In-text Citation and Reference

Please note that for the individual essay in this course you can use any system that is based
on in-text author-date citations. This includes the 'Chicago', 'Harvard', 'American
Psychological Association', and 'American Sociological Association' systems, all of which are
described in detail on the following website:

http://www.lib.nus.edu.sg/lion/s/citation.html

For those of you not familiar with referencing in the social sciences, please be aware that
you are required to acknowledge ALL ideas, facts, information, examples, theories, pictures,
graphs etc that you use in your essay. The acknowledgement should include an in-text
citation immediately after the text to be acknowledged (1), and a full reference in the
reference list at the end of the essay (2).

For the Individual Essay, please use the Harvard style:

1. According to Bailey (2009) population geography differs from demography because

its focus is on the manner that population changes across time and space, rather
than the purely mathematical and predictive focus of demography.
OR
Population geography differs from demography because its focus is on the manner
that population changes across time and space, rather than the purely mathematical
and predictive focus of demography (Bailey 2009).
OR
According to Bailey (2009: 274) population geography “emphasizes how populations
and population processes appear and change across space, while demography
emphasizes change over time”.
2. References:
Bailey, A. J., 2009. Population Geography. In: R. Kitchin and N. Thrift, eds.
International Encyclopedia of Human Geography, Oxford: Elsevier, pp.274-284.

As you can see in this example even a simple idea as proposed by another author must be
acknowledged by either, paraphrasing and identifying the author (Bailey) in a sentence; or,
paraphrasing the author’s writing and citing their work and the end of the sentence to
identify the source; or, directly quoting the author’s work. The last option should only be
used when the quote itself (the language it uses) is of great importance to the idea –
otherwise just paraphrase.

Point 2 represents an example of a full reference in a reference list.

Please note that ALL references in the reference list at the end of the essay should appear
as in text citations and ALL in-text citations should appear in the reference list.

If you have any questions about referencing please do not hesitate to contact me, I am
happy to offer advice. If in doubt find the source of the information you are using and
provide a reference for it – all ideas have connections to earlier thinking, argument or
information, you need recognize this.