University of Engineering and Technology

Taxila,
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Course Name
“Heat & Mass Transfer”

Name:
USMAN LIAQUAT
Registration #:
18-ME-84
Submitted to:
Dr. Abid Hussain

Section
C

Table of Contents:
Abstract: ...................................................................................................................................... 1
1 Introduction:......................................................................................................................... 2
2 Experimental system.......................................................................................................... 4
3 Result & Discussion……………………………………………………………………….5
3.1..................................................... 5
3.2…………………………………6
4 Conclusion:............................................................................................................................ 9

List of Figures:
Figure 1- Typical water droplet impact and boiling modes on the superheated bare aluminum
surface ------------------------------------------------------------------------
3
Figure 2- Atomization on bare aluminum surface
------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------- 5
Figure 3-Ts-We regime maps ----------------------------------------------------------
7
Figure 4- Droplet impact and boiling modes --------------------------------------------------
8
 {Summary}

Report Title:-

Droplet impact on superheated surfaces with different wettabilities

Abstract:

In this work, 5 to 220 Weber numbers, ranging from 110 C, to a dripping effect on the heat
surface 360 C surface temperature and contact angles from 10, 78 and 122 levels were tested
experimentally. The surface visibility was replaced by spray coating thin films on aluminum
The roughness of the plates and surfaces is very low. Six drop effect and boiling methods Were
observed and classified. The map of the central government was used as an example of
dripping effect and boiling Methods The results show that the surface temperature is required
for the transition from drop to drop. Opening drop by drop with atomization increases the
number of webs without atomization. High level of viability. The drop-drop separator curve
begins to recover with atomization mode and With automation mode there is no monotone on
the break-up hydrophilic surface and bare aluminum surface. At the hydrophilic level, the
recovery of the spread film is very weak on the accumulation mode and drop Surface
temperature is required for recovery. In addition, the hydrophilic surface will not drip with
lower surface temperature (Ts 150 oC). At the hydrophobic level, the accumulation.
The mode is absent and atomization at any surface temperature cannot be observed when the
number of Weber is low (we = 5 or 20).

1
1 Introduction:
The effect of drizzle on a warm surface is normal.Spray cooling that can remove a lot of
heat flow and is one Large potential for use in cooling electronic devices.The tendency of the
drop effect on the hot surface is complex and is affected by a number of parameters including
drop field parameters, ambient conditions and solid surface properties.Solid surface properties,
including surface roughness Micro / nano structures and surface viability
Drop by drop and drop by drop affect the boiling temperature Transfer. Zhang At Found that
spray cooling heat transfer.Due to the increase in surface roughness, the rate
increased.Nanoscale and microscale structures that increase the temperature level. Percing the
area and the liquid film, which causes the driving force.The structures accelerate the expansion
of the liquid film and increase the heat transfer.Silicon or metal sub-particles were used to
create micro / nano-made surfaces and drop-by-drop effects.Boiling system map droplet life
and heat transfer Performance has been tested experimentally. Turns out Leiden Frost Point
(LFP) was raised by the surface.The texture that promotes drop by drop through the capillary
wick.
Influence of surface viability on drop life and drop drop effect and boiling behavior has been
investigated. Levels of different viability were fabricated using a variety of methods, such as
anching photo lithography and chemical vapor collection Plural However, most of them
simultaneously changed the surface microscope structure. Influence of microscope structures
ending the effects of surface volatility on drop by drop
Effect and boil a lot. Less than. It was found that super hydrofluid levels have created the
highest temperature conditions
LFP at about 330 C compared with hydrophilic surface, hydrophobic surface and super
hydrophobic surface. However,Clavijo found that LFP is lower on super hydrofluids

In comparison, its level has increased at the hydrophilic level.Solid liquid contact area
with super hydrofluid structure level. n tests led by Wang ,The surface contact point was
additionally not free of surface unpleasantness. Wang et al. discovered that in the
progress bubbling, little contact point and huge surface harshness improved the warmth
move. For each surface, the bead effect and bubbling modes were resolved in a huge
scope of Weber numbers and surface temperatures (5≤ We ≤200 , 110 C ≤ Ts369 C ).
The effect on droplet impact and boiling of surface wettability was analysed

2
Fig-1-Typical water droplet impact and boiling modes on the superheated bare aluminum surface. (a) deposition
at We = 5, Ts = 150 oC; (b) breakup and deposition at We = 200, Ts = 150 oC; (c) rebounding with atomization at
We = 60, Ts = 210 oC;(d) breakup with atomization at We = 140, Ts = 210 oC; (e) rebound without atomization at
We = 60, Ts = 330 oC;


