CHAPTER 1

Associate, Prof. Nguyễn Phước Dân

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Wastewater Treatment

✓ WASTEWATER: Used water discharged from homes, businesses,

cities, industry, and agriculture.

✓ Types: municipal wastewater (sewage), industrial wastewater, and

stormwater

✓ Stormwater: Part of the precipitation that appears in surface

streams.

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 Wastewater components

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Wastewater components
Grey water: “Untreated sewage from households includes: wastewater
from baths, showers, wash basins, washing machines, laundry tubs. But
these waste water must not be mixed with toilet waste and wastewater
from sinks, dishwashers, and washing water to wash the items of human
secretions.”

Figure 2
Wastewater from households

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 Domestic wastewater/Sewage
• Sewage is water discharged after use for community activities:
bathing, washing, washing, personal hygiene, etc.
• Sewage discharges from apartments, offices, schools, hospitals,
markets, other public works and from workers' toilets in industrial
enterprises;

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Wastewater Treatment
✓ Wastewater treatment: The removal of constituents so the
treated effluent can be returned to the environment or reused
safely,

✓ Water use: The use of treated wastewater for a beneficial use

such as agricultural and landscape irrigation and for indirect and
direct potable us,

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 Wastewater Treatment
✓ Wastewater engineering is that branch of environmental
engineering in which the basic principles of science and
engineering are applied to solving the issues associated with the
collection, treatment, and reuse of wastewater,

✓ The ultimate goal of wastewater engineering is the protection of

public and environmental health in a manner suitable with
economic, social, and political concerns.

✓ Treatment process design must go hand-in-hand with the water

quality objectives or standards established by the federal, state,
and regional regulatory authorities

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REGULATIONS OF WASTEWATER ENGINEERING

National regulations/standards brought about changes in planning

and design of wastewater treatment facilities.
Standards Description
QCVN 14:2008/BTNMT Sewage quality
QCVN 25:2009/BTNMT Leachate from municipal solid waste landfill
QCVN 40:2011/BTNMT Industrial wastewater quality
QCVN 01:2015/BTNMT Latex processing wastewater
QCVN 11:2015/BTNMT Seafood processing wastewater
QCVN 12:2015/BTNMT Paper mill wastewater
QCVN 13:2015/BTNMT Textile and dyeing wastewater
QCVN 04:2016/BTNMT Husbandry wastewater

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 WATERWATER MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

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Wastewater Management System

Components of a wastewater management system:

• Sources of wastewater (resident areas, factories)
• Sewerage: Collection and Transfer (pipes và pump stations)
• Wastewater treatment plants
• Disposal facility and receiving waters

Pump station

Disposal
facility

Treatment
sewer network
plant
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 Wastewater Management System
• Combined system: rain water and wastewater are transported into a
pipe to WWTP.
• Separate system: each type of water is separately collected and
transported.

Domestic wastewater

Rain water
WWTPs

Separate system 11
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Wastewater Management System

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 Wastewater Management System

Separate system

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Sewerage
• Interceptor sewage:
• At intersection between two separate systems, overflow well is
responsible for separating rainwater.
• In this well, when the flow is small, dirty rain water will flow into
the common sewer and lead to the treatment station;
• In case of heavy rain, greater rainfall, the mixture of rainwater and
wastewater is considered to be relatively clean, will flow over the
well and flow directly to the receiving source.

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 Interceptor sewer

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Interceptor sewer

Overflow well Overflow well WWTPs

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 Correlation between components of wastewater management system

Wastewater generation sources

On-site treatment

Wastewater sewerage

Transmission and pump station

Wastewater treatment plant

Reuse and disposal facilities

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REQUIREMENTS FOR OPERATOR / MANAGER of wastewater

treatment system

• Know well the drainage networks/sewerage to WWTP;

• Composition and characteristics of wastewater;
• Inhibitors, influencing agents in wastewater;
• Flows generated from service, residential and industrial areas;
• Regulations and standards for treated wastewater quality;
• Applicability of the process/equipment;
• Flowrates/ loading rates of applied process/device;
• Process efficiency;
• Energy and chemical requirements;
• Work safety (Electricity, chemicals);
• Laboratory and pilot-scale experiments;
• Operation and maintenance requirements (parts of equipment, costs,
availability, reliability of equipment);
• Demand for personnel.
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 Decide serviced area Decide design period

Predict
wastewater flowrates

Determine characteristics of wastewater

Procedure of feasibility study of Identify

the wastewater treatment system receiving water

Decide wastewater capacity

and treatment technology

Design WWT facilities

(Primary, secondary treatment)

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Terms
Pollutant (pollutants, contaminants, impurities): The ingredients go
into water supply systems after use
Component (constituent): individual compounds / elements or
organisms such as suspended sediments, ammonia, etc. The
constituents in wastewater can be characterized in terms of their
physical, chemical, and biological properties
Parameter: factor can be measured such as temperature, pH.
Characteristics: General classes of wastewater constituents such as
physical, chemical, and biological constituents.

