and fear, to delight and euphoria, and all the feelings in between!
Submission dates
Applied Research 1
Contextual Research in Daily Life 1
Nature of Inquiry and Research
At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:
1. share research experiences and knowledge;
2. explain the importance of research in daily life;
3. describe characteristics, processes, and ethics of research;
4. differentiate quantitative from qualitative research;
5. provide examples of research in areas of interest (arts, humanities, sports,
science, business, agriculture and fisheries, information and communication
technology, and social inquiry).
Curiosity triggers you to find the true meaning of knowledge. Satisfying your
curiosity is one way to experience research. Research develops your skills in
investigating, analyzing and synthesizing new information from various sources.
Research Experience
The research experience is essential in the process of research. Roberts (2007)
considers the research experience in terms of emotions, the biography of the
researcher, researcher identity and insights that the research “adventure” can bring
in relation to the researcher’s self.
Emotional Aspect of Research
It examines the personal side of research and how the researcher manages the
research difficulties. Roberts (2007) further explains that personal elements in
research can take many forms, ranging widely in their origin and nature, from guilt
and deadlines including personal pressures to complete the research usually affect
the research itself.
Researcher’s Involvement
The research subject is commonly based on the researcher’s background and
interests. As a researcher, you usually choose a research theme that is close to your
heart, belief or well-being. Hence, it is unavoidable that along the process of
research you make certain sacrifices on your personal life. The research that you
take in becomes a personal importance. Your involvement in research is a flattering
feeling of being an expert or an authority on a particular issue.
Research Adventure
Roberts (2007) likened research to a journey by the researcher; it is a process that
demands planning, forethought, commitment and persistence. And like any journey,
it needs to be managed, navigated, and negotiated from early conception to final
destination. In other words, there is an excitement in the quest of something new. It
can be painstaking at first, but definitely rewarding in the end.
Research Knowledge
Research leads to knowledge and insights, which are sources of competitive
advantage (Augustin & Coleman, 2012). Research enthusiasts start as critical
readers of research projects. Then, they develop their knowledge by realizing the
usefulness of those research outputs by employing the systematic process of
research.
Definition of Research
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Dempsey and Dempsey (in Casela& Cuevas, 2010) define research as an orderly  develops critical, progressive life
process of inquiry that involves purposeful and systematic analysis and analytical, thinking  guides and predicts
interpretation of data (units of information) to gain new knowledge or to verify skills in assessing outcomes of decisions
situations
already existing knowledge. Research has the ultimate goal of developing an
organized body of scientific knowledge.
Importance of Research in Everyday Life
Good (in Calderon & Gonzales, 2008) defines research as a careful, critical,
disciplined inquiry, varying in technique and method according to the nature and Everything started in research and the end can be seen with the help of research.
conditions of the problem identified, directed toward the clarification or resolution Everyday, people are adapting and constantly demanding new things and new ways
(or both) of a problem. to do things. Research has brought the human race farther.
Hence, research is indeed a systematic, purposive and responsible process of
gaining new knowledge for every scholar. Research must be contextualized to realize its genuine significance or practical value
in a particular field. Hence, it is necessary to see the place of research in school,
Scope of Research office, and the community, as it provides new knowledge and further explains
Research aims to answer or solve specific issue or problem. In fact, it focuses on existing ones to improve practices and policies (Casela& Cuevas, 2010).
Good and Scates (in Calderon & Gonzales, 2008) list down the purposes of research
research outputs that are potentially useful to a particular group of people or
for good life:
institution. Casela and Cuevas (2010)classified the areas of research and their  to provide fast and comfortable land, sea, and air means of transportation
respective purposes for your reference.  to maximize the wonders of electricity like the radio, telephone, air
conditioning, light in the homes, movies, running machinery for industry, the
Education Profession Administration computer, etc.
 to create potent drugs that promote health and prolong life
 provides scientific  strengthens  assures efficient and
 to satisfy man’s craving for more understanding
knowledge credibility of the effective
 to improve human judgment and power
 contributes to a profession implementation of
particular field of study  assures confidence in system  to relieve human suffering
 promotes awareness practice  accounts for  to increase satisfactions in countless ways
