Chapter 6: Energy Thermodynamics

6.1: The Nature of Energy

-Energy is...
~The ability to do work
~Conserved (It's the Law).
~made of heat + work (E=H+W)
~A state function (unlike W and H)
~i.e: it's independent of the path, or how
you get from point A to B.
-Work + Heat
~W=F * /\D
~Work is a force acting over a difference
~Heat is energy transferred between
objects bc of temperature difference
-The universe
~is divided into two halves: system +
surroundings
~the SYSTEM is the part you are studying
~the SURROUNDINGS are the rest
~Exothermic reactions release energy to
the surroundings
~Endothermic reactions ABSORB energy from
the surroundings
-Direction
~every energy measurement has three parts
1. UNIT (Joules or calories)
2. NUMBER (how many)
3. SIGN (to tell direction)
~NEGATIVE - exothermic
~POSITIVE - endothermic
-Same rules for heat and work
~heat GIVEN OFF is negative
~heat ABSORBED is positive
~Work done by system on surroundings is
negative
~Work done on system by surroundings is
positive
~Thermodynamics - the study of energy +
the changes it undergoes
First Law of Thermodynamics
~The energy of the universe is constant
~Law of conservation of energy
~q = heat
~w = work
~/\E = q+w
~take the SYSTEM'S POV to decide signs
What is work?
~Work is a force acting over a distance
~w= F * /\d
~P= F/area
~d= V/area
~w= (P * area) * /\(V/area)= P/\V
~Work can be calculated by multiplying
pressure by the change in volume at
constant pressure
~units of work: liter-atm or L-atm
Work needs a sign
 ~if the volume of a gas increases, the
system has done work on the surroundings
(memorize this!!!)
~Work is NEGATIVE: w = (-)
~w = -P /\ V (don't forget neg.)
~Expanding a gas: Work is negative
~Contracting: Surroundings do work on the
system and w = (+)
~1 L-atm = 101.325 J
(need for conversions)
6.2: Enthalpy and Calorimetry
~enthalpy is abbrv. as H
~H=E+PV (definition of heat)
~at _constant_ pressure /\H=/\E+P/\V
~the heat at constant pressure q.p can
be calculated from
~/\E=q.p + w = q.p-P/\V (w=-P/\V)
~q.p = /\E + P/\V=/\H
Calorimetry
~measuring heat (use a calorimeter)
~two kinds: constant P or constant V
~constant pressure calorimeter (called a
coffee cup calorimeter, open to outside)
~heat capacity, Cp is calculated
~Cp = heat absorbed / /\T = /\H / /\T
~specific heat capacity = Cp/mass
~Heat = specific heat * m * /\T
~q = m*/\T*Cp
-sometimes q is /\H
~molar heat capacity = Cp/moles
~heat = molar heat * moles * /\T
~make the units work + problem done
right
~be careful to note if Cp uses g or mols
~Specific Heat of H2O = 1 cal/g*C =
4.184 J/g*C
~Heat of reaction = /\H = sh* mass * /\T
-also seen as: q=m/\TCp
~see Table 6.1 p. 237 for Cp of common
substances. Note the units! (J/C * g)
Solids, Liquids, & Specific Heat (Cp)
~remember q = m*/\*TCp
~Cp also a funvtion of degrees of
freedom
~^^degrees freedom = ^^Cp
~diatomic elements (molecules) have
rotational degrees of freedom so they
will have ^^degrees freedom than
non-diatomic elements around freedom
than non-diatomic elements around them
on the Periodic Table.
~What about solids and liquids?
~Liquids have greater degrees of freedom
so their specific heats are greater
~consider the halogens
~Br2 is a liquid, but I2 is a solid so
~Br2 has ^^Cp d/t ^^degrees freedom
-note: Br2 and Hg= only liquid
elements
Calorimetry