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 Terms
Sludge: Any material (i.e., sludge) produced during primary,
secondary, or advanced wastewater treatment that has not
undergone any process to reduce pathogens or vector attraction
Biosolids: Sludge from wastewater treatment processes that has
been stabilized, can be used beneficially.

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Terminology

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 Terminology

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Terminology

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 Terminology

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Terminology
Point source: Waste load at a separate point such as discharge
culvert, domestic / industrial waste water treatment station.
Nonpoint source: Waste sources deposed from many sources of
waste on a large area.

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 Pollutant load

• Pollution load of wastewater is assessed by component

pollution loads such as BOD5, SS or nitrogen etc,
Li = Q x Ci
Where:
Li – Pollutant load, kg/day;
Q – Flow rate, m3/day;
Ci – concentration of components, (g/l; kg/m3).

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Sewage
General characteristics: contaminated by organic residues (SS),
soluble organic substances (BOD5 / COD), nutrients (Nitrogen,
Phosphorus), pathogens(E .Coli, Coliform);
The pollution level of sewage depends on:
▪ Wastewater flow (water demand/per capita water use: Liters/person/day);
▪ Characteristics of sewerage network (with/without septic tank)
▪ Per capita pollutant loads
Per capita pollutant load depends on:
▪ Living standards, living conditions and living habits
▪ Weather condition
▪ Industrial activities
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 DOMESTIC POLLUTANT LOAD
Parameter Emission factor (gram/person.day)
Foreign countries TCXD-51-84

(SS) 70 - 145 50 - 55
BOD5 after settling 45 - 54 25 - 30
BOD20 after settling - 30 - 35
COD 72 - 102 -
N-NH4+ 2,4 - 4,8 7
Total Phosphorus 0,8 - 4,0 1,7
Fate and Oil 10 - 30 -

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PER CAPITA POLLUTANT LOAD

Country BOD TSS TKN N-ammonia Total P
g/person.day g/person.day g/person.day g/person.day g/person.day
Brazil 55-68 55-68 8-14 ND 0.6-1.0
Denmark 55-68 82-96 14-19 ND 1.5-2.0
India 27-41
Turkey 27-50 41-68 8-14 9-11 0.4-2.0
Japan 40-45 ND 1-3 ND 0.15-0.4
America 50-120 60-150 9-22 5-12 2.7-4.5
Germany 55-68 82-96 11-16 ND 1.2-1.6
Italia 49-60 55-82 8-14 ND 0.6-1.0
Note: ND – not detection

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 INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER
• Wastewater discharged from production facilities after use for
production needs, industrial activities and use for production
stages.
• In industrial establishments, wastewater can be divided into
three categories:
• Rain water;
• Domestic wastewater;
• Production wastewater.

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INFILTRATION/INFLOW
✓ Infiltration/inflow: water enters the collection network directly
or indirectly.
✓ Infiltration: External water (groundwater, surface water) enters
the collecting sewer through unsealed joints, cracks, breakage
and pitting walls.
✓ Inflow: rainwater enters the collection sewer from the points
connected to the storm water drainage pipe, the yard water
drainage or the Pit covers.

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 INFILTRATION/INFLOW
Depends on:
• Quality of construction materials and
construction quality of drainage systems
• Maintenance
• Elevation of groundwater level
• Length of sewerage system
• Area
• Geological / soil conditions
In areas with high groundwater levels:
Infiltration flows into drainage systems in areas
with high groundwater levels:
0.01 - 1 m3/day.mm.km
0.2-28 m3/ a. day
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INFILTRATION/INFLOW

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 Characteristic of Wastewater

Pollutants

Physicalù Chemical Biological

Gas Liquid Solid organic inorganic Cause disease Not cause disease

Floating Settling keo Solude

Easy to treat
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Characteristics of Wastewater 

• Physical composition: divided into 3 groups depending on size:

• Group 1: including insoluble substances such as fabric, paper,
branches, plants, gravel, sand, leather, fur ...); in suspended form (
• > 10-1 mm) and in the form of suspension, emulsion, foam ( = 10-1
- 10-4 mm)
• Group 2: including colloidal dirt ( = 10-4 - 10-6 mm)
• Group 3: including contaminants in soluble form with  <10-6 mm;
They can be in the form of ions or molecules.