 provides theories  improves practice regulations and
and scientific bases through quality service policies Characteristics of Research
 validate theories, delivery  aims to expand The unique characteristics of research permit the researcher to have a clear
concepts, practices  provides effective program for understanding of research and differentiate it from problem-solving and other
 documents socially ways in practical accreditation investigating process to avoid false thought.
relevant and efficient solutions  increases
practices  helps in sustaining productivity
Hence, Casela and Cuevas (2010) enumerate the distinct characteristics of research:
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Research begins with an unanswered problem or question.
 Research divides the major problems into sub-problems.
 Research is guided by specific problem or question.
 Research follows a logical procedure and data collection.
 Research requires interpretation of data.
 Research is a cycle.
Process of Research
Research could be overwhelming in the start but the researcher
needs focus to start the process. A good research is systematic; it
needs a scientific method. Treece and Treece (in Calderon &
Gonzales, 2008) explain the sequential tips to achieve it:
1. Determine (recognize) the problem. A researchable
problem must be original, interesting, significant, practical and
measurable (Casela, 2010);
2. Form a hypothesis. It is usually a declarative sentence or a statement suggested
by knowledge or observation that is yet to prove or disprove.
3. Do the library search. This is not only limited to books, journals, periodicals,
theses, dissertations and abstracts; multi-media forms are potential sources such as
videos, films, documentaries, internet, etc. Take note of the details of the materials
you will use for the research such as the author(s)’ complete names, title, publisher
including its date and place of publication. All of these information are necessary in
building the reference or bibliography.
4. Design the study.It can be a qualitative or a quantitative research. The details
will be in the next discussion.
5. Develop the instruments for collecting data.Instruments aid the observation,
interview processes, and experimentation (Casela, 2010).
6. Collecting the data. It can be in the form of observation, interview, documentary
analysis, survey questionnaire and experimentation (Casela, 2010).
7. Analyze the data. It must be free from biases and impartiality. All results must be
recorded and interpreted accordingly and objectively.
8. Determine the implications and conclusions from the findings. Implications
are the proposition of the researcher to address the given findings, while
conclusions are the summary of all the findings.
9. Making recommendations for further research.It is necessary to suggest
continuous exploration on other related subjects to develop new results.
Ethics of Research
Humans are often the main participant or respondent of research
and sometimes their rights are not compromised in the process of
research. So, in the 1974 Belmont Report (in CTSI, n.d.), there are
three basic ethical principles relevant to research involving human
subjects:
Respect for persons. Individuals should be treated as
autonomous agents. The investigator must ensure that the
subject has received a full disclosure of the nature of the study, the risks, benefits
and alternatives, with an extended opportunity to ask questions. Persons with
diminished autonomy (e.g., prisoners, students, children, etc) should not be coerced
to participate in a research.
2. Maximize possible benefits and minimize possible harms.The investigator
should give forethought to the maximization of benefits and the reduction of risk
that might occur from the research.
3. Observe justice. Justice occurs when some benefit to which a person is entitled is
denied without good reason or when some burden is imposed unduly. This includes
fairness in distribution and equitable selection of participants.
Meanwhile, Lo ( in CTSI, n.d.) selected ethical dilemmas in research:
 Informed consent. Researchers must be responsible and polite to ask
permission from their research informants or participants before they collect data
from them.
 Misconduct in research. Data collected must not be altered, manipulated
or favored. Researchers must be honest and accurate in recording the data gathered.
 Conflicts of interest. It is generally recommended that the investigator
should not participate as a research subject in his or her study.
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  Authorship. Misrepresentation of any form is wrong in scientific research.
Authorship requires “significant intellectual contribution”.
6. Test theories Develop theories
Quantitative and Qualitative Research
7. Develop conclusion based on Develop values and judgment based
Research design is classified into two kinds: qualitative and quantitative method. data outcome. on data processed.
Taylor and Trumbull (in Taylor, 2005) clearly distinguished and tabled their
similarities and differences. Either or both can be utilized by researchers depending
on the use. Thus, the quanitative method is used when clarity, reliability and validity 8. Clarity based on interpreting Complex and rich experiences; void
are sought and qualitative method is used when richness, complexity and data are numerical data of most numerical data
not translated in numerical scale.

