexbracerightbt − braceex in d
d0 + 3d
braceex−bracelef tmid−braceex−braceex 1
(1)
 ni − parenlef t)ehav
c;αand S − tpa

brac

c0 c1 = 10 ,
braceex2
0braceleftbt c ++ parenle
braceleftmid2 parenlef t − parenlef t − parenlef t − parenlef t − one − one − one + ++ αα α 4 3; 4 )
5α

P r oo f − period F or k ≥ 2 a nd a y − nin te g e r d0 s ati s f yn g 0 ≤

X
F (, c; α) = d10.=
c
P .d
. k=0 αi − parenlef tc, d) (3.
X
h cP 0 c0P c1 summationdisplay − c − k
0 d − zero0d1zero − equal dk = 0
F ;α
d − zero 0

we h an dL e mm 1,

α
1=0 d= 0
= αin2d0 +31 d)
d1
 d1 = 0
N e xt

(39 parenlef t − cα bracketleftex F ( 0,. .cα )bracketrightexbracketrightbt

A ;

(. 1 ( c ; α) = M1 plus − one) ;ma t i − r x cw

( 0 ., c0 0, ,1) i
(
α 2(i + /) .
Th u
M (00; α) = [1],
1], M (1 ; α)
bracketleftbt
M (20α) = bracketleftbt M (2 1α) = α5
0
M ( ;α bracketlef t − one 1 1, ] 1
2
12; bracketlefttpα4 α2 one − onebracketrighttp
M (2 ; α) =bracketleftbt
2
α α

om so e 1m

o n 9
r a
0 α c
 2 +α if
0c0c 201
 )M fc 0c
a t 0 c1 = 1w − c − zeroc − onebraceleftbtna 2semicolon−alpha ≥+ iii .3c1 bracketlefttpf cf c By2; (α
bracketrighttp =1==1.0 1 )
2

A) 1 2 00
c−parenleft

1
M (1; αM (20; α) = 1 α α ]bracketleftbt αbracketrightbt = 1 + α3
bracketlefttp 1 bracketrighttp+

+ 4]
[1 α α one − one 1 + α
+ 4,
2 4 3 3

4 α21 bracketleftbt1 α1
α 51
4 4
+ 4 α
+α +α
a c h o ftese p ro c t 5 u m e e a
,t co m
s

S c ) c ) ;
braceleftmidbracelefttp2 (1 + α3 + α) i − f c0cc2 =1 20,
g(c − zeroc csemicolon − twoα) =
1+ α+ α5) if cc
 (1 + α2n) 1 (2 + α)2−
× 3 4 n 2− 11 − n)122 4n − one1
× (1 + α + α) 2 (1 + α+ α) 2
× (1 + α4 + α5 n12.
P o of . Th e pro f of (. 2)isb y n du ct on o n k ≥ 1. W h en k 0

X X
cα) = S(c − zeroc; α ) 1 αn2zero − dplus − threed one − one) .

e alu sof thiss u mf o r 0c 1 = 0, 01,. .22 r e vn nabe2

Th
ss w h Pr p

Ta b − le2
zero−c
c − zeroc S( c; α)
00 1

two − zero − one − two − n − zero − zero − two − one − T − parenlef t − two − two − a − n − two − zero − ze

0
1
1 0 1 0 0 0 0 2(12+1α 3α +) α4)
2 2 2
2 2

2 + αparenlef t − two
)
 ) =
kng c0cc 2 = 0, 0

P − r op s − o i i − o n i st ru e f r − o k = (3two − period )2 enh =2a

4
. T h ev ab
rTbe−i−n−v−i−g e e n a l − e Tab e 4

cc c c cc; α) cc c S (cc α )
0010 S 011 2 0112 (1 + α2(1c + α3 + α4)
01 2
12

two − one − plus − n − two − two − two − parenlef t − zero − plus − parenlef t − parenlef t − one − parenlef t

0 0
0
012 0 1 0 0 0 0 2(12+(α 3 + +) α4)
1 2 2
2 2

2 + αparenlef t − two
10 ) 10 2 2

10 2(2 + α)
 0 0 0 0
0 0 0
1

122 0 1 0 1 0 1 2(22 + α1 (1 + αα4+)α

1

20 )2 + α
20 2(+α)
two − zero (2 + α2
21 22 + 5) 21 2(1 + 2parenright − parenlef t2 + α

21 2(2 + α5)parenlef t − one + α3 +) α

22 + α2
22 2 + α3(2

22 + α2+
2
W w a h d v p s − i ) t t e − h P r o p o it o ni s
ral i e s , k e ≥ e c − o ns i d e t h = c . o n k . s