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 Characteristics of Wastewater
• Chemical composition: contaminants have different chemical
properties, divided into 3 groups:
• Inorganic components: sand, clay, slag, inorganic acids, inorganic
alkalis, ions of dissolved salts;
• Organic compounds: substances derived from animals, plants,
scum excreted:
• Nitrogen compounds: urea, protein, amine, amino acid ...
• Hydratecarbon compounds: fat, soap, cellulose.
• Compounds containing phosphorus, sulfur

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Characteristics of Wastewater
Wastewater characteristics: shown in 3 groups:
Physical properties:
The ability of sedimentation / emergence of dirt
Smell ability
Ability to create colors
Ability to change the temperature of waste water
Moisture retention capacity of sludge / residue
Chemical properties:
Reactivity between contaminants available in waste water
The ability to react between contaminants in wastewater and added
chemicals;
Chemical decomposition ability thanks to mechanical and physical forces.
Biological properties: Biodegradability (aerobic, anaerobic, natural and
artificial) 38
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 Characteristics of Wastewater
Name Abres Meaning
Physical compouns
Total solid TS Evaluate the ability to reuse wastewater and determine
Total volatile solid TVS appropriate treatment methods.

Total fixed solid TFS

Total suspended solid TSS
Volatile suspended solid VSS
Fixed suspended solid FSS
Volatile dissolve solid VDS
Fixed dissolve solid FDS
Settable solid SS Determine the amount of solids deposited by gravity in a
given time
Turbidity NTU Evaluate water quality after treatment
Color (brown, yellow, Assessment of wastewater conditions (anaerobic /
black) aerobic)
Temperature oC Very important in operating the biological treatment system
Electric conductivity EC Evaluate the feasibility of treated wastewater applied to
agriculture, salinity survey
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Characteristics of Wastewater
Name Abbrev Meaning

Inorganic characteristics
Ammonia NH4+ Determine the amount of nutrients and their
Organic Nitrogen Org N decomposition level in wastewater

Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen TKN

Nitrite NO2-
Nitrate NO3-
Total Nitrogen TN
Inorganic phosphorus P
pH Measuring acidity and alkalinity
Alkalinity Alk Measure the buffering of waste water
Chlorua Cl- Evaluate the feasibility of reusing treated
wastewater for agriculture
Sulfate SO42- Evaluate the ability to create odors
Metals (As, Cd, Ni, Zn, Evaluate the feasibility of reusing wastewater
Ca, Cr, Co, Pb, Hg, Mn, and assessing the toxical effects in
Na) treatment.

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 Characteristics of Wastewater
Name Abbrev Meaning

Organic chemical
compounds
Carbon biochemical CBOD5 The amount of oxygen needed to stabilize the
oxygen demand in 5 days biological properties of waste
Nhu cầu oxy sinh hoá UBOD
cacbon cuối cùng
Nitrogen oxygen demand NBOD The amount of oxygen needed to oxidize bio-
nitrogen from ammonia to nitrate
Chemical oxygen demand COD Often used to replace BOD test
Biological characteristic
Coliform MPN Evaluate the presence of pathogenic bacteria
and the effectiveness of the sterilization
process
Special organism bacteria, Evaluate the presence of microorganisms
protozoa involved in operating the treatment plant and
, virus for reuse purposes.
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Characteristics of sewage
Parameters Concentration
Low Medium High
TDS, mg/l: 250 500 850
SS, mg/l: 100 220 350
Settable solids, mg/l 5 10 20
BOD5, mg/l 110 220 400
Total organic carbon, mg/l 80 160 210
COD, mg/l 250 500 1000
Total nitrogen, mg/l 20 40 85
•+ Organic 8 15 35
•+ Ammonia 12 25 50
•+ Nitrite 0 0 0
•+ Nitrate 0 0 0
Total phosphorus, mg/l: 4 8 15
•+ organic 1 3 5
•+ inorganic 3 5 10
Chloride, mg/l 30 50 100
Sulfate, mg/l 20 30 50
Fate and Oil, mg/l 50 100 150
Coliform No/100 mL 106  107 107  108 107  109
Volatile organics, g/l <100 100  400 > 400 42
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 Characteristics of Wastewater