Quantitative Qualitative 9. Known reliability and validity Unknown reliability and validity

1. Representative sample Small sample

10. Standard measuring devices Non-standard measuring devices

2. Literature review at the Literature review at the end of the

beginning of the study. study. 11. Intervention; no participant Participant involvement
involvement

3. Data collected through Emphasizes in organizing,

instruments based on precisely
defined variables.
4. Objective, replicable and
reliable
12. Adhere to scientific method Does not follow scientific method
coordinating and synthesizing large
quantities of data.
13. Numerical data Narrative data – words to describe
the complexity
Subjective and personal
14. Controlled – laboratory setting Conducted in natural setting – (e.g.
public places)

5. Deductive Inductive
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 Research Examples
Qualitative Researches
1. Case Study. It is an in-depth investigation focused on one social
unit or an individual. It may use interviews, observations and
review of records or other documents describing the different
angles of the group or a person in a natural environment.
2. Individual experiences. The research is focused on exploring
a personal or extraordinary experience of a person or group.
3. Perspective Taking. It focuses on how different people perceive and event,
behavior or activity.

Quantitative Researches
1. Historical Research. It is designed to portray a complete and accurate description
of historical events. It attempts to summarize significant past events or principles
valuable in assisting human kind to profit from past mistakes and planning
appropriately for the future (Taylor, 2005).
2. Descriptive Research. It analyzes the trends that are developing, as well as the
current situations. The data derived from this research can be used in diagnosing a
problem or in advocating a new or approved program (Taylor, 2005).
3. Correlational Research. It shows the relationships between two or more variables.
They are classified as negative or positive and tend to show strong and weak
relationships. These relationships assist the researcher in explaining, controlling,
and predicting phenomena (Taylor, 2005).

Exercises
I. Share your research experience and knowledge by checking
the appropriate boxes. Rate how often you demonstrate the
items below this modified questionnaire. It is designed to determine
the information skills and strategies to accomplish academic writing
tasks (Casela& Cuevas, 2010).

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 4. Research maintained my relationship with my loved ones __________________

____________________________________________________________________________________.
5. Research gave me awareness about outer space because ___________________

____________________________________________________________________________________.
6. Research aided my academic development because _________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________.
7. Research taught me to help myself because __________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________.
8. Research reminded me about the past because ______________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________.
9. Research showed me the value of other living things ________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________.
10. Research presents me the future because _____________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________,

II. Explain the importance of research in your everyday life by completing the III. Describe the characteristics, processes and ethics of research by choosing the
following sentences below. letter of the best answer.

1. Research helped me do my chores at home because _________________________ 1. What characteristic of research is applied in forming a hypothesis?
____________________________________________________________________________________. A. Goal or specific objectives
2. Research enabled me to reach far places because ____________________________ B. Specific problem or question
C. Interpretation of data
____________________________________________________________________________________. D. Major problem to sub-problems
3. Research improved my health because ________________________________________
2. Where is ethics applied in the research process?
____________________________________________________________________________________.
A. Determining the problem
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B. Doing the library search IV. Identify the similarities and differences of qualitative and quantitative
C. Developing the instruments for collecting data researches by writing phrase description on the graphic organizer below.
D. Collecting the data

3. Why is research characterized as a cycle?

A. It needs a step by step procedure.
B. It determines implications and conclusions from the findings.
C. It suggests further studies.
D. It is scientific and reliable.

