DISS RW 2

Flores, John Carlo M.

HUMSS-12

1. Definition of Counseling.
(Researched) - Counseling is the provision of assistance and guidance in resolving personal,
social, or psychological problems and difficulties, especially by a professional.
- The process of guiding a person during a stage of life when reassessments or
decisions have to be made about himself or herself and his or her life course
- The process that occurs when a client and counsellor set aside time to explore
difficulties which may include the stressful or emotional feelings of the client.
- The act of helping the client to see things more clearly, possibly from a different
view-point. This can enable the client to focus on feelings, experiences or behaviour,
with a goal of facilitating positive change.
- A relationship of trust. Confidentiality is paramount to successful counselling.
Professional counsellors will usually explain their policy on confidentiality. They
may, however, be required by law to disclose information if they believe that there
is a risk to life.
2. Context and basic concept of Counseling
a. Peers as context
- Friends' attitudes, norms, and behaviors have a strong influence on adolescents
- friends’ attitudes, norms, and behaviors have a strong influence on adolescents.
Many personal issues are often introduced to the individual by their peers.
b. Neighbor as context
- Can both introduce additional strength or challenges to parenting and resources
that should be considered when working with families
- the interactions between the family and its neighborhood as immediate context are
also important to consider. A family functions within a particular neighborhood. The
behavioral problems in this particular neighborhood require that families work
against crime and social isolation that may impact them.
c. Culture as context
- providing meaning and coherence of life to any orderly life such as community or
organization
- culture provided meaning and coherence of life to any orderly life such as
community or organization. It is the source of norms, values, symbols, and language
which provide the basis for the normal functioning of an individual. Understanding
the cultural context of a client makes it easier for a counselor to appreciate the
nature of their struggles as well as their cultural conditioning that informs certain
personal characteristics.
d. Counseling as context
- there is a deliberate specific focus, a set of procedures, rules, expectations,
experiences, and a way of monitoring progress and determining results in any
therapeutic approach
 - regardless of a therapeutic approach in use, the counseling situation in itself is a
context. There is a deliberate specific focus, a set of procedures, rules,expectations,
experiences, and a way of monitoring progress and determining results. Counseling
can therefore be affected by the counseling context.
I. Client Factors – everything that a client brings to the counselling
context
II. Counselor Factors – personality skills, and personal qualities of a
counselor can significantly impact the outcomes of the counselling
relationship.
III. Contextual Factors – environment where to conduct the counseling
sessions. Quiet, Warm and Comfortable Place away from distraction
IV. Process Factors – actual counseling undertaking. The goal towards
INDEPENDENCE.
1. Developing trust - This is under the process factor that involves
providing warmth, genuineness, and empathy.
2. Exploring problem areas - This is under the process factor that involves
providing a clear and deep analysis of what the problem is, where it
comes from its triggers, and why it may have developed.
3. Helping to set goals - This is under the process factor that involves
setting and managing goal-directed interventions
4. Empowering into action - This is under the process factor that means
fostering action to achieve set goals.
5. Helping to maintain change – This is under the process factor that
means providing support and other techniques to enable the client to
maintain changes.
6. Agreeing when to end the helping relationship - This is under the
process factor that implies that assurance are here that guarantee the
process is being directed by the client and toward independence.

