ติวสดออนไลน์ฟรี

STRENGTH
Euw Chaiwanont
 stress and shearing strain. Stress-strain relationships for an isotropic
material under a multiaxial loading will also be derived.
ES IN THE MEMBERS OF A STRUCTURE 1.3 Stresses in the Members of a Structure
7
In Sec. 2.16, stress-strain relationships involving several distinct ติวฟรี STATICS BY P’EUW

Deflection of Member
s obtained in the preceding section represent a first
values of the modulus of elasticity, Poisson’s ratio, and the modulus
ep in the analysis of the given structure, they do not
of rigidity,
the given load can be safely supported. Whether will
rod be developed for fiber-reinforced composite materials
under
e, will break or not under this loading a multiaxial
depends not loading. While these materials are not isotropic,
alue found for the internal force FBC, but also upon
they usually
nal area of the rod and the material of which the rod
display special properties, known as orthotropic proper-
ties, which facilitate
, the internal force FBC actually represents the resul- their study.
FBC
ary forces distributed over the entire area InA the text Fmaterial
of the BC described!!
A so far, stresses are assumed uni-
g. 1.7) and the average intensity of these distributed A
formly distributed
to the force per unit area, FBCyA, in the section.
in any given cross section; they are also assumed
the rod will break under the givento loading
remainclearly
within the elastic range. The validity of the first assump-
tion isthe
the ability of the material to withstand discussed
corre- in Sec. 2.17, while stress concentrations near circu-
FBCyA of the intensity of the distributed internal
lar holes and fillets in flat bars are considered in Sec. 2.18. Sections
erial of the rod. Normal Stress
epends upon the force FBC, the cross-sectional area Fig. 1.7
Normal Strain
2.19 and 2.20 are devoted to the discussion of stresses and deforma-
per unit area, or intensity of the tions
forces distributed
in members made P of a ductile material when the yield point of
ection, is called the stress on that section and is
the material
Greek letter s (sigma). The stress in a member of is exceeded. As you will see, permanent plastic deforma-
B B
area A subjected to an axial load tions and1.8)
P (Fig. residual
is stresses result from such loading conditions.
P load by the
ned by dividing the magnitude P of the δ
σ = ϵ=
2.2A NORMAL STRAIN UNDER! ! AXIAL
P
A
L
LOADING
P L
s5 (1.5) A
A Let us consider a rod BC, of length L and uniform cross-sectional
area A, which is suspended from B (Fig. 2.1a). If we apply a load P
will be used to indicate a tensile stress (member in
negative sign to indicate a compressive to end stressC, the rod elongates (Fig. 2.1b). Plotting the magnitude P of
(mem-
ion). the load against the deformation d (Greek letter delta), we obtain a C
! C
metric units are used in this discussion, certainwith P ex-
load-deformation diagram (Fig. 2.2). While this diagram con-
ons (N) and A in square meters (m2), the stress sDelete Job/MHDQ251:Beer:201/ch02 A
/Users/user-f499/Desktop/Temp
2 tains
ed in N/m . This unit is called a pascal (Pa). How- information
Work/Don't useful to the analysis of the rod under consider-
P
that the pascal is an exceedingly small ation, it cannot
quantity and be used P'
directly P'to predict the deformation of a rod
e, multiples of this unit must be of used, (a) (b)
thenamely,
samethe material but of different dimensions. Indeed, we observe (a) (b)
Stress-Strain Diagram
, the megapascal (MPa), and the gigapascal (GPa). Fig. 1.8 Member with an axial load.
that, if a deformation d is produced in rod BC by a load P, a load Fig. 2.1 Deformation
of axially-loaded rod.
2P is required to cause the same deformation in a rod B9C9 of the
1 kPa 5 103 Pa 5 103 N/m2
same length L, but of cross-sectional area 2A (Fig. 2.3). We note
1 MPa 5 106 Pa 5 106 N/m2 that, in both cases, the value of the stress is the same: s 5 PyA.
ociated with isotropic 2.2 Normal Strain under Axial Loading
1 GPa 5 109 Pa 5 109 N/m2 On the other hand, a load P applied 55 to a rod B0C0, of the same
teristics independent
. customaryratio,
Poisson’s units are
whichused,
σ the force P is usually
P B' B'
unds (lb) or kilopounds (kip), and the cross-sectional
which(incharacterizes
e, inches 2
). The stress s will then be expressed in
ostatic
are pressure,
inch (psi) and per square inch (ksi).†
or kilopounds Ruptu
nents of the shearing
hips for anunitsisotropic L
d U.S. customary used in mechanics are listed in tables inside
derived.
s book. From the table on the right-hand side, we note that 1 psi is
to 7 kPa, and 1 ksi approximately equal to 7 MPa.
olving several distinct
io, and the modulus
composite materials C'
! C'
als are not isotropic, 2A
ε
s orthotropic proper- ! 2P
Fig. 2.2 Load-deformation diagram. Fig. 2.3
ses are assumed uni- σ
hey are also assumed E=
of the first assump- ϵ
ntrations near circu-
Deformation of Member
n Sec. 2.18. Sections
tresses and deforma-
en the yield point of
nent plastic deforma-
B B
ding conditions.