4. What ethical dilemma is described in the situation below

You are helping your co-researchercollect data from the place you are studying.
Your study needs 50 teenagers as respondents but thethere are only 30 teenagers
available in the place. Then, you hear your co-researcher giving research
instruments to the parents of the available teenagers to complete the research
population.
A. Informed consent
C. Conflicts of interest
B. Misconduct in research
D. Authorship

5. How can a problem become measurable?

A. It uses suitable research instruments. V. Provide examples of research in the areas of interest. Choose 3 areas from the list
B. It has potential development for new knowledge. below.
C. It needs large scale participants or respondents.  arts
D. It is observable and existent in the real world.  humanities
 sports
 science
 business
 agriculture and fisheries
 information and communication technology
 social inquiry

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Qualitative Research and Its Importance in Daily
Life
At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:
1. Describe the characteristics and strength of qualitative research;
2. Illustrate the importance of qualitative research across fields.
You learned the importance of research experience and knowledge. In this module,
you will understand how these two components meet the concrete social reality.
And this is where qualitative research often begins.
Qualitative research studies social sciences. Social sciences
focus on the everyday life of humans. Brinkmann (2012)
explained that social science began with the emergence of
modern, industrial society when individuals were conceived as
separate entities, and when this separation was seen as
problematic, resulting in disintegration, anomie, and the
modern malaises (such as excessive individualism, loneliness and neuroses). In
other words, the word “social” was developed from the everyday life of man.
Qualitative research is relative to the everyday life of the researcher including
his/her meditation on daily activities and experiences. Furthermore, Brinkman
(2012) said that the everyday life objects are thus those that the researcher in
question appropriates and uses in his/her daily living (e.g. consumer products,
technologies, pieces of art), and everyday situations and events are those the
researcher experiences in his/her life (e.g. conversations, parties, work, rituals).
Characteristics of Qualitative Research
Let us discuss further the uniqueness of qualitative research. The unique nature and
purpose of qualitative inquiry bring in with a distinctive set of attributes, all of
which impact the design of qualitative research one way or another (Roller &
Lavraks, 2015).
1. Absence of absolute “truth”. Although it might be said that an absolute truth is
intangible in all forms of research, the interactive, personal and interpretive
approach in qualitative inquiry extinguishes the notion that the outcomes represent
an absolute truth. Instead of truth, per se, the qualitative researcher strives to
collect information from which some level of useful knowledge can be gained (Roller
& Lavraks, 2015).
2. Importance of context. The data and the researcher’s interpretation of the data –
hinge greatly on the contexts from which the data are obtained (Roller & Lavraks,
2015).
3. Importance of meaning. It derives meaning from data of multiple sources.
Within any research event (e.g. observations, group discussion), researchers
evaluate any number of variables to make sense of the data. These variables include
the context, the language, and especially in narrative research, social linguistics; the
impact of the participant-researcher relationship; and the potential for participants’
and researcher bias (Roller & Lavraks, 2015).
4. Researcher as the data gathering instrument. Qualitative research places the
researcher at the center of the data-gathering phase, and indeed the researcher
ultimately is the “instrument” by which information is collected (Roller & Lavraks,
2015).
5. Participant-researcher relationship. The participants and the researcher share
the “research space” in which certain conventions for communication (knowingly or
not) may be formed that in turn shape the reality the researcher is capturing in the
data (Roller & Lavraks, 2015).
6. Skill set required of the researcher. Qualitative research requires the
researcher’s skills that go beyond the usual qualities of organization, attention to
detail, and analytical abilities that are necessary for all researchers(Roller &
Lavraks, 2015).
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7. Flexible design. It is designed to match the dynamics of the evolving research
process (Klenke, 2008). It can be modified or changed depending on the need to
measure the issue or the phenomenon under study.
8. Types of issues or questions effectively addressed by qualitative research. It
is uniquely suited to address research issues or questions that might be difficult, if
not impossible, to investigate. It effectively tackles sensitive or personal issues (such
as domestic violence, pregnancy among teenager, drug addiction, etc.); multifaceted,
intricate topics (such as personal histories and corporate re-organization); and
contextual issues (example in-store observations of shopping patterns) (Roller &
Lavraks, 2015).
9. Messy analysis and inductive approach. The analysis of qualitative research is
multilayered involving process that continually builds upon itself until a meaningful
and verifiable interpretation is achieved. A large contributor to the messiness of the
analytical process is the inductive approach (Roller & Lavraks, 2015). It tends to let
the data lead to the emergence of concepts; the opportunity for interweaving
detailed empirical study with some set of concepts and theories (Yin, 2016).
10. Unique capabilities of online and mobile qualitative research. Online and
mobile technology offer unique enhancements to qualitative research designs. The