3
2 Experimental system & procedure :
The test plate was put on a fired warmer which was the heat source. The warming intensity of
the earthenware radiator was constrained by a DC power flexibly (Agilent N5766A, 0.02 V
guideline precision). The thickness of the test plate was 1 mm. The temperature underneath the
test plate was estimated utilizing 3 K-type thermocouples and utilized as the test surface
temperature because of the little temperature contrast between the base surface and the top
surface (test surface) of the test plate. The bead effect and bubbling cycle was recorded
utilizing a rapid camera (Optronis CP80). The casing rate was set as 2500 fps with the
presentation time of 100 ls and consequently the time precision in this work was 0.4 ms. Three
sorts of surfaces, hydrophilic surface, exposed aluminum surface and hydrophobic surface
were utilized in this work.The surface harshness kept up little and the normal estimation of the
unpleasantness of each test surface was under 30 nm. The contact points were 10o, 78o and
122o of deionized water on hydrophilic surface, uncovered aluminum surface and hydrophobic
surface, separately. Deionized water was utilized in our investigations and the properties at
room temperature were thickness q = 998 kgm-1 , consistency t = 1.01 x 10-6 m2 s-1 and surface
tension c = 0.072 Nm-1. . The water bead was delivered from a miniature needle with volume V
= 12.5 lL (droplet diameter D = 2.88 mm) over the test surface. The bead sway speed, v, and
ρDv 2
Weber number (We, We = ) were constrained by modifying the delivery tallness of the
γ
water bead.

4
3 Result & Discussion:-
3.1:- Droplet impact/effect on superheated surfaces

Fig. 1 includes six distinctive modes of bead effect and bubbling. In this work, the seco
nd was set as t = 0 ms when the affecting bead touches the warmed surface. The mode of 
testimony and the mode of separation and testimony are shown in Fig. 1(an) and (b) that o
ccur at a lower surface temperature. The bead separation occurs during the pull back meas
ure of the water film at the point where the Weber number is greater, as Fig. Shows 1 (b).
Little beads produced by the air pockets burst can be seen in the statement mode as
appeared in Fig. 1 (b). The small beads discharge with the exploratory conditions of Fig.
1 (a) happens at t = 48 ms, which is later than that of Fig. 1 (b). This is on the grounds
that the strong fluid contact zone is littler and the bead assimilates less warmth during the
spread and backlash measure with littler Weber number.
The bounce back with atomization mode and separation mind atomization mode show up when
we raise the surface temperatureas Fig. 1 (c) and (d) shows. Small beads discharge upward from
thecentral area of the water film during the drop spread andrecoil measure as depicted by Liang
et al. [20]. Note that the tinydroplets discharge shows up a lot sooner than in the depositionmode.
More atomization beads are created with bigger Webernumber as appeared in Fig. 1 (c) and (d).
This is on the grounds that the spreadfilm is more slender with bigger Weber number, in which
bubbles burstand atomization happen effectively as examined by Clavijo et al. [17] andTran et
al.tomization mode, the force of atomization increments firstlyand then abatements with the
expansion of surface temperature as appeared in Fig. 2 .Tomization mode, the force of
atomization builds initially and afterward diminishes with the expansion of surface temperature
as appeared in Fig. 2.The atomization power increases with the addition of surface temperature
since the air pockets become snappier what's more, bubbles burst is all the more harsh with
higher surface temperature. Subsequently, when the surface temperature is at or over the LFP,
ricochet back without atomization mode and partition without atomization mode are viewed as
showed up in Fig. 1 (e) and (f). In Fig. 1 (e), a satellite globule is launch from the top, which can
be considered as PlateauRayleigh uncertainty.

Fig-2-Atomization on bare aluminum surface

5
 3.2. Droplet impact/effect and boiling regime map
The droplet effect and bubbling practices with differing Weber numbers and surface
temperatures can be outlined utilizing the Ts-We system map. Clavijo et al. [17]
introduced the Ts-We system map for the surfaces with various wettabilities. However,
the guide as it weredelineated whether the atomization happened. Zhang et al. [6] and
Wang et al. [19] introduced more bead bubbling modes on the Ts-We system map. In any
case, the guides can't demonstrate the impact of surface wettability. Fig. 3 shows six
common drop sway what's more, bubbling modes on the surfaces with various
wettabilities utilizing the Ts-We system map. Bend ⅰ in Fig. 3 isolates drop overflowing
with atomization mode (bounce back with atomization mode or then again separation
with atomization mode) and drop bubbling withoutatomization mode (bounce back
without atomization mode or separation without atomization mode). The temperature of
Curve ⅰ increments with the expansion of Weber number. Since the affecting bead
active energy is bigger with bigger Weber number, higher surface temperature is needed
to create enough fume to help the bead.
In curve ⅱ in Fig. 3 isolates drop bounce back with atomization mode and drop separation
with atomization mode. In any case, Curveⅱ isn't droning on the hydrophilic surface and
exposed aluminum surface. Taking the aftereffect of drop effect and bubbling modes at We =
100 on the exposed aluminum surface for instance, the bounce back mode, separation mode and
bounce back mode show up in request with
the expansion of surface temperature. As
referenced previously, the force of
atomization builds initially and afterward
diminishes with the expansion of surface
temperature and bead atomization is the
outcome of air pockets burst. Accordingly,
bubbles burst is rough and the bead
separation shows up at moderate surface
temperatures (Ts = 200–290 oC at We =
100 on the exposed aluminum surface),
since the bead separation is incited by
bubbles burst at little Weber numbers.