LOADING PL
L δ=
iform cross-sectional AE
If we apply a load P
the magnitude P of
r delta), we obtain a C
! C
ile this diagram con- A
rod under consider-
P
deformation of a rod
. Indeed, we observe (a) (b)
by a load P, a load Fig. 2.1 Deformation
in a rod B9C9 of the of axially-loaded rod.
(Fig. 2.3). We note -1- facebook.com/beengineer2012
the same: s 5 PyA.
 ติวฟรี STRENGTH BY P’EUW
1

f 8 kN, •1–33. The bar has a cross-sectional area A and is

ctional subjected to the axial load P. Determine 4.2 Ethe DEFORMATION OF AN AXIALLY LOADED MEMBER
average
LASTIC 131
section normal and average shear stresses acting over the shaded
area’s section, which is oriented at u from the horizontal. Plot the
variation of these stresses as a function of u 10 … u … 90°2.
PROBLEMS δ =Σ
PL
AE
P P
The ship is pushed through the water using an A-36 4–3. The A-36 steel rod is subjected to the loading shown.
u
propeller shaft that is 8 m long, measured from the If the cross-sectional area of the rod is 50 mm2, determine
A
ller to the thrust bearing D at the engine. If it has an the displacement of its end D. Neglect the size of the
diameter of 400 mm and a wall Prob. 1–33 of 50 mm,
thickness couplings at B, C, and D.
mine the amount of axial contraction of the shaft
the propeller1–34. Thea built-up
exerts force onshaft
the consists
shaft ofof5 akN.
pipe AB and *4–4.
The solid The A-36 steel rod is subjected to the loading
shown.
rod BC. The pipe has an inner diameter of 20 mm and outer
ngs at B and C are journal bearings. If the cross-sectional area of the rod is 50 mm2,
diameter of 28 mm. The rod has a diameter of 12 determine
mm. the displacement of C. Neglect the size of the
Determine the average normal stress at points D and Ecouplings
and at B, C, and D.
Internal Load
represent the stress on a volume element located at each of
these points.
1m 1.5 m 1.25 m

4 kN
A B 6 kN 4
C
8 kN
D 6 kN E A 9 kN B C 4 kN D 2 kN

Prob. 1–34

Probs. 4–3/4
1–35. The bars of the truss each have a cross-sectional
area of 1.25 in2. Determine the average normal stress in
4–5. The assembly consists of a steel rod CB and an
each member due to the loading P = 8 kip. State whether
the stress is tensile or compressive. aluminum rod BA, each having a diameter of 12 mm. If the rod
A D
B C is subjected to the axial loadings at A and at the coupling B,
*1–36. The bars of the truss each have a cross-sectional
5 kN
apered determine the displacement of the coupling B and the end
area of 1.25 in2. If the maximum average normal stress in
uple is A. The unstretched length of each segment is shown in the
any bar is not to exceed 20 ksi, determine the maximum
tress in 8m figure. Neglect the size of the connections at B and C, and
magnitude P of the loads that can be applied to the truss.
assume that they are rigid. Est = 200 GPa, Eal = 70 GPa.
Prob. 4–1 B C