opportunity to select the time and place for participation empowers online and
mobile participant. Online and mobile participants can also enrich their text
responses by attaching files, images, links to websites, and voice response via VoIP
(Voice over Internet Protocol) and the mobile phone device (Roller & Lavraks,
2015).
Strengths of Qualitative Research
Qualitative research is friendly to amateur researchers since their
individual perspective and its impact on the research are an integral
part of the process. Hence, the everyday life of any researcher is an
accurate reference to begin a qualitative research.
 The researcher is seen as involved in the object of inquiry
(Maffesoli in Brinkmann, 2012). He/She writes from his/her
participating stance in the world. Qualitative research is the
means of the researcher to be closer to the world of his/her
participants.
 Everyday life research is focused on human experience in a broad sense
(Maffesoli in Brinkmann, 2012). Qualitative method is focused on the authentic
experiences of the participants and their critical voices. They become a source of
empowerment from the filtered reality of their local, historical, contextual, and
multiple lenses.
 The theme of everyday life demands conceptual audacity so that
descriptions and analyses of mundane life can be intellectually interesting and
challenging. A conceptual audacity is a tool that enables us to see new and perhaps
surprising aspects of the everyday lives that we lead. This may in turn generate new
forms of human action (Maffesoli, in Brinkmann, 2012).
Importance of Qualitative Research across Fields
It has been emphasized that qualitative research is designed to
explore the human elements of a given topic, where specific
methods are used to examine how individuals see and
experience the world. Qualitative methods are best for
addressing many of the “why” questions that researchers have
in mind when they develop research projects. Qualitative
approaches are typically used to explore new phenomena and
to capture individuals’ thoughts, feelings, or interpretations
of meanings and process (Given, 2008). This means that
qualitative research is not only applicable for social sciences but to other disciplines.
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 Qualitative methods are central to research conducted in education, nursing,
sociology, anthropology, information studies, humanities, and health sciences
(Given, 2008).
 The range of methods available is very broad (e.g. personal interviews,
observation, diaries, and journals), and projects are informed by various
methodologies (e.g. phenomenology, discourse analysis) (Given, 2008).
 It is important that both novice and established scholars understand the
language, culture, paradigmatic approaches used in qualitative research, especially
the interdisciplinary projects increasingly link researchers across varied fields of
study (Given, 2008).
Activities and Exercises
I. Describe the strengths of qualitative research by listing down five
(5) appropriate adjectives. Explain each based on your
understanding.
1. ______________________________________
2. ______________________________________
3. ______________________________________
4. ______________________________________
5. ______________________________________
II. Identify the characteristic of qualitative research mentioned in the statement
below. Write the correct characteristic before each item.
___________1. The ability to obtain the insight from the less obvious, smaller
representation of the participants that gives special distinction to qualitative
research.
____________2. There may be instances when the researcher decides to alter or discard
the design in general.
____________3. This characteristic drives the complexities of power of the research
environment in which both parties – participant and researcher – strive to control
what is said and not said in the research process.
____________4. This characteristic is the confirmation process in analysis and clearness
of the final research document.
____________5. Aside from the research events (i.e. observations, focus groups, etc.),
the researcher considers the extent of the research, the intensity of the research,
and the authentication of the data to arrive with a meaningful interpretation.
____________6. Qualitative researchers need particular analytical skills that can meet
the demand of the “messy analysis” of qualitative inquiry where other variables
contribute to the realities that the researchers receive from the place under
investigation.
____________7. It is not just the location of a face-to-face group discussion but also the
context that is created by way of the heterogeneity or homogeneity of a group’s
participant.
____________8. The researcher may be guided by written outlines or manuscripts in
asking questions during the interview or facilitating a focus-group discussion, but
these are just his/her paraphernalia in data collection because he/she is the main
instrument.
____________9. The possibility of multimedia communication can be effective and
efficient for qualitative researchers.
____________10. Qualitative researchers analyze the outcomes from their fieldwork
(raw data), collating and drawing meaning from the data and between various
points of information which are all connected to the research issue or phenomenon.
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III. Illustrate the importance of qualitative research across fields by completing the
graphic organizer below. Choose three fields where you can apply qualitative
research and write them in the boxes below. Explain briefly the importance of
qualitative research in these fields.
Phenomenology is a philosophical movement originating in the 20th century, the
primary objective of which is the direct investigation and description of phenomena
as consciously experienced, without theories about their causal explanation and as
free as possible from unexamined preconceptions and presuppositions
(www.brittanica.com).