Parameter Unit Rain water Rainwater General sewer Domestic

at surface wastewater
TSS mg/L <1 67-101
BOD mg/L 1-13 8-10
COD mg/L 9-16 40-73
Fecal coliform MPN/100 mL 103-104 105-106 105-107
Nitơ (N): mg/L
TKN 0.43 – 1.00 4-17 20-75
Nitrate 0.05-1.0 0.48 – 0.91 0
Phosphorus (P): mg/L 0.02-0.15 0.67-1.66 1.2-2.8 4-12

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Sewage with septic tank

Parameters Range Standard

BOD5, mg/l 150-250 50
COD, mg/l 250-500 80
SS, mg/l 40-140 40
Ammonia, mg N/l 30-50 1
Organic nitrogen, mg N/l 20-40 10
Total phosphorus, mgP/l 12-20 1
Fate and Oil, mg/l 10-50 5

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 Flowrate
For old urban areas: existing water records or direct
measurements
For new urban areas: Evaluate the population and wastewater
flow per capita
Data for feed water can be used to evaluate the quality.
The amount of waste per person = 60-90% of the water supplied for one person.

Wastewater discharge depends on:

Water supply
Water prices
Socio-economic conditions of the community
Natural conditions (climate)
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FLOW RATE
Determining the designed flow rate, the following factors should be
considered:
- Current background flow rate: actual measured flow minus the
infiltration / inflow
- Predicted flow rate in the future (trade, service, industry) and
- Infiltration current / inflow
America:
-Background flow rate for domestic wastewater = 270 L / person.day
-Small industrial / commercial wastewater discharge = 40 L / person
/ day
- Infiltration flow rate = 150 L / person. day 46
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 FLOW RATES
Flows generated from residential area is estimated by:
Old residential area: used amount= 60-70% supplied amount
New residential area: based on population, houses and
wastewater standard
House with shower: 100-120 l/person.day
House with hot tub: 200-250 l/person.day
Resort: 400-600 l/person.day

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Services unit Flow rate (L/day)

Range Average
Airport passenger 11-19 15
apartment for rent bed 380-570 450
Store toilet 1300-2300 1500
staff 30-57 40
Hotel guest 150-230 190
staff 30-57 40
Car wash station car 30-57 40
staff 34-57 50
factory staff 57-130 75
Laundry equipment 1500-2100 1700
guest 170-210 190
restaurant guest 26-40 35
Restaurant with bar guest 34-45 40
Mall staff 26-50 40
Parking 4-11 8
Office staff 26-60 50
Theater chair 8-15 10

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 Demand for waste water for public works

Object Unit Flow rate (L/day)

Range Average
Hospital bed 660-1500 1000
staff 20-60 40
Schools:
With canteen and student 60-120 100
stadium, toilet
Only canteen student 40-80 60
Office guest 11-19 15

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Peak factor
• The amount of wastewater varies by hour in day, month or
season of the year → Extreme flow
• Maximum and minimum hourly flow (Q (h), max, Q (h), min)
• Maximum and minimum daily flow(Q (day) - max, Q (day)- min)

Flow rate (m3/day)

Qday,max

Qday,average

Qday,min

Date
0 60 120 240 300 360 50
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 Peak factors

• Hourly peak factor

qh,max
K h ,max =
qh.TB
Daily peak factor:
Q ngaøy,max
K ngaøy ,max =
Q ngaøy.TB
Kngaøy,max = 1.2 – 1.4
Kngaøy,min = 0.7 – 0.9
Kh,max = 1.4 – 2.5
Kh,min = 0.4 – 0.6
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Peak factor
Daily peak factor depends on:
how to organize social life
customs
Convenient level
change seasonal demand
Flow rateworking
GOALs
mode
Qday,average Evaluate the cost of pumping, electricity, chemicals
Qday,max Determination of tank size, treatment station scale
Qday,min check sedimentation in the ditches
qh,max Hydraulic calculation of water supply network
qh,min Flow rate Range of flow measurement equipment,
time off of the pump,
Pressure test at the moment of least water use in the network
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 Peak factors
Flow rate Description
Average flow rate of dry season The average daily discharge in the dry season has a limited
infiltration
Average flow rate of rain season Include infiltration

Average daily flow of the year
Flow rate at rush hour
Maximum daily flow rate
Minimum hourly flow rate
Minimum daily flow rate
Minimum monthly flow rate
Lưu lượng cao điểm tháng
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Average flow rate occurs over 24 hours based on annual
data
Average peak flow rates that last for one hour (based on a
10 minute recording period)
maximum flow rate in a day
Average minimum flow rate last for one hour (based on a 10
minute recording period)
Average of the lowest flow rates in a day (usually from 2AM
to 6 AM)
Average of the smallest day flow rates in the month
Tr.bình của các l. lượng ngày cao điểm trong tháng
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Peak factors
Peak factor changes according to:
- Community size (population, service area)
- Length of sewer system.
When the community size is large → daily/hourly peak factors
reach to value of 1.0 because the storage capacity of the
increasing drainage system.

