1ST Answer

Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory is about analyzing how organized an

individual’s personality is, the dynamics between different phases of development of
personality and the impact these phases have on the development of individuals.
Sigmund studied the behavior of various individuals and emphasized on the
identification and impact of events occurred in childhood and id how these would affect
the functioning by adults. In his psychoanalytic theory, Freud categorized the elements
of personality into the following: the id, the ego and the superego.
ID: The id is the most primitive part of the three structures. It includes the irrational
needs and demands made by an individual. It doesn’t take into account the practical
scenarios or situations. However, it rather focuses on instant gratification and fulfillment
of physical basic needs and drives. In the above case, it is seen that the top-level
authorities want Anand to be involved in the scam under a government scheme
involving a huge amount of money, and they are ready to pay him a hefty financial
amount. Also, Anand would receive other amazing perks. If he has a strong Id, then he
may not think before accepting to such an offer and indulging in illegal practices for
easy financial gains and fulfillment of the desires of his family members.
Ego: Contrary to the instinctive and unconscious ID, the ego includes the rational and
pragmatic part of an individual’s personality. It’s less primitive than the ID and is partly
conscious and subconscious. The ego develops and starts to be active when individuals
come into contact with other individuals. Ego enables to satisfy the id, and considers the
real scenario. In the above scenario, since Anand has his hardwork, honesty and sheer
dedication as few of the main elements of his ego, he wouldn’t indulge into any
wrongdoings. In this scenario, Anand’s ego steps in between the Id and the superego,
considers the practical scenario, interprets that the scam under the government scheme
is massive, interprets that, in the end, the wrongdoings will be exposed and everyone
will fall in legal trouble. His ego and the understanding of the practical situation would
not allow him to doing anything wrong for short-term gains and desires. His honesty and
hardwork would not allow him from accepting the offer; he wouldn’t mind working hard
for the next few years and earning everything since he earned the post of a district
magistrate; he never stole anything.
SuperEgo: SuperEgo includes elements that begin to develop from the age of 5-6
years. It is referred to as the third phase which encompasses the moral limitations.
These moral restrictions are usually imposed by parents or caregivers and are also
known as the ‘conscience’ or ‘moral compass’. If Anand has a stronger id as compared
to his super ego, he’d easily agree to be a part of the scam without any scruples.
However, later on, his super ego will make him feel shameful and guilty of his behavior
and decision. The super ego works to keep in control and civilize the behavior of human
beings. If it is properly developed, it ensures that immoral, illegal and unrealistic
impulses and desires of the id are suppressed. The conscious, pre-conscious and
subconscious elements of the thoughts are included in the SuperEgo.
Defensive Mechanisms: The details of Sigmund Freud theory indicate that the main
work of the ego is to find a middle-ground between the always-increasing demands of
the ID and the SuperEgo. Healthy human beings are capable enough to do so.
However, there are various scenarios where disruptions occur in the phases of many
psychological developmental and the libido development. This may bring problems in
the personality of the individual. Although, this can have extreme consequences, there
are various mechanisms that may either function as factors in order to protect one or be
negative consequences of disrupted development.

In the above scenario, if Anand would’ve been part of the huge government scam and
his ID will be strong, he would become defensive and his decision would be justified by
his behavior. This is since he belongs to an economically modest family and any
involvement in unethical practices for any financial gains in order to satisfy the needs
and wants of him and his family members would be justified through a defense
mechanism disruption.

Conclusion: Repression is one of the strongest defense mechanisms pushing illogical

desires and impulses into unconscious mind. The defense mechanism plays a relevant
role to keep unrealistic thoughts out of awareness. Stressful thoughts threatening to the
survival of an individual should be pushed into unconscious mind in order to reduce
anxiety through repression.
2nd Answer

Introduction: According to different contemporary character analysts, there are five

essential character measurements, which is alluded to as the "Huge 5" characteristics
of character. The five wide qualities of character definite in the speculations incorporate
extraversion (likewise frequently spelled extroversion), appropriateness, transparency,
uprightness, and neuroticism.