Social linguistics/ Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to social

factors, including differences of regional, class, and occupational dialect, gender
differences, and bilingualism (en.oxforddictionaries.com).

Glossary
Anthropology is the
science that deals with
the origins, physical
and cultural

development, biological characteristics, and

social customs and beliefs of humankind Identifying the Inquiry and Stating the Problem
(www.dictionary.com).
At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:
Contexts are the influences and events related to a 1. Design a research project related to daily life;
particular event or situation 2. Write a research title;
(dictionary.cambridge.org). 3. Describe the justifications/reasons for conducting the research;
4. State research questions;
Discourse analysis is a general term for a number of approaches to analyze written, 5. Indicate scope and delimitation of research;
vocal, or sign language use, or any significant semiotic (sign and symbol) event 6. Cite benefits and beneficiaries of research;
(en.oxforddictionaries.com). 7. Present written statement of the problem.

Humanities is the study of literature, philosophy, art, etc. (www.dictionary.com). Daily activities are the routine activities that you do everyday. You
are very familiar doing them regularly in public and private places
such as commuting, eating, shopping, sleeping, and so on. These
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regular activities can be a significant object for analysis for improvement, or on Formulating the Research Title
these ordinary activities, prevalence of something extraordinary could be a reason The title embodies substantive words or keywords or phrases that describe one’s
for qualitative research. research study. The title must also reflect the variables under study.
Independent variables are factors or stimuli that directly affect or cause changes to
Research Project Related to Daily Life the independent variables. Dependent variables are factors affected or changed by
The strengths of qualitative research (as discussed previously) are the the independent variable(s). In other words, the independent variable is the cause,
considerations in choosing the daily life as a research project. Here are the while the dependent variable is the effect. A well-formulated title must state both
descriptions and specifications of everyday life as a research project as explained by variables in a clear, concise, and precise way (Casela & Cuevas, 2010).
Robin Boylorn (in Given, 2008).
 Everyday life is a methodology which examines and uncovers the
realization of daily life and how they are communicated and interpreted by an
observer and/or a participant.
 Everyday life is a participatory action research method embedded in
people and situations.
 Everyday life research focuses on the details and seemingly insignificant
occurrences that collectively contribute to how a situation, phenomenon or incident
is interpreted and experienced.

 Exploring everyday life requires the researcher to focus on details, make

connections and associations between emergent and repetitive themes, focus
equally on sameness and difference (what happened today that did not happen
yesterday and how that influences the research topic or focus), and make
comparisons between the researcher’s experience and the topic being studied.
Everyday life is often written in a first or third-hand person voice and relies
on rich descriptions, sharp detail, creative construction, and comparative analysis.
This approach is useful in analyzing qualitative data because it requires the
researcher to consider and negotiate ubiquitous themes that occur in everyday life,
from work to play.
 Everyday life as a research approach encourages diversity; it is widely
used among marginalized groups to privilege their personal perspectives and
viewpoints that might otherwise be silenced or misinterpreted.

