ASSIGNMENT

Name: Sameer Ahmed

Roll_No: BCSM-F18-085
Class: BSCS

Section: 5B

Subject: Computer Network

 Q#1
Analyze working and performance of Interior Gateway Protocol?

(a)     Routing Protocols Types

(b)    Distance Vector Routing Protocols (RIP)

(c) Link-State Routing Protocols (OSPF) algorithm.

ANS)

Interior Gateway Protocol:

An IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol) is a protocol for
exchanging routing information between gateways (hosts with routers) within an autonomous
network (for example, a system of corporate local area networks). The routing information can
then be used by the Internet Protocol (IP) or other network protocols to specify how to route
transmissions.

(a) Routing Protocols Types:

Routing protocols can be classified into different groups according

to their characteristics. Specifically, routing protocols can be classified by their:

 Purpose: Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) or Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP)

 Operation: Distance vector protocol, link-state protocol, or path-vector protocol
 Behavior: Classful (legacy) or classless protocol

Routing Information Protocol (RIP):

Routing Information Protocol or RIP is one of the first

routing protocols to be created. RIP is used in both Local Area Networks (LANs) and Wide Area
Networks (WANs), and also runs on the Application layer of the OSI model. There are multiple
versions of RIP including RIPv1 and RIPv2. The original version or RIPv1 determines network
paths based on the IP destination and the hop count of the journey.

Interior Gateway Protocol (IGRP):

Interior Gateway Protocol or IGRP is a distance vector

routing protocol produced by Cisco. IGRP was designed to build on the foundations laid down
on RIP to function more effectively within larger connected networks and removed the 15 hop
cap that was placed on RIP. IGRP uses metrics such as bandwidth, delay, reliability, and load to
compare the viability of routes within the network. However, only bandwidth and delay are used
under IGRP’s default settings.

Open Shortest Path First (OSPF):

Open Shortest Path First or OSPF protocol is a link-state IGP

that was tailor-made for IP networks using the Shortest Path First (SPF) algorithm. The SPF
routing algorithm is used to calculate the shortest path spanning-tree to ensure efficient data
transmission of packets. OSPF routers maintain databases detailing information about the
surrounding topology of the network. This database is filled with data taken from Link State
Advertisements (LSAs) sent by other routers. LSAs are packets that detail information about
how many resources a given path would take.

Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP):

Exterior Gateway Protocol or EGP is a protocol that is used

to exchange data between gateway hosts that neighbor each other within autonomous systems. In
other words, EGP provides a forum for routers to share information across different domains.
The most high profile example of an EGP is the internet itself. The routing table of the EGP
protocol includes known routers, route costs, and network addresses of neighboring devices.
EGP was widely-used by larger organizations but has since been replaced by BGP.

Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP):

Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing

Protocol or EIGRP is a distance vector routing protocol that is used for IP, AppleTalk, and
NetWare networks. EIGRP is a Cisco proprietary protocol that was designed to follow on from
the original IGRP protocol. When using EIGRP, a router takes information from its neighbors’
routing tables and records them. Neighbors are queried for a route and when a change occurs the
router notifies its neighbors about the change. This has the end result of making neighboring
routers aware of what is going on in nearby devices.

Border Gateway Protocol (BGP):

Border Gateway Protocol or BGP is the routing protocol of the

internet that is classified as a distance path vector protocol. BGP was designed to replace EGP
with a decentralized approach to routing. The BGP Best Path Selection Algorithm is used to
select the best routes for data packet transfers. If you don’t have any custom settings then BGP
will select routes with the shortest path to the destination.

Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System (IS-IS):

Intermediate System-to-Intermediate
System (IS-IS) is a link-state, IP routing protocol and IGPP protocol used on the internet to send
IP routing information. IS-IS uses a modified version of the Dijkstra algorithm. An IS-IS
network consists of a range of components including end systems, (user devices), intermediate
systems (routers), areas, and domains.

b) Routing Information Protocol (RIP):

is a dynamic routing protocol which uses hop count as a
routing metric to find the best path between the source and the destination network. It is a distance
vector routing protocol which has AD value 120 and works on the application layer of OSI model.
RIP uses port number 520.
Hop Count :
Hop count is the number of routers occurring in between the source and destination network. The
path with the lowest hop count is considered as the best route to reach a network and therefore
placed in the routing table. RIP prevents routing loops by limiting the number of hopes allowed in
a path from source and destination. The maximum hop count allowed for RIP is 15 and hop count
of 16 is considered as network unreachable.
Features of RIP :
 Updates of the network are exchanged periodically.
 Updates (routing information) are always broadcast.
 Full routing tables are sent in updates.
 Routers always trust on routing information received from neighbor routers. This is also
known as Routing on rumours.
RIP versions :
There are three vesion of routing information protocol – RIP Version1, RIP Version2 and RIPng

c) Link State Routing Algorithm:

is a routing method used by dynamic routers in which every
router maintains a database of its individual autonomous system (AS) topology. The Open
Shortest Path First (OSPF) routing protocol uses the link state routing algorithm to allow OSPF
routers to exchange routing information with each other.
 Q#2
NAT:
NAT is the process of reassigning the single IP address space into a further one by altering the
network address data in the IP header of the data packet while they are traveling through a
network towards the destination node.

Generally, NAT works on a router or gateway and interconnects two networks with each other
by translating the private addresses into the registered addresses before the data being
transmitted to another network.

NAT is having the potential to broadcast only one IP address to the public network on behalf of
the entire internal network. This provisions the feature of security by efficiently hiding the
overall IP address of the private network behind that solo address.

Thus NAT tenders the double feature of address translation and security for networking systems.

Concept of NAT :

In any networking system for communication among the PC’s and the web servers via the
Internet, we require a unique IP address every time which is a 32-bit number used to locate the
PC or network device you want to reach out in the network.

In past decades, while we were using IPV4 addressing scheme, there were 2^32 means 4.3
billion unique addresses could be assigned to the devices for communication purpose. But the
actually available addresses were lesser than this as some were exempted because were used for
broadcast, testing, and some reserved military purposes.

Therefore the leftover addresses were somewhere around 3.2 billion. It appears to be a huge
number but due to the increase of use of the Internet in all areas like home networks, business
purpose, watching online video; sharing data etc. the addresses were near to exhaustion.

The solution to this limitation of IPV4 addressing scheme is to recreate the addressing system so
that there could be more options for allocating addresses. This can be done by introducing the
IPV6 addressing scheme.

But the process of implementation of this has taken several years as this requires alteration in the
overall infrastructure of the networking system.

In the meantime, NAT is introduced and widely deployed everywhere which permits a network
device like a router to behave as an agent between the Internet and the private network. It
signifies that a unique IP address can be used to symbolize the overall class of network devices
like PCs.

Working:
Basically, NAT allows a single device, such as a router, to act as an agent between
the Internet (or public network) and a local network (or private network), which means that only
a single unique IP address is required to represent an entire group of computers to anything
outside their network.

Types of NAT
There are three types of NAT; Static NAT, Dynamic NAT and PAT. These types define how
inside local IP address will be mapped with inside global IP address.
Static NAT:
In this type we manually map each inside local IP address with inside global IP address. Since
this type uses one to one mapping we need exactly same number of IP address on both sides.
Dynamic NAT:
In this type we create a pool of inside global IP addresses and let the NAT device to map inside
local IP address with the available outside global IP address from the pool automatically.