Flow rate of industrial wastewater can change:

- Many industrial waste discharge is stable.
- Industrial wastewater flow rate is usually large at sanitation
hours before stopping activities
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 Peak factors
In the design, it is necessary to know the change factor of the
load.
Factors affecting the load:
▪ Community customs and habits cause short-term
fluctuations (hours, days, weeks)
• Climate / season conditions cause long-term fluctuations
Industrial activities

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Peak factors
Yếu tố Mục tiêu thiết kế và hoạt động
Lưu lượng
Ngày trung bình Xác định hệ số cao điểm (tỉ số lưu lượng) và đánh giá bơm và chi phí hoá
chất
Giờ thấp nhất Xác định việc cắt giảm lưu lượng các công trình bơm và xác định dãy lưu
lượng thấp của đồng hồ đo lưu lượng
Ngày thấp nhất Xác định kích thước các kênh/mương vào để kiểm soát lắng cặn; tuần
hoàn nước cho bể lọc sinh học
Tháng thấp nhất Chọn lựa số tối thiểu của các công trình xử lý cơ học hoạt động trong
thời gian lưu lượng thấp; hoạch định thời gian ngưng hoạt động để bảo
trì
Giờ lớn nhất Xác định kích thước các công trình bơm, ống dẩn; công trình xử lý cơ
học: lắng cát, lắng và lọc, bể tiếp xúc chlorine. Triển khai chiến lược kiểm
soát quá trình để quản lý lưu lượng cao
Ngày lớn nhất Xác định kích thước bể điều hoà, hệ thống bơm bùn
Tháng lớn nhất Xác định kích thước kho hoá chất;

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 Peak factors
Yếu tố Mục tiêu thiết kế và hoạt động
Tải lượng
Tháng nhỏ nhất Nhu cầu cắt giảm van hanh quá trình
Ngày nhỏ nhất Xác định kích thước lưu lượng tuần hoàn của bể lọc sinh học
Ngày lớn nhất Xác định kích thước các công trình xử lý sinh học
Tháng lớn nhất Xác định kích thước công trình chứa bùn, công trình ủ
15-ngày lớn nhất Xác định kích thước bể phân huỷ bùn hiếu khí/kị khí

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Treatment process

Physical-Chemical Treatment:
- Separate the solid phase from the liquid phase: screens, sediment, filter
- Separating liquid phase from solid phase: Compressing mud, separating water
from mud
- Separation of liquid phase from liquid phase: Grease separation
- Separate the gas phase from the liquid phase: Separating ammonia gas,
biogas
Biological Treatment:
- Organic substances: Aerobic (activated sludge, sticky growth), anaerobic
(UASB, AF)
- Nutrients: Deoxidize nitrogen, phosphorus

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 Selection treatment technology
The selection of wastewater treatment technology depends on:
• Composition of waste water characteristics;
• Regulations and standards for discharging wastewater into common
sewers, into water sources;
• Available land area;
• Energy and chemical requirements.

Design parameters
• High BOD5 → biological treatment
• high SS → physical/chemical treatment
• High N, P → biological / chemical-physical methods

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Mechanical/physical –chemistry treatment

screens
crasher
Sand settling
Flow Equalization
Mixing
Sedimentation
Accelerated Gravity
Separation
Adsorption
Filtration
Sludge treatment
Disinfection
etc.

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 Physical treatment
Separate solid from liquid

Screening Sedimentation AGS Filtration Ly taâm☺

Ly taâm
Membrane neùn buøn
Settle Compress Filtration Dewatering
filtration
Ly taâm
MF khöû nöôùc
normal☺ Low Loïc Loïc (Micro-Filter)
speed nhanh☺ lôùp phuû
UF Vacuum
Sludge
(Ultra-Filter) filtration
circulation
NF Loïc eùp☺
suspended Pressure Gravity
(Nano-Filter)
sludge layer
RO Loïc daây ñai☺
Oáng/vaùch (Reverse Osmosis)
nghieâng☺
(Electrodialysis)

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Physical-Chemical Treatment
Physical-Chemical treatment