Openness: This character attribute highlights qualities, for example, creative mind and
understanding. People high on this characteristic likewise will in general have a wide
scope of interests. They generally stay inquisitive about the world and others and are
anxious to learn new things and appreciate new and various encounters. Shritika
appreciates meeting her new customers, she is consistently eager to learn new things
and henceforth it very well may be said that she is incredibly excited and vigorous and
loves to gain from new encounters. She wouldn't fret coming up short as she realizes
that she can gain from her mix-ups. She is glad to consider conceptual ideas.

Conscientiousness: Standard highlights of this measurement include high and

profound degrees of mindfulness and recognition. Shritika doesn't lose her cool during
predicament and when customers are irritated she doesn't given an imprudent response
to the customers or workers. She keeps up her quiet and attempts to tackle the
customer's and her workers' interests. She is a profoundly upright person who wants to
be coordinated and cautious about subtleties. She gets ready for the future and
contemplates how her conduct influences others, and she is amazingly cautious about
cutoff times.

Extraversion: It alludes to edginess, amiability, chattiness, decisiveness, and

outrageous measures of passionate expressiveness. Shritika has high qualities of
extraversion, she is active and will in general pick up energy in social circumstances. At
the point when she is around others, it makes her stimulated and energized.

Agreeableness: This quality of character includes traits, for example, trust,

philanthropy, benevolence, fondness, and other supportive of social practices.
Individuals having high suitability will in general be more helpful while those low in this
character characteristic are more serious. Shritika has high attributes of pleasantness
consistently focuses on what her representatives need to state; she consents to smart
thoughts and consents to extemporize and deal with thoughts that should be cleaned.
She thinks about her workers and feels sympathy and worry for them. She likewise pays
attention to input from customers and wouldn't fret tolerating her mix-ups. At the point
when the customers are irritated, she attempts to discover an answer with no self-
image.
Neuroticism: It alludes to an attribute which is described by pity, ill humor, and
enthusiastic shakiness. Individuals high on this characteristic generally experience
temperament swings, tension, peevishness, and pity. Those low in this attribute want to
be more steady and sincerely versatile. Since Shritika is low on neuroticism, in any
event, when she gets worried, she ensures it doesn't influence the individuals around.
She goes out with her loved ones and resumes work with energy and inspiration.

People scoring low on neuroticism are bound to be quiet, secure and vain. In the above
case, Shritika is more averse to be considered as on edge or grouchy. She is probably
going to have high confidence and stay strong in troublesome circumstances.

Stability of the Traits: A person's score of the Big Five OCEAN remains similarly
stable for a mind-blowing majority with different changes from adolescence to
adulthood. An examination by Soto and John (2012) endeavored to follow the formative
patterns of the Big Five attributes.

It was seen that general characteristics of appropriateness and principles expanded

with age. There was no colossal pattern for extraversion generally despite the fact that it
prompted decline in gregariousness and expansion in confidence.

Lessening in receptiveness to experience and neuroticism was noticed marginally from

puberty to center adulthood. The analysts thought of the end that there were more
significant patterns in explicit aspects (for example bravery and wretchedness) when
contrasted with the Big Five attributes generally speaking.

Conclusion: Also, since she has her own HR consultancy firm, having these five
character qualities can be valuable as human asset experts utilize the Big Five
character measurements to help place workers. This is on the grounds that these
measurements are viewed as basic qualities that make up the general character of a
person.

Every principle quality further separates into six features on which the people may score
low-high contrasted with others. Extraversion includes qualities, for example, cordiality,
gregariousness, emphaticness, energy chasing, brightness. In the above case, Shritika,
alongside her sub-attribute emphaticness includes scoring high on qualities, for
example, assuming responsibility for various circumstances, she attempting to be in-
control to lead others. She scores low on a quality which includes trusting that others
will start to lead the pack. Thus, we can say that scoring high on energy, emphaticness,
gladness, active, amiable guarantees that Shritika consistently handles each
troublesome circumstance that comes her direction.
3rd Answer

3a. Recognition alludes to get-together or getting, sorting out, distinguishing, and

deciphering of tactile data from an individual perspective, which can be distinctive for
each person to speak to and comprehend the introduced data or climate.

