PHYSICS TWO MARKS

1)CONDITION NEEDED FOR LASER ACTION?

1)Optical pumping . 2) Electron excitation.

3)Chemical reaction. 4)inelastic atom atom collision.

2)HOLOGRAPHY?

Holography means recording the complete information about an object in a holographic plate.

3)MEDICAL TREATMENT OF LASER?

1)Treatment of tumours. 2)Dental studies.

3)Surgical appilication. 4)Treatment of retina.

4)DIFFERENT TYPES OF MODES OF OPERATIONS OF AFM?

1)Constant force mode. 2)Constant distance mode.

5)PRINICIPLE OF ELECTRON MICROSCOPE?

The wave nature of the electron is the basic priniciple behind the electron microscope
.According to debroglie the wavelength of the electron is equal to

λ = h\mv

6)FOUR APPILICATION OF HOLOGRAPHY?

1)Holography is used for producing photographic masks. These masks are used in
microelectronic circuits.
 2)Holography can be used for pattern recoganition.

3)Holography can be used in credit cards and bank notes for security reason so as to reduced
forgery.

4)Medical,dental,and other records can be made as holographic image for teaching purpose.

7)POPULATION INVERSION?

Population of the higher energy level is more than population of lower energy level is said to be
population inversion.

8)WHAT IS OFC SYSTEM?

The laser is used in optical fibre communication . The higher bandwidth is one of the advantage
of the laser beam the bandwidth is directly propotional to the rate of which information can be
sent.

9)LIFETIME OF A PARTICLE?

Average time spend by an atom in the excited state is known as life time of an atom. Life time of
atom is 10^-8s.

10)ROLE OF N2 AND HE GAS IN CO2 LASER?

1)Helium has two roles.

1)To depopulate the energy level. 2)Coolant.

2)N2 used to bring the atom.

11)METASTABLE STATE?
 In some energy level the atom exists for a longer time even upto atom exist for a longer time
even upto 10^-3s these energy level are called metastable state.

12)TWO APPILICATION OF LASER IN COMMUNICATION?

1)No cross talk. 2) Small in size.

13)TWO APPLICATION OF LASER IN INDUSTRY?

1)Cutting.2)Drilling.3)Welding.4)Surface hardening.

14)DIODE LASER?

Active medium in a semiconductor laser is a pn junction diode and hence the semiconductor
laser is called diode laser.

15)DRAWBACK OF CLASSICAL THEORY?

1)Its fail to explain compact effect, photoelectric effect , black body radiation,zeeman effect.

2)Its fail to explain the superconducting property and magnectic susceptibility.

3)Its fail to give the correct expression for the thermal conductivity of metals.

16)ADVANTAGE OF CLASSICAL THEORY?

1)Its is used to verify ohm’s law.

2) Its is used to verify widemann franz law.

3)Its used to explain the optical properties of the materials.

17)STATE ANY TWO POSULATES OF PLANK QUANTUM THEORY?

 1) The matter is composed of a large number of oscillating particles . The oscillators vibrate with
different frequencies.

2)The oscillator absorbs radiation and it gets excited to another quantised state. The oscillator
emits or absorb radiation energy in packet of energy hv.

18)MENTION THE SIGNIFICANCE OF WAVE FUNCTION ψ ?

1)The wave function ψ is a complex quality so one one cannot measure it.

2)Wave function relates the partial nature and the wave nature satisfically.

3)The probability of finding a particle in a volume τ = dxdydz is

P=

19)WIDEMANN FRANZ LAW?

Widemann franz law states that the ratio of the thermal conductivity to the electrical
conductivity is directly propotional to the absolute temperature.

K/σt constant.

20)WHAT ARE THE DETECTORS USED IN UV VISIBLE SPECTROSCOPY?

1)Photo tube.2)Photo multiplier tube. 3)Array of photodiode.

21)WHAT ARE EXTRINSIC AND INTRINSIC SEMICONDUCTORS?

1) Intrinsic semiconductors are pure silicon and pure germanium crystals.

2)Extrinsic semiconductors are doped or impure semiconductor.

22)ANY FOUR METHODS OF SYNTHESIS NANOPHASE MATERIALS?

 1)Ball milling. 2)Laser ablation. 3)Arc plasma. 4)Electron beam evaporation.

23)WHAT ARE SMA?

A group of materials that demonstrate the ability to return to same previously defined shape or
size . when subjected to appropriate thermal procedure is known as sma.

24)SELECTION RULE FOR VIBRATIONAL SPECTRA?

ΔV

The positive value Δv 1 represent absorbtion of energy.

The negative value Δv -1 represent emission of energy.

25)FRANCK CONDON PRINICIPAL?

Franck codon priniciple is also stated as the transition between electronic state correspond to
vertical lines on energy versus internuclear distance diagram.

26)QUANTUM MECHANICAL TUNNELLING?

The quantum mechanical predicts that the incident beam with energy has same probalility to
penerate through the barrier . when thickness of the barrier is order of A and it reaches the other
side of the barrier.

27) UNCERTAINITY PRINICIPLE?

