1.

Question –
Anand has been raised in economically modest family and has seen family struggle to
make ends meet. What worked well for Anand was his hard work and sheer dedication
because of which he was able to get through to civil services exam in the first attempt
itself. As soon as Anand’s training finished he was placed as a District Magistrate. Soon
he notices a scam under a government scheme involving huge amount of money. He
raised the concern to the higher authorities to which he was asked to be involved in it and
get a huge part of the deal. Anand is now in dilemma as he is in need of money to look
after his family requirements. Bring out how the three personality traits as per the
psychoanalytic theory of Sigmund Freud act on him.

Answer –

Introduction:
Personality traits is an individual’s behaviour towards others, attitude, characteristics,
mindset and personality. Personality traits is defined as a process of enhancing one’s
personality.
Sigmund Freud was founder of Psychoanalytic theory of personality development, which
looks to unconscious drives to explain human behaviour. According to him the mind is
responsible for both conscious and unconscious decisions that it makes on basis of
psychological drives. In addition, he proposed that childhood experiences have a deep impact
on the personality of an individual. There are two basic factors which drive an individual and
help in shaping his or her personality. These two basic drivers are love and aggression which
have a direct impact on what an individual does and thinks about. According to Freud, love
and aggression have a direct control on our minds and thoughts. Love refers to intimate and
passionate love between two partners. An individual’s instinct to survive and determination
to live. Wherein Aggression ultimately leads to death. He further stated that personality is
formed through conflicts among three fundamental structures of the human mind: the id, ego,
and superego.
Concepts and Application
According to Sigmund Freud, Psychoanalytic theory of personality argues that human
behaviour results in interactions among three component parts of the mind i.e. Id,
Ego, and SuperEgo. This is known as structural theory of personality; it places great
emphasis on role of unconscious psychological conflicts in shaping one’s behaviour and
personality. According to Sigmund Freud, our personality develops from interactions among
what he proposed as the three fundamental structures of the human mind i.e. Id, Ego, and
SuperEgo. Conflicts among these three structures, and our efforts to find balance among what
each of them “desires,” determines how we behave and approach the outside world.
Below are three personality traits as per the psychoanalytic theory of Sigmund Freud which
acted on Anand –
Id:
This is the most primitive of all three structures is concerned with instant gratification of
basic physical needs and urges. It operates entirely unconsciously (outside of conscious
thought). In this structure our mind does not thinks what is wrong or what is right. This does
not gets affected by outside world, logic or reality as this is operated by our unconscious part
of our mind. It means whatever we need or wishes it should be fulfilled immediately
irrespective of any situation or circumstances. Once the need is fulfilled it leads to
satisfaction, if not then leads to tension. In Anand’s case here as he was raised in
economically modest family, he has always seen his family struggling for money. In this
scenario he would not understand what is wrong or what is right as he wanted to meet his
family requirements and that could be done only through this scam deal which he was taking
charge of.
Ego:
Ego always tries to balance between Id and SuperEgo. It is the rational part of our
personality. It is very less primitive than the id and is partly conscious and partly
unconscious. Its job is to balance the demands of the id and superego in the practical context
of reality. The Ego works according to the reality of world and avoids the wrong decisions.
There is no concept of right and wrong in the world of Ego. It makes people think first and
then implement anything. In this case Ego would allow Anand to think twice before taking
any decision, However Anand may compromise on morals and could get money from this
deal by getting involved in it.
Super Ego:
It consists of morals, values which we basically learn from our family or others. It gets
develops in child as he learns whatever their culture considers is right and wrong. In this
stage Anand would never compromise on his moral and values and might escalate this matter
to higher authorities about the scam also about the fact that he was asked by his superiors to
get involved in the deal and get money out of the scam deal by not revelling it.
Conclusion:
Three traits of Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory explain us how an individual would
react or behave in all three stages Id, Ego & Superego. Also, it gives us a clear idea on how
Anand would react in each of these stages and gives him an idea to conclude and take final
decision.