Neutralization oxidation Flocculation Adsorption Ion exchange

Activated Active Cation

oxidation carbon aluminum exchange resin

Laøm thoaùng☺ Anion

exchange resin

electrolyte
Chelate Resin

Ozonation
Zeolite

UV

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 Biological Treatment
Biological treatment

Anaerobic Stabilization ponds Aerobic

Anaerobic UASB Activated Attached

filtration sludge growth

Conventional Trickling filter

By order RBC

enhance MBBR

Oxidation ditch
RBC
(SBR)

NBR Tieáp xuùc

lô löõng

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Heat treatment
Heat treatment

Enhanced
Sân phơi bùn evaporation burning
temperature

Thermal
Cooling tower
exchange

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 WASTE WATER TREATMENT LEVEL
Level Discription

preliminary Eliminate components such as garbage, floating objects,

sand, and grease that can cause operation and maintenance
problems for buildings.
primary Remove a part of suspended solids and organic matter

Advance primary Enhance removal of suspended solids and organic matter by

flocculation or filtration.
secondary Degrade biodegradable organic in soluble form and
suspended sediment by biological / chemical methods.
Disinfection is also included in secondary treatment.
Tertiary Removes residual suspended solids (after secondary
treatment) with sand filters or filters (microscreens).
Nutrient removal.
Advanced Removes suspended and dissolved substances after normal
biological treatment when required reuse purpose.
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Wastewater treatment processes

Compounds Process
SS Chaén raùc, laéng caùt, laéng, tuyeån noåi, keát tuûa hoùa hoïc,
loïc
Biodegradable organic Aerobic suspended growth; Aerobic attached
matter growth, anaerobic suspended growth; anaerobic
attached growth; Lagoons; soil treatment; chemical
oxidation; membrane filtration
Nutrients:
+ Nito Chemical oxidation(chlorine); sinh hoïc lô löûng nitrat
hoùa vaø khöû nitrat; Sinh hoïc maøng baùm dính nitrat
hoùa vaø khöû nitat; air stripping; ion exchange;
chemical treatment; biological treatment.
+ Phosphorus Chemical –biological treatment
Organism chlorine; chlorine dioxide; Ozone; UV.

glue and suspended solids Membrane separation; chemical treatment

Odor chemical scrubbers; activated carbon adsorption.
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 Screen

Grit chamber Primary settling tank

Oil trap
Preliminary/pri
Sewage
mary
treatment

Activated sludge Secondart settling tank

Effluent
Secondary
Cl

treatment
2

Hlorine contactor

Sludge Dewater
treatment

Sludge thickener anaerobic digester

Sludge cake

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 Natural treatment
• Used widely for places with large space and low land cost;
• Suitable with natural lanscape;
• Skilled operators is not rquired;
• Low O&M cost.

Aerobic pond
Septic tank Facultative pond

Constructed wetland
Septic tank
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Natural treatment

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 Compact water treatment processes
• Use at space limited area;
• Low investment cost;
• Need for skilled operators;
• High energy cost for aeration

Activated sludge
Septic tank

Trickling filter
Septic tank
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Activated sludge process

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 Effluent of secondary treatment

Process pH SS BOD5 Coliform

mg/L mg/L MPN/100 mL
Influent 6.0-7.0 40 – 120 150-250 106-108
Biological 7.0-7.5 30 – 50 <30 103-104
treatment
Disinfection 7.0-7.5 10 – 30 <30 <1000

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Effluent quality standards

Bảng tiêu chuẩn nước thải ở Việt Nam (QCVN 14:2008)
Units Value
Parameter
A B
pH − 5-9 5-9
BOD5 (20 0C) mg/l 30 50
Tổng chất rắn lơ lửng (TSS) mg/l 50 100
Tổng chất rắn hòa tan mg/l 500 1000
Sunfua (tính theo H2S) mg/l 1.0 4.0
Amoni (tính theo N) mg/l 5 10
Nitrat (NO3-)(tính theo N) mg/l 30 50
Dầu mỡ động, thực vật mg/l 10 20
Tổng các chất hoạt động bề mặt mg/l 5 10
Phosphat (PO43-) (tính theo P) mg/l 6 10
Tổng Coliforms MPN/100 ml 3.000 5.000

Cmax = C x K

Cột A: nguồn nước được dùng cho mục đích cấp nước sinh hoạt có chất lượng A1, A2
Cột B: nguồn nước được dùng cho mục đích tưới tiêu/khác có chất lượng B1, B2
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