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 Purpose of Research
The perspective of daily life becomes a study of social interaction in a
natural environment that shows extraordinary happenings while
situating the ordinary events of life. Basically, you must determine the
purpose of the research you intend to investigate. Here are some
guide questions that you wish to answer to clearly define your
research purpose.
 Do you intend to convince the people about the practices which would lead
them to make their own judgment based on the data presented in your study?
Do you intend to discuss issues which would allow people to decide and act
on the results of the research?
 Do you intend to analyze incidents by determining the causes and effects
or the nature of the condition?
 Do you intend to explain interventions done to treat the affected data in
order to see other outcomes?

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Formulating the Research Questions
The purpose of research leads to the construction of research
questions. Basically, this part has the statement of the problem.
There should be a general statement of the problem which
narrows down to sub-problems or specific questions.
The major problem governs the entire study. It is usually in a
statement form that introduces the general problem of the research.
The specific questions must contribute to development of the whole research
problem or topic. The number of specific questions should be enough to cover the
development of the entire study. They must be clear and free from double meanings.
It must give precise answers that will determine the difference or relationship, or
implication of the variables under study. Avoid rhetorical questions (answerable by
yes/no) for they only elicit either of the two responses and may result to vagueness.
Example:
Statement of the Problem
In this study, the researchers explored how parents of children aged 3-5 years old
who have poor eating habits, view their experiences with the child’s health
condition.
Specifically, the study will attempt to answer the following questions:
1. What kinds of food do children aged 3-5 years old avoid to eat?
2. How do children aged 3-5 years old develop poor eating habits?
3. What is the experience of the parents of 3-5 year-old children who have poor
eating habits?
Scope and Delimitation of Research
This section discusses the focus or concern of the study in terms of the specific areas
to be included and to be given emphasis or concentration so that relevant data will
be obtained. Moreover, the scope identifies the possibilities to which to which the
study becomes manageable in terms of issues, respondents, and time. Moreover, this
part distinguishes the constraints of the study by delimiting the topic in terms of
time, measurability, availability of subjects, resources and ethical considerations.
The limitation and delimitation is purposefully indentified and anticipated by the
researcher. Delimitation refers to the areas which the researcher does not intend
to include in the study. Whereas, limitation pertains to the restrictions identified by
the researcher that may affect the outcome of the study but over which he/she has
little or no control, but are anticipated Casela & Cuevas, 2010).
Content of the Scope and Delimitation (Calderon & Gonzales, 2008)
 A brief statement of the general purpose of the study.
 The subject matter and topics studied and discussed.
 The locale of the study, where the data were gathered or the entity to
which the data belong.
 The population or universe from which the respondents/participants were
selected. This must be large enough to make generalizations significant.
 The period of the study which includes the time, either months or years,
during which the data were gathered.
 Limitations of the study include the weaknesses of the study beyond the
control of the researcher. The weaknesses spring out of the inaccuracies of the
perceptions of the respondents.
Example of Scope (Calderon & Gonzales, 2008)
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This investigation was conducted to determine the status of the teaching of science
in the high schools of Province A as perceived by the teachers and students in
science classes during the school year 1989-1990. The aspects looked into were the
qualifications of teachers, their methods and strategies, facilities forms of
supervisory assistance, problems and proposed solutions to problems. General
purpose: To determine the status of the teaching of science. Subject matter: The
teaching of science. Topics (aspects) studied: Qualifications of teachers. Their
methods and strategies, facilities, form of supervisory assistance, problems and
proposed solutions to the problems. Population or universe: teachers and students
Locale of the study: High schools of province A. Period of the study: School year
1989-1990.
Example of Delimitations
Limitations for this study include possible sampling bias. All students volunteered to
participate in the study, and those who volunteered may have already been
comfortable with Web – based instruction. Awarding continuing education credit
may not have been an effective incentive for undergraduate student to participate in