Recognition and attribution are things that we, as people experience each day without
acknowledging it. An individual doesn't effectively consider why the person saw and
deciphered something the manner in which they did, only the understanding and how it
relates to the current circumstance. In a workplace, these people can cause huge
contrasts in how things to occur at an individual level and in bunch level. For business,
by and large it assumes an enormous function from a showcasing and advertising
perspective, the same number of organizations endeavor to introduce themselves so
planned clients will see them with a particular goal in mind. As for a hierarchical conduct
of organizations, it can shape different various viewpoints and effect the tone of the
work environment regardless of whether the source is a solitary person.

Discernment in Organizational Behavior: Perception is a subliminal thing that the

brain does and is dependent upon your capacity to focus on individuals and things that
encompass you and your current information. The psyche once in a while sifts through
data, which is the reason you wouldn't see each and every thing around you; it will be
an over-burden of complete data.

In authoritative conduct and business, a person's character is taken care of business by

his discernment and how they act and respond in various circumstances. These
normally influence how they react to different things-like unpleasant circumstances their
presentation at undertakings, and furthermore their innovativeness.

For the executives, focusing on attributes of character in representatives would assist

them with deciding the person's qualities and hard-working attitudes. As a rule, the
underlying driver of discernment issues might be connected to a specific issue.

Discernment versus Reality: We can say that not every person in a gathering of
people will see something in one specific same manner. Notwithstanding, every one of
them will in general have some comparative perspectives based on the real world.
Unusually, view of certain people is fairly off on specific subjects or circumstance and
not in a manner reminiscent of some sort of neurological condition all things considered.

In the work environment, it very well may be an issue if the among recognition and
reality meddles with a person's work. Different things the occupation of fulfillment of a
representative, speaking with others, associations with their friends, and what
undertakings or obligations they have are influenced.
What individuals from the executives think for any of those zones probably won't
coordinate with what the representatives consider both which might be not quite the
same as the genuine truth. An example of this might be the way long it would take to
finish an errand; an administrator may figure it will just take 10 minutes while the
representative may think it'll take around 20 minutes. Both might be directly in their own
respect their assessments are based on what amount of time it's required for them to do
it before; however the individual really playing out the assignment might be more
reasonable in assessing the time needed to accomplish the work based on their insight
into the situation.

Conclusion: Various like conscience and disposition can likewise twist the view of a
person in a circumstance from the real world. Those parts of a person's character would
make it somewhat hard for others to work with them, which influence their connections
at work environment separated from their presentation.

3b.The after are the different perceptual contortions:

What are the perceptual mistakes: A perceptual blunder alludes to the powerlessness to
pass judgment on people, things or circumstances in a reasonable and an exact way.
Occurrence would incorporate things as predisposition, bias, generalizing, which
consistently cause individuals to blunder in various parts of their lives.

Halo Effect: The term ''Halo impact'' was presented by the analyst Edward Thorndike in
1920. A HALO Effect alludes to a judgment based on single striking attributes, for
example, a part of dress, discourse, stance, or identity. Radiance Effect can be positive
just as negative. For ex, It is a characteristic reaction for people to meet an outsider, to
make a judgment about the kind of individual they are and if they will like them.

Generalizing: Stereotyping happens when the perceiver judges or sees an individual

dependent on the attributes of the gathering to where he has a place.

• The individual can't be seen as a person with explicit arrangement of his attributes
however dependent on his gathering qualities.

• For ex: Some generalizations at the worldwide level resemble; Japanese are
innovative, An Italian is touchy, Americans are materialistic and eager.

Early introduction: It is common that people assess others dependent on the initial
introduction. The assessment dependent on early introduction might be right in the
event that it is based on proof that is satisfactory and critical. Nonetheless, since
assessment of early introduction isn't based on sufficient data, it may not be an
authentic impression of people being seen. This might be revised by more successive
collaboration; however erasing the assessment of early introduction isn't a simple
activity.

Conclusion: Perceptual Distortions happen when a person's reaction to upgrades is

diverse when contrasted with how it is ordinarily seen. These twists happen because of
intellectual inclination (Individuals which clutch their inclination and convictions
independent of the data that is before them)