This document defines key concepts related to caring, nursing ethics, infection and disease transmission, temperature regulation, the nursing process, and vital signs. It provides definitions for concepts like Madeline Leininger's transcultural theory of care, Jean Watson's transpersonal caring model, Karen Swanson's theory of caring with 5 categories (knowing, being with, doing for, enabling, maintaining belief), the four principles of biomedical ethics (autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, justice), types of infections (localized, systemic), stages of infection, mechanisms of heat transfer (radiation, conduction, convection), the six steps of the nursing process, normal ranges for vital signs like pulse and respiration, and
This document defines key concepts related to caring, nursing ethics, infection and disease transmission, temperature regulation, the nursing process, and vital signs. It provides definitions for concepts like Madeline Leininger's transcultural theory of care, Jean Watson's transpersonal caring model, Karen Swanson's theory of caring with 5 categories (knowing, being with, doing for, enabling, maintaining belief), the four principles of biomedical ethics (autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, justice), types of infections (localized, systemic), stages of infection, mechanisms of heat transfer (radiation, conduction, convection), the six steps of the nursing process, normal ranges for vital signs like pulse and respiration, and
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This document defines key concepts related to caring, nursing ethics, infection and disease transmission, temperature regulation, the nursing process, and vital signs. It provides definitions for concepts like Madeline Leininger's transcultural theory of care, Jean Watson's transpersonal caring model, Karen Swanson's theory of caring with 5 categories (knowing, being with, doing for, enabling, maintaining belief), the four principles of biomedical ethics (autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, justice), types of infections (localized, systemic), stages of infection, mechanisms of heat transfer (radiation, conduction, convection), the six steps of the nursing process, normal ranges for vital signs like pulse and respiration, and
Copyright:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as RTF, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
universal phenomenon influencing the ways in which people think,
caring feel, and behave in relation to one another Transcultural Concept of Care: care is the essence that distinguishes Madeline Leininger nurses; stresses the importance of understanding cultural caring behaviors Transpersonal Concept of Care: suggests that a conscious intention to Watson care promotes healing and wholeness; inner healing; spiritualness From Watson -- nurse-client relationship influences both the nurse Transformative model and client and promotes healing theory of caring with 5 categories: knowing, being with, doing for, Swanson enabling, maintaining belief Swanson: 1st category knowing Striving to understand an event as it has meaning in the life of the other Swanson: 2nd category being with being emotionally present to the other Swanson: 3rd category doing for Doing for the other as he/she would do for self if possible Swanson: 4th category enabling Facilitating the other's passage thru life's transitions and unfamiliar situations Swanson: 5th category maintaining belief Sustaining faith in the other's capacity to get through an event or transition list 3 of the responsibilities 1. being patient's advocate in relation to the ethics of 2. solving ethical dilemmas by attending to the client's relationships care 3. giving priority to each client's unique personhood presence person to person encouter conveying closeness and a sense of caring task-oriented touch used when performing a task or procedure caring touch non-verbal communication == holding a hand, etc. protective touch used to protect the nurse or client = ex. preventing a fall 3 steps to listening 1. taking in what a client says 2. interpretation and understanding of what they say 3. giving back that understanding right of self-determination; right of competent individuals to make autonomy decisions for themselves the duty to do no harm either intentionally or unintentionally; take nonmaleficence due care beneficence the duty to do good and promote the welfare of others equitable distribution of risks and benefits -- ensuring that all patients justice are treated fairly infection entry and multiplication of an organism in a host when a microorganism is present and grows and multiplies in a host colonization but does not cause infection an infectious disease that can be transmitted directly from one person communicable disease to another infection where the pathogen multiplies and causes clinical signs and symptomatic infection symptoms asymptomatic infection infection where signs and symptoms are not present infectious agent bacteria or viruses; pathogen reservoir place where a pathogen lives portal of exit place to enter another host to cause disease modes of transmission the major route of transmission for pathogens portal of entry place where organisms enter the body host's susceptibility depends in the individual degree of resistance to susceptible host a pathogen interval between entrance of pathogen into body and appearance of incubation period first symptoms interval from onset of nonspecific signs and symptoms to more prodromal stage specific symptoms intervall when client manifests symptoms specific to the type of illness stage infection convalescence intervall when acute symptoms of infection disappear localized infection infection that causes symptoms at a single organ or part infection that affects the entire body instead of just a single organ or systemic infection part protective reaction that serves to neutralize pathogens and repair inflammatory response body cells nosocomial infections health-care associated infections negative nitrogen balance not getting enough protein in your diet WBC Count 5,000 to 10,000/mm3 Erythrocyte Sedimentation up to 15mm/hr for men and 20mm/hr for women Rate Iron level 60-90g/100ml neutrophils 55-70% lymphcytes 20-40% monocytes 5-10% eosinophils 1-4% basophils .5-1.5% asepsis the absence of pathogenic microorganisms medical asepsis "clean technique" separation and restriction of movement of ill persons with contagious isolation diseases surgical asepsis "sterile technique" core temperature temperature of the deep tissues mechanisms the regulate the balance between heat lost and heat thermoregulation produced hypothalamus part of brain that controls temperature basal metabolic rate the heat produced by the body at absolute rest shivering involuntary body response to temperature differences in the body nonshivering vascular brown tissue that is metabolized for heat production in a thermogenesis neonate transfer of heat from the surface of one object to the surface of radiation another object without direct contact conduction transfer of heat from one object to another with direct conduct convection transfer of heat away from air movement evaporation transfer of heat energy when a liquid is changed to a gas pyrexia fever pyrogens bacteria and viruses that elevate body temperature hyperthermia body's inability to