2. Question:
Shritika is an entrepreneur; she has her HR consultancy firm. In her, work Shritika gets to
meet a lot of clients, which she enjoys. Whenever she is stressed because of her work, she
goes out with her friends or family and then resumes work with new enthusiasm and energy.
She is one such boss that whenever the employees face any problem, they do not hesitate to
share with her. When the client is annoyed and loses his cool, Shritika still maintains her
composure and tries to solve his concerns. Based on all the above narration, discuss Shritika's
personality based on Big Five/OCEAN.
Answer:
Introduction:
Personality traits of an individual depends upon behaviour towards others, attitude,
characteristics, mindset make his personality. It is a process of enhancing one’s personality. It
guides an individual as to how he or she can develop his or her personality. Personality traits
are characteristics which separate an individual from the others. Personality traits of a person
reflect the distinctive characters such as emotions, feeling, behaviour, actions and
the attitude of a person. Personality traits are mental sets, which are learned by people with
being in certain circumstances, or by being in the company of others or by practice. No two
persons could be same. Always two people would have a different reaction and different
approach to the same situation influenced by their traits. Some people are sociable, while
others are introverted. Some people are active and full of energy and others, while others are
lazy.
Concept and application
Broadly there are five parameters which describe an individual’s personality. These five
dimensions are also called as Big Five Factors and the ocean model is a structure for
personality traits. Below are as follows -
1. Openness:
Individuals with openness to experience are generally very active, have a tremendous
inclination towards creativity and they always listen to their heart i.e. follow their
feelings. People who score high on openness are quite broadminded and modern in their
outlook as compared to individuals who score low on the same parameter. People with
this trait are imaginative, curious to learn about new things, and are usually creative.
2. Conscientiousness
Individuals with a Conscientiousness personality trait listen to their conscience and act
accordingly. Such individuals are extremely cautious and self-disciplined. They never
perform any task in haste but think twice before acting. People with this personality trait
are generally methodical and tend to become perfectionists in the long run. They are well-
organized and self-disciplined and very carefully choose their goals and work towards
them. They take responsibility for their actions. They strive hard to accomplish goals and
objectives within the stipulated time frame. Individuals who scoreless are little laid back
and are not much goal oriented.
3. Extraversion

It refers to a state where individuals show more concern towards what is happening
outside. They tend to enjoy the company of people. These people are called “Extrovert.”
These people are the center of attraction of every party. Such individuals love interacting
with people around and are generally very talkative. They do not like spending time alone
but love being the centre of attraction of parties and other public events. They admire the
company of others and hate staying alone. People who are introvert are totally opposite of
 extroverts. They don’t enjoy social gatherings and gain their energy by being alone with
themselves. Such individuals do not bother about others and are seldom interested in what
is happening around.
4. Agreeableness
People with this personality trait are gentle in nature. They understand other people
better. These people are good-natured and usually loved by the people around them. They
tend to forgive people easily. It is a personality trait which teaches individuals to be
adjusting in almost all situations. Such individuals do not crib and face any challenges
with smile. They accommodate themselves to all situations and are friendly and kind-
hearted. People who score high on agreeableness are ready to help others and flash their
smile whenever a problem arises. Individuals who score low on agreeableness on the
other hand find difficulties in adjusting with others and are little unfriendly.
5. Neuroticism

People with this personality trait experience emotions like anger, stress, anxiety, etc. They
feel stress about even small issues. Neuroticism is a trait where individuals are prone to
negative thoughts such as anxiety, anger, envy, guilt and so on. Such individuals are often
in a state of depression and do not know how to enjoy life. They always look at the
negative sides of life and find extremely difficult to cope up with stress.

Conclusion
Referring to above five traits of Big five or Ocean model, we could conclude that Shritika
has a trait of openness because she always listens to her heart and she is very active
person, Consciousness because she is very self-disciplined and thinks twice before
reacting to any situation. Extroversion because she loves to enjoy being company with
people and agreeableness because she understands here team in better way also gets
adjusted in all the situations, she is friendly and kind-hearted.
3. Question
As the famous saying goes by, "What you see and what you hear depends a great deal on
where you are standing. It also depends on what sort of person you are."
A. Justify this statement by throwing more light on the concept of perception.