= 2 1 , 1 ,
B
(
= cc r ..cBt hen c 0 ==cB. .. cnand= c prime−primenB= (( c )0nT h ein ormatioR en
c n le d e h df th ei ndu c i − v e st episp r v i d e d i n T bl 6 . f e o o
a

Ta ble 6
cc1 B = n0B Bn =n prime − B +
1 S ; )/ (c0 ; α
c

0 al B 1
1 allB
1 1

2 alB 6= , 21 12+ + α
0

2 B 6= +
2 B 6= +
2
 0
;
2 B = nB B S(
21, two−two12 21 1one−commatwo−two122 1, 2, 2( 1one−commaone−two121 1, 2, (1
 n − (1 +α )11
× (2 5 00 − nprime − prime 300 − n00
× + 3 4n00 − n
+
× + 4 α )00 2(1
n − n1α α+2 121 n2 − n2 −
15+
n −)n21 α3n2 − n1
×(1 + 3+ α4n2 2−n21 − n1 2(1 + α + α4n2
e . T h s m p e e s ion f olo w
pr i − n c ile o f m th e m a ti a in d ucio n .
la o nf Nnt ,9) (3 -). Le n b e an n t e g e w it n ≥ 9. L none − commatwo −
n, n1,. . ref er t − o th es t i − rn g a0 a1...al. S et ω = 2πi/ an d β = ω2 =
e2i/ . W e not et at ω = −β2. For t = 1,2 4

n( 9) = 1 = 1 as 3- t
n ≡ t = mod ) n≡t =0mod )
) ( 9 (r3 - n
()

0 1 =

2( r
in 3 - ( od 6

−i 0 n ()
3-(
− s in

0
s= b − zero+ 1 b+ = l
3
 ; ωs) .3)
6
X
= −sind2two − n − n1one − parenlef t + 2sn
s

multiply − parenlef t×
s
( +
2 ω5 s) n4−s n1 ( n1 −n 22

he 1P r − o − pn11 sti on . The ter m i n he s u m w t − ihs = 0 i s

n2 − n − one − n1 − n2 + n11 + ntwo − two n2 − n113 ntwo−two − two − one2 n − one − n12 − n123n

T het rm wit h s = 1 is

−ind − twotn
1+
21 1( ω) 1(2 +ω)
= (−1) n t2 β nd

2−
×( 2 − β)n1 −n12 11 n − none−two2β2n 1 2none−two −2n 1221121(
(−1)d2 tβn d22n1− 1( −β2)none−one (3
×(2 − β)2− n121β2n 12 −n 121− 21(2 β)n122
− 122 i + n11 + 1−
= (−1)i − nd 2 +t n1 1+n21 2 n1 n + n β 2t 2 n 2n 1 −n1 22
12

− 12n 122(2
×(3 + β)n2 −n12 −n21 n22 + 1+ − β) n1 − n12
= (−1)i − nd 2 +t n1 1n122 2 n1 11 +n12 2X .
mwihs= is

−2nd2tn1 − n1 4 2n − n2 − n2 − n22 n21 22

24n2 (+
n1 ωn ) − n(12+ ω)
× 2+ω 2)n2 − n21 − n 1 2 2n
= β − ind − twotn2 − n1
×(2 + β2) 12− 113 n22 −1 2
×(2 + β)n12 − 121 −n 12 (1+
 n−n
none−one 1
= 0n1 two − two( − 1) 2n −n1
3 n22 − 122Y .
e m w th s= 3is

(−1ind − twot 2n1 −11 2n1 = (−1

e m w th s = 4 s t h e o mp le xcon juae o ft h et r mwiths =5
i sthe co mplex co

N n(, )9 = 1
6+ n1 22 n11 n1n− 13n22 − n122Y

+( −1in − d2t 2n
12 n11n1 − 11n2 − n1 22

+ (−1)idt + n11 + n222n1 − n11 + 122 X}

1{ 2n132 + (− )nd 2t2 n1
6 d t n
+(− n12 2 n1 n 1 +1 − 21
2
+ 1 ( −1) 2 3 n 2R
e
r e r e n(t,9 t ) t 3n| s .f Ln, tnr bade n −rt 0 ≤ r ≤

=a a3 + . l a = 1, 2,
n− r = c − zero + c13 + ..+ cl 3, ech ci =0, 1, 2.
As n ≥9 we h ave l ≥ 2. W e f ir − s t on si e r t = 3 n d t = 6. By K u

)
. w eaev
)
h er is a s − ing e c a r y − r whe ddin g r na dn −I hc o rit h
h p 0 j − )h

b
+ bi + ci = ai(i 6= j, j + 1.
 ’ th eo r e m ( see ( 1 . 5 ) )

r = 0bexclam − c! md9
tha ti s − comma

−bj · b + exclam − parenlef t1 aj+1−

aj 1 − bj + 1)
aj !
f (a+
comma−a−comma−b,bj 1j1) = ·3−bj one − a − plus one − exclam− b +)!,
Q
r ≡ m 9 ⇔ i bii ≡ −3 (a1 j ,b j, a − j + 1b+)( m o