Uncertainity priniciple is stated as it impossible to measure both position and momentum of

an attomic priniciple simultaneously with high precision.

ΔE

28)THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF METAL AND ITS UNIT?

 Its is defined a the ratio of quantity of heat energy tranferred through unit area of cross
section in one second to the temperature gradient.

K (dt\dx)

29)HALL EFFECT?

Consider that a current Ix is appilied to a semiconductor (or) a metal specimen along the x
direction and a magnetic field Bz is applied to the specimen along the z direction and voltage
development in the negative y direction is called hall effect.

30)HALL COFFICIENT?

RH

31)WHAT ARE NANOMATRIALS?

The materials those having the particle sixe less than 100nm is called namomaterials . the value
of 1nm is equal to 10^-9m.

32)WAVENATURE OF ELECTROMAGNECTIC RADIATION?

Electromagnectic radiation consistes of both electric and magnectic vectors.

These vectors are perpendicular to each other . The electric and magnectic vectors are vibrating
perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the vectors.

33)WAVENUMBER?

The reciprocal of the wavelength is called wavenumber.

Its unit is m^-1.

34)APPLICATION OF HALL EFFECT?

 1)Semiconductor type. 2) Hall multiplier. 3)Measurement of hall voltage,hall angle.

35)ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY?

Electrical conductivity is defined a sthe flow of charge carries in a material due to applied
electrical field intensity.

36)SOURCE USED IN INFRA RED SPECTROSCOPY?

1)Mirror. 2)Chopper. 3)Cell . 4) Monochromator.

37)CHARACTERS OF RAMAN SPECTRA?

1)Raman spectrum consists of spectral line with frequency greater equal and less than parent
lines. The spectral line with frequency greater than the parent line is called antistoke line. Spectral
line with frequency less than parent line is called stoke line.

2)The displacement of raman spectral line for scattering substance is different.

3)Raman spectral line are thousand time intense than rayleigh scattering.

38)ABSORPTION SPECTRA?

Absorption spectra are produced by the absorption of electromagnectic radiation by the

absorbing materials.These spectra are produced whenever the electromagnectic radiation is
passed through the absorbing materials.

39)PROPERTIES OF NANOMATERIALS?

1)Physical properties. 2)Chemical properties. 3)mechanical properties.

40)APPLICATION OF SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS?

 1)Blood clot filter. 2) Biocompactibility. 3) Novelty products. 4)Temperature control system.

41)INTRINSIC AND EXTRINSIC?

INTRINSIC EXTRINSIC
Pure form of semiconductor doped or pure semiconductor
EXAMPLE EXAMPLE
Pure silicon, pure germanium crystals 1)p type. 2)n type

42)CONTINOUS EMISSION SPECTRA AND DISCONTINOUS EMISSION SPECTRA?

CONTINOUS DISCONTINOUS
Spectra produced by metals when heated are The emission of a particular wavelength of
called continous emission spectra. light is called discontinous emission spectra.
Example: black body radiation. Example: sodium vapour lamp.

43)OPTICAL MICROSCOPE AND ELECTRN MICROSCOPE?

OPTICAL MICROSCOPE ELECTRON MICRONSCOPE

1)No need of vaccum. High vaccum is needed.
2)Ordinary lens are used to magnify the image. Electrostatic and electro magnectic lens are
used for magnification.
3)Uses the light produced by an incandescent Uses the electron beam produced by electron
lamp as source. gun.
4)Magnification is in order of 1500 Magnification is the order of 10^5 times.
44)SPONTANEOUS EMISSION AND SIMULATED EMISSION?

SIMULATED EMISSION SPONTANEOUS EMISSION

1) It is an induced by an external radiation It is an spontaneous emission.
2)It requires inverted population. No need of population inversion.
3)It produce coherent source of light. It is produce incoherent source of light.

45) PHOTOGRAPHY AND HOLOGRAPHY?

PHOTOGRAPHY HOLOGRAPHY
1)It produce two dimensional image of the It produce a three dimensional image.
three dimensional object.
2)It requires monochromatic coherent source There is no need of monochromatic coherent
of light source.

46)DIFFERENT TYPES OF MODE OF VIBRATION OF CO2 MOLECULE?

1)Symmetric mode of vibration.

2)Bending mode of vibration. 3)Asymmetric mode of vibration.

47)BLACK BODY RADIATION?

A black body is defined as object that appears black and emits all kinds of radiation when its gets
heated.

48)SPECTRUM OF BLACK BODY RADIATION?

 1)The black body emits all kinds of radiation ranging from lower wavelength to higher
wavelength.

2)If the temperature of the black body is increased the energy density also increases.

49)ADVANTAGE OF ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPE?

1)Afm does not require high vaccum to analyses the sample.

2) Afm is comparable with the resolution of scanning tunneling microscopy and transmission
microscopy.

3)Afm provide a three dimensional image of a sample . whenever a scanning electron microscope
provide two dimensional image of the sample.

50)WRITE THE SCHRONDING TIME DEPENDENT EQUATION?

SUBMITTED BY

YOURS BROTHER S.KABILAN 3RD YEAR CIVIL