Introduction
Perception is the organization, identification, and interpretation of sensory information in
order to represent and understand the environment. Perception depends on complex functions
of the nervous system but subjectively seems mostly effortless because this processing
happens outside of conscious awareness. Perception is the process of becoming aware of
situations, by adding meaningful associations to sensations.
Concept and application
Basis the above saying it is very important to understand human behaviour because every
person perceives the world and approaches life problems differently. Whatever we see or feel
is not necessarily the same as it really is. When we buy something, it is not because it is the
best, but because we take it to be the best. If people behave on the basis of their perception,
we can predict their behaviour in the changed circumstances by understanding their present
perception. One person may be viewing the facts in one way which may be different from the
facts as seen by another viewer. With the help of perception, the needs of various people can
be determined, because people’s perception is influenced by their needs. Perception also
builds character that defines different roles individuals fall into the clown, the hypocrite, the
self-righteous, the victim, etc. It is very important if we want to get along with others to see
things from their perspective or walk in their shoes for a while. This will gain a new
perspective about things basis that we would understand about other person also and we
would be able to understand things in much better way. It is a subjective and creative process
through which we assign meaning to sensory information to understand ourselves and
others. Through the perceptual process, we gain information about the properties and
elements of the environment that are critical to our survival.

Conclusion
Perceptions are mostly built from sensations, but not all results in perceptions. Concluding
this basis above facts shared, it can be something which could be regarded, understood, or
interpreted. Because every person perceives the world and approaches the life problems in
different way. Hence perception is very important in understanding the human behaviour.

B. Also, discuss in-depth about a few perceptual distortions/errors/biases.

Introduction
Perceptual distortions are incorrect understandings or abnormal interpretations of a perceptual
experience. A perceptual distortion occurs when a person's response to stimuli varies from
how it is commonly perceived. Perceptual distortions can relate to either sensory or
psychological perception and can occur as a result of cognitive bias, psychological disorders,
medication or drugs, or physical damage to the brain or sensory organs. Perceptual distortions
can result from cognitive biases, or patterns of thought and deviations in judgment in
particular situations.
Concept and application
As seen above perception is the process of analysing and understanding a stimulus as it is.
But it may not be always possible to perceive the stimuli as they are. Knowingly or
unknowingly, we mistake the stimulus and perceive it wrongly. Many times, the prejudices in
the individual, time of perception, unfavourable background, lack of clarity of stimulus,
confusion, conflict in mind and such other factors are responsible for errors in perception.
There are some errors in perception which are as follows -
1. Illusion
The illusion is a false perception. Here the person will mistake a stimulus and perceive it
wrongly. For example, in the dark, a rope is mistaken as a snake or vice versa. The voice of
an unknown person is mistaken as a friend’s voice. A person standing at a distance who is not
known may be perceived as a known person.
2. Hallucination
Sometimes we come across instances where the individual perceives some stimulus, even
when it is not present. This phenomenon is known as a hallucination. The person may see an
object, person, etc. or he may listen to some voice though there are no objects and sounds.
3. Selective Perception
Selective perception means the situation when people selectively interpret what they see
based on their interests, background, experience, and attitudes. It means any characteristics
that make a person, object, or event stand out will increase the probability that it will be
perceived.
4. Halo Effect
The individual is evaluated based on perceived positive quality, feature or trait. When we
draw a general impression about an individual based on a single characteristic, such as
intelligence, sociability, or appearance, a halo effect is operating.
5. Stereotyping
People usually can fall into at least one general category based on physical or behavioural
traits then they will be evaluated. When we judge someone based on our perception of the
group to which he or she belongs, we are using the shortcut called stereotyping.
Conclusion
Many errors happen during the perception process it may also provide a false interpretation of
sensory information which might lead to several major problems. Hence it is very important
to avoid any perceptual distortions.