the study. Awarding academic credit may have reduced attraction over the course of
the study (Frith & Kee, in Casela & Cuevas, 2010).
Research Benefits and Beneficiaries
Research benefits and beneficiaries are mentioned in the significance of the study.
This section identifies the people or institution who will benefit from the findings of
the study. They may be directly involved in education such as students, instructors,
curriculum developers, educational administrators, or in the profession such as
experts or practitioners, personnel, and they may be members of the community
who have directly or indirectly experienced the problem such as individuals, their
family or even organizations and agencies. Further, this section indicates the specific
benefits which will be gained from the results of the study. The significance relates
to the growth of knowledge, to the verification or validation of existing knowledge
or practice to the development of new knowledge (Casela & Cuevas, 2010).
Calderon and Gonzales (2008) noted that this part must contain explanations or
discussions of any or all of the following:
1.The rationale, timeliness, and or relevance of the study. The rationale gives
reasons for the beneficiaries of the study. Timeliness is the suitability of the study to
the beneficiaries. All of these go around the relevance of the study to the
beneficiaries.
2. Possible solutions to existing problems or improvement to unsatisfactory
conditions. It must also explain how the beneficiaries will understand the problem
of the study and will soon maximize the recommendations of the study in the end.
3. Beneficiaries and how they are going to benefit. Beneficiaries are
individuals, groups or communities who may be placed in a more advantageous
position on account of the study. It may include future plans or interventions to
correct the weaknesses or strengthen the purpose of the study.
4. Possible contribution to the fund of knowledge. Beneficiaries are also
sources of knowledge which is anticipated and considered by the researcher.
5. Possible implications. Implications are the possible causes of the problems
discovered, the possible effects of the problems, and the remedial measures to solve
the problems. It can also be the good points of a system which out to be continued or
to be improved if possible.
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Example of Significance of the Study 5. The rationale, timeliness, and or relevance of the study.
6. A brief statement of the general purpose of the study.
Research Title – Psychological Stress – Related Health Problem of the Elderly in the Home for the Aged
7.It embodies substantive words or keywords or phrases that describe one’s
(in Casela & Cuevas, 2010)
This study is particularly beneficial to the following: research study.
 The institution and other organizations can be informed of the causes of 8. This section indicates the specific benefits which will be gained from the results of
these health problems. They may develop new programs that can help prevent the study.
health problems of the elderly. 9. Avoid rhetorical questions (answerable by yes/no) for they only elicit either of
the two responses and may result to vagueness.
 The elderly may trace the causes of their health problem and may
10. The period of the study which includes the time, either months or years, during
determine if they themselves can contribute to its prevention since they are the
which the data were gathered.
ones experiencing the health disorders.
 Families of the elderly will be informed of the psychological sufferings and
health problems the elderly experience after they were brought to the institution.
 Future researchers will benefit from this study because they can get
sufficient information that would qualify them to take bigger steps and conduct
further on the subject.

Activities and Exercises

I. Which part of the research paper do you find the following? Write the
correct letter of the answer on the blank.

A. Research Title
B. Statement of the Problem
C. Scope and Delimitations
D. Significance of the Study

1. Possible solutions to existing problems or improvement to unsatisfactory

conditions.
2. The weaknesses spring out of the inaccuracies of the perceptions of the
respondents.
3. It must give precise answers that will determine the difference or relationship, or
implication of the variables under study.
4. It must also reflect the variables under study.

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III. Identify the research title with the description of APPLIED or PURE
research.

1. Developing algorithm for performing classification based on pixels

2. Applying the algorithm for detecting individual trees from Drone Images

3. How to cure Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

4. Theory of Relativity

5. Multitasking: Helpful or Hurtful

6. College Tuition Becoming Prohibitive to Young Adults from Being Successful

7. Compositions of Protons, Neutrons and Electrons

8. How Do Slime Molds Reproduce

9. The Specific Genetic Code of the Fruit Fly

10. Ways to Improve School Readiness for Children

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