3. Goals and scope of Counseling

a. Goals of Counseling
i. Enhancing Coping Skills
ii. Improving Relationships
iii. Facilitating Client Potential
iv. Facilitating Behavior Change
v. Promoting Decision Making
b. Scope of Counseling
i. Individual Counseling
1. Adolescent identity, concerns, teen-parent relationships, peer
relationships
2. Anxiety
3. Anger management
 4. Children's concerns within the family unit, sibling relationships, school
experiences, peer relationships
5. Depression
6. Family of origin dynamics and issues
7. Gender: identity, sexuality, homosexuality
8. Relationships: personal and interpersonal dynamics
9. Sexual abuse recovery
10. Seniors: challenges, limitations, transitions
11. Singles: single, newly single, single through divorce or being widowed
12. Spirituality
13. Stress management
14. Workplace stress and relationships
15. Young adult: identity, relationships, vocation
ii. MARITAL AND PRE-MARITAL COUNSELLING
1. Marital and relational dynamics
2. Extended family relationships
3. Fertility issues
iii. FAMILY COUNSELLING
1. Adolescent and child behaviours within family dynamics
2. Adult children
3. Divorce and separation issues and adjustment
4. Family dynamics: estrangement, conflict, communication
5. Family of origin / extended family issues
6. Life stages and transitions
7. Parenting patterns: blended, single, co-parenting families
4. Principles of Counseling
a. ADVICE - has to avoid breeding a relationship in which the counselee feels inferior and
emotionally dependent on the counselor.
b. REASSURANCE - a valuable principle that can bring about a sense of relief that may
empower a client to function normally again
c. RELEASE OF EMOTIONAL TENSION - opportunity to ger emotional release from their
pent-up frustrations and other personal issues.
d. CLARIFIED THINKING - encourages a client to accept responsibility for problems and to
be more realistic in solving them
e. REORIENTATION - involves a change in the client's emotional self through a change in
basic goals and aspirations
f. LISTENING SKILLS - attempt to understand both the content of the client's problem as
they see it, and the emotions thy experiencing related to the problem.
g. RESPECT - put their personal feelings aside and treat the client with respect. In all
circumstances, clients must be treated with RESPESCT, no matter how peculiar or utterly
different they are from the counselor.
h. EMPATHY AND POSITIVE REGARD - Empathy requires the counselor to listen and
understand the feelings and perspective of the client; Positive Regards is an aspect of
respect.
 i.CLARIFICATION, CONFRONTATION AND INTERPRETATION - Clarification is an attempt by
the counselor to restate what the client is either saying or feeling, so the client may
learn something to understand the issue better.
j. TRANSFERENCE AND COUNTERTRANSFERENCE - When clients are helped to understand
transference reaction, they are empowered to gain understanding of important aspects
of their emotional life. Countertransference helps both clients and counselors to
understand the emotional and perceptional reaction
5. Core Values of Counseling

a. *Respect for human dignity. This means that the counselor must provide a client
unconditional positive regard, compassion, non-judgmental attitude, empathy, and
trust.
b. Partnership. A counselor has to foster partnerships with the various disciplines that
come together to support an integrated healing that encompasses various aspects such
as the physical, emotional, spiritual, and intellectual.
c. Autonomy. This entails respect for confidentiality and trust in a relationship of
counseling and ensuring a safe environment that is needed for healing. It also means
that healing or any advice cannot be imposed on a client.
d. Responsible caring. This primarily means respecting the potential of every human being
to change and to continue learning throughout his/her life, and especially in the
environment of counseling.
e. Personal integrity. Counselors must reflect personal integrity, honesty, and truthfulness
with clients.
f. Social justice. This means accepting and respecting the diversity of the clients, the
diversity of individuals, their cultures, languages, lifestyles, identities, ideologies,
intellectual capacities, personalities, and capabilities regardless of the presented issues.
6. The foundation of ethical practice as expressed by The New Zealand Association of Counselors
(Ethical Principles for Counselors at nzac.org)

4.1 Act with care and respect for individual and cultural differences and the diversity of human
experience.

4.2 Avoid doing harm in all their professional work.

4.3 Actively support the principles embodied in the Treaty of Waitangi.

4.4 Respect the confidences with which they are entrusted.

4.5 Promote the safety and well-being of individuals, families, communities, whanau, hapu and iwi.

4.6 Seek to increase the range of choices and opportunities for clients.

4.7 Be honest and trustworthy in all their professional relationships.

4.8 Practice within the scope of their competence.

4.9 Treat colleagues and other professionals with respect.