a
The regime map guide of drop effect and
bubbling modes is impacted by the surface
wettability as appeared in Fig. 3. To begin
with, the force of the spread film is extremely
feeble at affidavit mode and bead bounce

6
back requires higher surface temperature on the hydrophilic surface as appeared in Fig. 3 (a).
This is on the grounds that crafted by grip is bigger on a superficial level with better wettability.
We utilize the worth Dmin/Dmax to assess the force of spread film. Dmin and Dmax are the base
breadth and the greatest width of the strong fluid contact territory during the force cycle,
separately. The normal estimation of Dmin/Dmax at We = 80, Ts = 110 oC, 120 oC and 130 oC is
0.87 on the hydrophilic surface, which is 112% bigger than that on the uncovered aluminum
surface. The fume rises under the drop forestall the strong fluid contact, which lessens the work
of attachment. In this manner, at higher surface temperature crafted by attachment is littler, that
is, the spread film has enough energy to force and bounce back.

2nd, the affidavit mode can't be seen on the hydrophobic surface with the test conditions in this
work (5 ≤ We ≤ 220, 110 oC ≤ Ts ≤ 360 oC). Since crafted by attachment on the hydrophobic
surface is little, the spread film on the hydrophobic surface can without much of a stretch force
and bounce back. At the point when the surface temperature is lower (Ts≤ 150 oC), less warmth
can be assimilated by drop and atomization can't happens. Subsequently, the bounce back
without atomization mode and separation without atomization mode are seen on the hydrophobic
surface with lower surface temperatures (Ts ≤150 oC)
3rd, the drop separation can't be seen on the hydrophilic surface with lower surface temperatures
(Ts ≤ 150 oC). At lower surface temperature, the air pockets burst won't happen during the drop
spread and backlash measure. Subsequently, the drop separation can't be prompted by bubbles
burst. In addition, because of the little contact edge on the
hydrophilic surface, the break down of the spread film is
difficult to happen. The digitations show up at the edge of the
spread film at bigger Weber numbers as appeared in Fig. 4
(an) and (b).
With respect to hydrophobic surface, because of the huge
contact point, the arch of the digitation
c
Figure 3- Ts-We regime maps
lower part may bigger than the ebb and flow of the digitation
upper part, i.e., d1 > d2 as the schematic outline Fig. 4 (d)
shows. Thus, the surface strain will drive the digitations to
shape separated drops and the deteriorate of the spread film
happens as indicated by the Young-Laplace condition.
Nonetheless, as appeared in Fig. 4 (c), the digitations of
spread film on the hydrophilic surface can't shape separated beads driven by the surface pressure.
Consequently, great wettability can forestall the break down of the spread film when the divider
temperature is lower. The outcome acquired by Lin et al. [25] is steady with this end, in which
the drop sway wonder on surfaces with various wettabilities at We ≤ 100 was watched and the
bead separation was as it were seen on a superficial level with the biggest contact point.
4th, atomization can't be seen on the hydrophobic surface with little Weber numbers (We = 5 or
20) for any surface air pockets burst can't happen. At the expanded Weber numbers (We ≤ 40),

7
the atomization can be seen on the hydrophobic surface. Nonetheless, the atomization is feeble
and the air pockets burst can't break the spread film. Along these lines, the drop separation
requires bigger Weber number (We ≤ 120) and Curve ⅱ is unique on the hydrophobic surface.

5th,The hydrophobic surface temperature of Curve I is lower than 
that of the hydrophilic surface and the exposed aluminium surface.On a superficial level with
enormous contact point, a huge volume is required for an air pocket to withdraw since the
enormous air pocket base territory prompts huge descending surface pressure [26]. Also, as
represented by Clavijo et al. [17], fume rises on the hydrophobic surface will in general develop
in a level way and spread out over the strong surface. Hence, the fume cover frames all the more
effectively and lower surface temperature is required for the change to film bubbling on the
hydrophobic surface.

Figure 4-Droplet impact and boiling modes

Conclusion:
Single drop effect and bubbling modes on superheated surfaces with different wettability have 
been tentatively investigated in this work. Six common drop effect and bubbling modes, includig 
testimony, separation and affidavit, bounce back with atomization, separation with atomization, r
ebound without atomization and breakup without atomization, have been observed and characse.
The results are:
 The droplet rebound requires higher surface temperatures and can 
 not be observed with lower surface temperature droplet breakup (Ts 150 oC)..

8
  The deposition mode is absent on the hydrophobic surface within the experimental condit
ions in this work.
 When the Weber number is small (We = 5 or 20), atomization cannot be observed on the
hydrophobic surface for any surface temperatures.
In addition, on the hydrophobic surface, the temperature of Curve I is lower. Curve II on the hy
drophobic surface regimen map is different from the hydrophilic surface and the bare aluminium 
surface.