=0
X X
N nparenlef t − t9) = 1= = 1 a − parenlef tst =
n
≡ t(md
X

r 0 0

c(n ,
(nr) ≡ t − parenlef t m od ca r

(r) ≡
X X
1
X X
=
b0 = producttext − l 0= j − b 1bj +
(aj, b, aj + 1comma − bj + 1
 bl 0
=
3 +
s0 + s1 + .. sl3 ≤ a0 =
+
j − plus3
j j+1 s=0
3− f (acomma−bj
j ,j + 1,b j + 1
( s ) ( )
3 j
1 +1 − 3f (a
X X
Nn − a 3− 1j + 1 − tf (a j, b, aj + 1,
We c fr o m
n(
d re t o u s e t N hisf o e −s ( d

1021 1 or 12 aj aj+ =
o j )
n1 n 3 j = 1 j2 1 −
n2parenlef t − n − aj j− a +1+1 ) = n,
f (a

ta t

( t ) 1
jb+1
− 3(jbja + 1, )
 − j3 − aj +1 3 ) =
that ( )

plus − one − tf (ajb, j − a + 1,b j + 1) 3

1 1

= 22 n( 32 − (− 1)−
C

n(nn − aj 3j − a+
j 13j+1 ) ==
)=
nf (ajbj, aj1, j + 1 4, n
tat ( )

plus − one − tf (ajb, j − a + 1,b j+)13

1 1

= 22 n 23( 2 − (− 1)−
C

n(nn − aj 3j − a+
j 13j+1 ) ==
)=
nf (a, bj , aj 1, j + 1 2, n
tat ( )

b
−tf j,b j, j +one−comma j + 1) , 3 = 12n

3eva a o n 1 w
+
aaj= 1=1 (
P
+ l−1 22 12 n1 3n − 1 + −
a−j = 02
X
+
j = a − j − plus 1
 n2 − −1)t) + n
e f− oteh
12n a − l.
at ca

+Nn( 6, 9)
2 2 − 2n1− 3n2
121 3 + n2 + 23n2 + n11 2 + 122n13n
so t − h a t

n(0, 9) = N (0, 3) − (N (39) +

=n
n1 −2 2 n−two−
−none − one2 3n − ntwo − one21 3 1.
t a r e c o is en tm w it h hef ol l o w n re s u l t o f
2 bb T
ten ds
h bl o c n n e rod id i sen t
h N
e
2 s .
T h e orm uaef or N nt , p)(p -t ) for p = 2 a nd p =3 su g g es th ap e ha p
W he n p is a p r − i m e t a d pt w e ha v es hown ( in ap a ers ubm i
t − t edfo
p ubl i − c a i − t on ) ha t N nparenlef t − t, p2 d pends o nly on t n1 ..., p − n − 1
and nj (=
0, , .., p − 2; j = 1, .., p − 1) O r f rmuae or N n(3, 9 an d N n(6, 9parenright −
comma
e − lla sthat of Dav s − ia nd W e b b[ 2]f o r N n (, 4) a re i nc onf or m − ity witht h
r es lt. Co m p ar eth s r eul t w i h W e b0 s
re x m pl e o n p.2 8]
R efe n es
[1 K Cmbin 11 ( 1 9 ) , W 2
M ath . 30 ( 1
g e, A.mer M a t−h M nt y − l9 9(1 92),3 18 – 331 .
 ongrue n ces on t e b − i n om Mat
g
[ E E Kumm , U br deE ra¨ zun gsat ez u de n agllem eienR eci
r coit¨t s E et.Lu ,c , S e u r es c o n gr .u n cesd 4e [ a s e sno b
su l ´r ins tdesc oe f f iic e nsd i f f´ r n i

o
dfe on cion strg no´m
e

[ 1 W . . 7 W e b b ,− − T h .e n ume rofbino mi lco efficints inrsd ue c l se s

modu o p a n
p2, C oloq . M a t h .6 /61b(
), 28
l 0 − − 0.
1990 275
D rt menof M@ he mat cs D ep a rt m en t o f M ath e − m ati s a nd
S ta t is ti siu C o l ege O ka na ga n Un ve sit C ole a o , New Yo rk1 420 E
− A − periodal : u − h adr @cani sui s. edu E - m il : bks ear m @ kanaga n
bc d
Carle t − o n U ni esity Ot tawa , O ntar Can ad a

E− ma
Re ceived