3 ft C B A
18 kN
6 kN
A E D
The copper shaft is subjected 4 ft to the axial4 ftloads 3m 2m
n. Determine the displacement of end A with respect
d D. The diameters ofPeach segment0.75 areP dAB = 3 in., Prob. 4–5
= 2 in., and dCD = 1 in. Take Ecu = 1811032 ksi.
Probs. 1–35/36
4–6. The bar has a cross-sectional area of 3 in2, and
E = 3511032 ksi. Determine the displacement of its end A
when it is subjected to the distributed loading.

x w ! 500x1/3 lb/in.

50 in. 75 in. 60 in.

A
2 kip
kip 1 kip

C 3 kip D
A B 2 kip 4 ft

Prob. 4–2 -2- facebook.com/beengineer2012

Prob. 4–6
 as s
Ps
ติวฟรี STATICS BY P’EUW def

• 1. The rod ABC is made of an aluminum for which E = 70 GPa. Knowing that P
P = 100 kN and Q = 420 kN, determine the deflection of (a) point A, (b) point
B. A

0.4 m 20-mm diameter

Q
2.19 Bot
0.5 m
60-mm diameter E5
(a)
resp
C
2.20 The
Kno
Fig. P2.19 and P2.20 of (

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 ติวฟรี STRENGTH BY P’EUW
• 2. A single axial load of magnitude P=58 kN is applied at end C of
the brass rod ABC. Knowing that E=105 GPa, determine the
diameter d of portion BC for which the deflection of point C will be 3
mm.

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 to the axial forces shown. Determine the displacement of
end C with respect to the fixed support at A.
ติวฟรี STRENGTH BY P’EUW
•• 3. The A-36 steel E = 200 GPa rod is subjected to the
600 mm 400 mm
axial forces shown. If the deflection of point C cannot
exceed 0.3 mm and the allowable stress in the rod is not to
exceed 150 MPa, determine the minimum diameter of the 50 kN
40 kN
rod.*
A B C
50 kN
4
F4–1

F4–2. Segments AB and CD of the assembly are solid

circular rods, and segment BC is a tube. If the assembly
is made of 6061-T6 aluminum, determine the displacement
of end D with respect to end A.

20 mm 20 mm
a
B C
15 kN
A 10 kN D
10 kN 20 kN

10 kN 15 kN
400 mm 400 mm 400 mm

30 mm 40 mm
Section a-a

F4–2

F4–3. The 30-mm-diameter A-36 steel rod is subjected to

the loading shown. Determine the displacement of end A
with respect to end C.

30 kN
5
3
4 90 kN
A B 4 C
3
5
30 kN
400 mm 600 mm

F4–3

2-1. d = 14 mm
2-2. d = 22.5 mm

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 Determine the minimum required diameter d of the steel rod
its vertical deformation is not to exceed the deformation of th
aluminum rod under the same loadติวฟรี
STRENGTH BY P’E
and if the UW stress i
allowable
the steel rod is not to exceed 24 ksi.
•• 4. The aluminum rod ABC (E = 70 GPa), which consists of two
125 kN 125 kN
cylindrical portions AB and BC, is to be replaced with a cylindrical
28 kips 28 kips
steel rod DE (E = 200 GPa) of the same overall length. Determine
the minimum required diameter d of the steel rod if its vertical
deformation is not to exceed the deformation of the aluminum rod A D
300 mm 38 mm
under the same load and if the allowable stress in the steel rod is
12 in. 1.5 in.
not to exceed 165 MPa.
B

2.25 in. d
18 in.