promote heat loss or reduce heat production malignant hyperthermia hereditary condition of uncontrolled heat production heatstroke a dangerous heat emergency heat exhaustion profuse diaphoresis with excess water and electrolyte loss hypothermia cold that overwhelms the body's ability to produce heat frostbite occurs when the body is exposed to subnormal temperatures normal temperature range 98.6 to 100.4 degrees F/ 36 to 38 degrees C ADPIE Assessment Diagnosis steps to Nursing Process Planning Implementation Evaluation adult normal pulse rate 60-100 beats/minute tachycardia abnormally elevated heart rate >100 beats/minute bradycardia abnormally slow heart rate <60 beats/minute when an inefficient contraction of the heart fails to transmit a pulse pulse deficit wave to the peripheral site dysrhythmia abnormal heart rhythm ventilation the movement of gases in and out of the lungs the movement of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide between the alveoli diffusion and the RBCs perfusion the distribution of RBCs to and from the pulmonary capillaries hypoxemia low levels of arterial Oxygen normal adult respiration 12-20 breaths/minute rate bradypnea breathing rate is regular but abnormally slow <12 breaths/minute tachypnea breathing rate is regular but abnormally fast >20 breaths/minute labored breathing; increased depth and rate often occuring during hyperpnea exercise apnea respirations cease for several seconds hyperventilation increased rate and depth of breath hypoventiliation decrease rate and depth of breath breathing rate and depth are irregular; alternating periods of apnea Cheyne-Stokes and hyperventilation Kussmaul's abnormally deep breathing with an increased rate Biot's abnormally shallow breathing followed by apnea SAO2 percentage of saturation of hemoglobin force exerted on the walls of an artery by the pulsing blood under blood pressure pressure systolic pressure peak of maximum pressure when ejection occurs diastolic pressure minimal pressure exerted against the arterial walls at all times pulse pressure the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures CO2 increases causing more blood against arterial walls causing BP cardiac output to increase if resistance increases (vessels constrict), bp increases peripheral resistance if resistance decreases (vessels dilate), bp decreases increase blood volume = increase bp blood volume decrease blood volume = decrease bp elasticity reduced elasticity = increased bp normal adult BP <120/80 systolic: 120-139 prehypertension diastolic: 80-89 systolic: 140-159 stage 1 hypertension diastolic: 90-99 systolic: >/= 160 stage 2 hypertension diastolic: >/= 100 ausculatory gap disappearance of sound when using palpation technique A question you face while caring for a patient or a trend you see on a problem focused trigger nursing unit knowledge focused trigger A question regarding new information available on a topic Focused question getting you to the best scientific evidence P=patient population PICO I=intervention C=comparison treatment O=outcome expectation A problem solving approach to clinical practice that integrates the Evidence Based practice conscientious use of best evidence in combination with clinical experience and patient preferences to make decisions about care. 1. Ask a clinical question 2. Collect the most relevant and best evidence Steps of Evidence Based 3. Critically appraise the evidence you gather practice 4. Integrate all evidence with your clinical expertise and patient preferences in making a practice decision or change 5. Evaluate the practice decision or change 1. Conceive the study 2. Design the study 5 steps to The Research 3. Conduct the study Process 4. Analyze the study 5. Use the study abstract brief summary of a research article contains information about the article's purpose and the importance introduction of the topic literature review gives good idea of how past research led to the researcher's question study of nursing phenomena that offers precise measurement and quantification. It is the precise, systematic, OBJECTIVE quantitative research examination of specific concepts. Focuses on numerical data and statistical analysis. difficult to quantify or categorize. Information is obtained in a non- qualitative research numerical form. Develops generalizations or theories from specific observations or interviews. SUBJECTIVE. descriptive research study that measures characteristics of persons study in which the researcher controls the study variable and experimental research randomly assigns subjects to different condition to test the variable quality assurance activities that are used to monitor, evaluate, and control services continuous quality a process in which ongoing analysis and improvement lays the improvement foundation of change overall management program to implement continuous quality total quality management improvement is an active, organized, cognitive process used to carefully examine critical thinking one's thinking anything written or printed you rely on as record or proof for documentation authorized persons Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act HIPAA finalized in 2001 and took effect in 2003 type of narrative report that involves use of D(dansata)A(action or focus charting intervention)R(response of the client) notes critical pathways multidisciplinary care plan increase in nitrogenous wastes in the blood, marked fluid and uremic syndrome electrolyte abnormalities, nausea, vomiting, headache, coma, and convulsions. renal replacement aggressive treatments for uremic syndrome/end stage renal disease therapies that includes dialysis and organ tranplantation nocturia awakening to void one or more times per night polyuria excessive output of urine oliguria a urine output that is decreased despite normal intake diuresis increased urine formation device that temporarily bypesses the bladder and urethra as the exit urinary diversion routes for urine accumulation of urine resulting from an inability of the bladder to urinary retention empty properly bacteriuria bacteria in the urine urosepsis bacteria in the bloodstream dysuria pain or burning during urination cystitis irritated bladder hematuria blood-tinged urine pyelonephritis kidney infection urinary incontinence involuntary leakage of urine that is sufficient to be a problem urgency feeling of need to void immediately hesitancy difficulty initiating urine dribbling leakage of urine despite voluntary control of urine residual urine volume of urine remaining after voiding laxatives/cathartics soften the stool and promote peristalsis symptom meaning infrequent bowel movements, difficulty passing constipation stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and passing hard feces impaction results from unrelieved constipation increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed diarrhea feces C. difficile microorganism that is the common cause of diarrhea fecal incontinence inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus hemorrhoids dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum stoma temporary or permanent artificial opening in the abdominal wall surgical openings created in the ileum (ileostomy) or colon ostomies (colostomy) for feces to exit fecal occult blood testing measures microscopic amounts of blood in the feces (GUAIAC TEST)
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