C E

Fig. P2.14

2.15 A 4-ft section of aluminum pipe of cross-sectional area 1.75 in

rests on a fixed support at A. The 58-in.-diameter steel rod BC hang
from a rigid bar that rests on the top of the pipe at B. Knowing tha
the modulus of elasticity is 29 3 106 psi for steel and 10.4 3 106 p
for aluminum, determine the deflection of point C when a 15-ki
force is applied at C.

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 ติวฟรี STRENGTH BY P’EUW
••• 2-8. The assembly shown consists of an
aluminium tube AB having a cross-sectional area of steel rod
400 mm2 and allowable stress σAB = 200 MPa. A steel
rod having a diameter of 10 mm and allowable stress
σBC = 250 MPa is attached to a rigid collar and P
passes through the tube . Knowing that the deflection
of the end C of the rod cannot exceed 4 mm,
determine aluminium tube
a) the maximum load P can be apply at end C.
b) the deflection of point B.
Take Est = 200 GPa, Eal = 70 GPa.

(a) P = 10.5 kN (b) δB = 0.15 mm →

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 ติวฟรี STRENGTH BY P’EUW

SUGGESTIONS
Dynamics
ถ้าเราอยู่บนรถเมย์ แล้วรถเมย์เร่งเครื่อง จะเหมือนมีแรงผลักเราไปข้างหลัง
วิชา Dynamics เรียนเกี่ยวความเร่งและแรงที่เกิดขึ้น ทั้งวิเคราะห์ความเร่ง
ระยะทาง เวลา ซึ่งความรู้เหล่านี้ ใช้วิเคราะห์การเคลื่อนที่ของรถยนต์ สเก็ตน้ำ
แข็ง หรือกระทั่งยาอวกาศ
ใน Dynamics เราจะเจอสมการที่เป็นสมการดั้งเดิมของ นิวตัน มีทั้งดิฟ
และอินทิเกรต และโจทย์ที่เป็นปัญหาของวิศวกรจริงๆ หลายข้อจะมีการคำนวณ
หลายขั้นตอน และยืดยาว ซึ่งถ้ามีประสบการร์ทำโจทย์ที่ครอบคลุม จะทำให้
แก้ปัญหาไม่ยากนัก

Review :
“สอนโอเค บรรยากาศดี พี่เขาคอยตอบตลอดครับ” “ชอบตรงเนื้อหาเรียบเรียง
ดี” “พี่อธิบายไม่เร็วไม่ช้าเกินไป” “แบบฝึกหัดเยอะดีครับ”

Mechanics of Solids
จะรู้ได้อย่างไรว่าสะพานกรุงเทพ ควรใช้สกรูกี่อัน หมุดกี่ตัว เหล็กหนา
เท่าไหร่ สื่งเหล่านี้คำนวณด้วยวิชา Mechanics of Material หรือ Mechaics
of Solids วิชานี้ใช้วิเคราะห์ความแข็งแรง และใช้ออกแบบขนาดเคเบิล ขนาด
คาน  หรือขนาดวัตถุต่างๆได้อีกด้วย
เพื่อให้ออกแบบโครงส้รางต่างๆได้ วิชา Strength ประกอบจึงด้วย ทฤษฎี และ
การคำนวณ คือถ้าเข้าใจทฤษฎีแต่คำนวณไม่ได้ โครงสร้างที่ออกแบบอาจจะ
เสียหายได้ หรือคำนวณได้แต่ไม่รู้ทฤษฎี ก็ไม่รู้จะออกแบบอย่างไร

Review :
“พี่อิ้วตอบข้อสงสัยเสมอครับ” “สรุปสูตรให้” “มีข้อสอบให้ทำเพิ่มเยอะดี”
“ชอบที่สามารถเรียนชดได้เวลาไม่ว่าง สะดวกและทำให้สามารถเข้าถึงเนื้อหา
ได้อย่างต่อเนื่อง”

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